media audience theory

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Chris Timothy [email protected] http://keca2media.blogspot.co.uk • Expectations A Level Media

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Page 1: Media audience theory

• Chris Timothy• [email protected]• http://keca2media.blogspot.co.uk• Expectations

A Level Media

Page 2: Media audience theory

What are the differences to last year?

-Amount of time you spend working outside of class-A university standard essay for coursework-The level of Technical skills you must display, marking is much harsher-Coursework is more essay based than practical

A Level Media

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A Level MediaThe year is broken into 3 pieces of coursework which all link and make up 50% of your second year.

1.The investigation

2.Print or moving image practical piece

3. Evaluation

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A2 Media - Coursework

Students are required to produce three pieces of linked work;

1.Research Investigation > Practical Coursework > Evaluation

Research Investigation

Key Points

1.1400 – 1800 words not including any quotes or references2.Students need to focus on one of the following topics: genre, narrative or representation. (One of these words should be in the essay title)3.The title must be a question4.Once the essay is complete it should enable a conclusion to be reached that will inform their production.5.The investigation must demonstrate you can apply theory to your subject and your understanding of it helps you answer your question.6.The investigation needs to contain references.7.The investigation must have two specific case studies

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Poor Essay Titles1.Male Representation

2.Investigating Sci/Fi conventions

3.How are Action films structured?

4.Are females portrayed accurately in reality T.V today?

5.Are Romance films over reliant on non linear structures?

1. How are young males represented within the teen movie genre with particular focus on American Pie and Super Bad ?

2.Has the Sci Fi genre evolved in terms of its use of traditional genre conventions and plot devices from the 1970’s and the film Alien to the more contemporary District 9?

3.Do the Action films Die Hard and Transformers apply the traditional narrative structure of Todorov?

4.Do British so called reality T.V represent females to contain stereotypical gender roles with a Particular focus on, TOWIE and Made in Chelsea?

5.Is the western romance genre and in particular, The Notebook and Take this Waltz, guilty of using non linear narrative conventions to develop character investment?

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Referencing

Student Statement

“Body image ultimately does play a part in the lives of women yet there is an increasing trend of this effect on teenagers also.”

This viewpoint has been supported in a number of studies.

Too generic? Which particular ones? You could be presuming or making it up?

“Teen-age girls who viewed commercials depicting women with unrealistically thin-ideal body type and beauty caused adolescent girls to feel less confident, angrier, and more dissatisfied with their weight and appearance” (1) This was the conclusion of a study conducted by Oxford University in 2001 when interviewing over 1000 teenagers between the age of ………..

Great, Point Proven, dates, quotes, proof

Bilbliography(1) Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2002)

Ok, who says? Prove it? What evidance do you have? Who agrees with you?

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A Level Media2.Print or video practical piece

This production must be in a different form from the AS production.

Audio-visual productions should be up to 4 minutes in length (depending on the nature of the production). Print-based productions (or their digital equivalent) should be a minimum of 3 pages.

Examples;DVD/CD coversMagazine Covers/double page spreadsFilm/TV billboardsWebsitesPrint advertisementsFilm trailers/film segmentVideo advert

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A Level Media2.Print or video practical piece

The practical piece should take a preferred, oppositional or negotiated approach to a students investigations findings.

For example a film noir represent females as femme fetales

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A Level Media2.Print or video practical piece

Or within action films females main role within the narrative is to be objectified.

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A Level Media2.Print or video practical piece

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A Level Media2.Print or video practical piece

Page 12: Media audience theory

A Level Media2.Print or video practical piece

Page 13: Media audience theory

A Level Media2.Print or video practical piece

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A Level Media2.Print or video practical piece

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A Level Media2.Print or video practical piece

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Evaluation

Justifies and describes how the practical links to the investigation and what approach they took

Analyses strengths and weaknesses

Has a sophisticated use of terminology and media language

750 words

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Media Theory

1.The investigation must demonstrate you can apply theory to your subject and your understanding of it helps you answer your question.

This was our weakness in AS exams

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Audience

Genre

Representation

NarrativeWrite down as many media theories as you can from AS and highlight any that are audience theories

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AudienceMedia producers need to ensure they can readily define a target audience for a particular product and then create a product which will appeal directly to that target audience. Producers must know their audience so they can target them effectively and ensure a text gratifies them with the correct mode of address. Film cost $200m

Studio spent another $100m on marketing and advertising

Thus far the film has made $184m on ticket sales.

However half of that amount goes to the cinemas

$300m - $92m = $208m loss

Why?

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Audience

NicheMainstrea

m

Types

Gratifications

In pairs define a niche and mainstream audience and select some text you believe to fit into each category.

Secondly define gratification, and if you know any gratifications, list them.

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Types of audienceMass Audience: large audiences- often termed as ‘broadcast’ audiences, who consume mainstream or popular culture texts. E.g. soap operas, sit-coms, reality TV shows etc

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Niche Audience: smaller than mass. This type of audience can be influenced, dedicated and loyal. One example is BBC four, which is aimed at a niche audience interested in artistic programmes, or specific subscription channels.

Types of audience

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Uses and Gratifications Model

This model stems from the idea that audiences are a complex mixture of individuals who select media texts that best suits their needs of consumption. According to the theory the audience have to be active in order for it to work.

The model suggests that media audiences make active decisions about what they consume in relation to their social and cultural setting, backgrounds and needs/desires.

This was summed up by theorists Blumier and Katz in 1974;‘Media usage can be explained in that it provides gratifications related to the satisfaction of social and psychological needs’.

Put simply this means that audiences choose to watch texts that make them feel good (gratifications) for example. soaps and sitcoms, or texts that give them information that they can use (uses) e.g. news or information about new products or the world around them.

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Blumier and Katz (1975) went into greater detail and identified four main uses:

Personal identity – our need to define our identity and increase our sense of self. Part of our sense of self is informed by making judgments about all sorts of people and things. This is also true of judgments we make about TV, film characters, and celebrities. Our choice of music, the shows we watch, the stars we like can be an expression of our identities. We desire to project ourselves via the texts we consume. One aspect of this type of gratification is known as value reinforcement. This is where we choose television programmes or newspapers that have similar beliefs to those we hold.

Information – our need to know what is going on in the world. This relates to Maslow’s need for security. By keeping up to date with news about local and international events we feel we have the knowledge to avoid or deal with dangers.

Entertainment – the need for escape, entertainment and relaxation. All types of television programmes can be ‘used’ to wind down and offer diversion, as well as satisfying some of the other needs at the same time.

Social– our need for to interact with other people. This is provided by forming virtual relationships with characters in soaps, films and all kinds of drama, and other programmes and other media texts.

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Audience theoryUses and Gratifications Model

This audience theory model justifies why people spend their time engaging with certain types of Media. This is classified into 4 categories, Information, Personal

Identity, Integration and Social Interaction, Entertainment,

Information I1)Finding out about relevant events and conditions in immediate surroundings, society and the world I2) Seeking advice on practical matters or opinion and decision choicesI3) Satisfying curiosity and general interestI4) Learning; self-education gaining a sense of security through knowledge

Personal IdentityP1) Finding reinforcement for personal valuesP2) Finding models of behaviourP3) Gaining insight into one's selfP4) Identifying with already gained values

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Audience theoryUses and Gratifications Model

This audience theory model justifies why people spend their time engaging with certain types of Media. This is classified into 4 categories, Information, Personal

Identity, Integration and Social Interaction, Entertainment,

Integration and Social Interaction S1) Gaining insight into circumstances of others; social empathyS2) Identifying with others and gaining a sense of belongingS3) Finding a basis for conversation and social interactionS4) Having a substitute for real-life companionshipS5) Helping to carry out social rolesS6) Enabling one to connect with family, friends and society

EntertainmentE1) Escaping, or being diverted, from problemsE2) RelaxingE3) Getting intrinsic cultural or aesthetic enjoymentE4) FIlling timeE5) Emotional releaseE6) Sexual arousal

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Breaking Bad

Louis Theroux

What gratifications do these two texts have?