Med Term Ch 2

The Human Body in Health & Disease

Anatomy

“The scyence of the Nathomy is nedefull and necessarye to the Cyrurgyen" [1541]

Definition: The study of the structure of living things (human body)

Physiology

The science of the normal function of living things ( human body)

Homeostasis

Constant, balanced internal environment

Anatomic Position

Palms face forward

Body Planes

Imaginary vertical & horizontal lines through the body for descriptive purposes

Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that hold and protect internal organs

Divisions of the Abdomen

epigastric

umbilical

hypogastric

Left hypochodriac

Right hypochondriac

Right lumbar Left lumbar

Left iliacRight iliac

Groin or inguinal area

Quadrant of the Abdomen

Quads of the Abdomen

Epi = above, upon, on

Supra= above, outside

Peri = around

The Peritoneum

~Membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

~Helps hold organs in place & supports & protects abdominal

organs

Diseases of the Peritoneum

Ascites ~ fld collectioninside the peritoneum due to liver disease

Abdominal paracentesis ~ surgical puncture to remove fluid

Peritonitis

• Inflammation/infection of the peritoneum

• Surgical emergency• Patient very ill• May lead to death

Laparoscopic Procedures

• Lapar/o = abdomen• -oscopy = ????

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG5UuxH_Fs&feature=related

Cytology/Histology

• Cyt/o = refers to cells• -ology = ? Ex: pap smear

• Hist/o = tissue• -ology = ? Ex: breast biospsy

Where would these two studies take place in a hospital setting?

Terminology Related to Cells

Nucleus * command center of a cellChromosomes *cells have 23 pairs

Gametes * sex cells (sperm & ovum) Genes * functional units of heredity * genetics * geneticist

Genetic Disorders

AKA hereditary disorders – passed down from parent to child or down

through generationsEx: Down Syndrome

HemophiliaMuscular DystrophySickle Cell AnemiaTay-Sachs Disease

Examples of Genetic Disorders

Sickle Cell Disorder

YouTube - CBS Special on Huntington's Disease/Chris Furbee

Hemophilia

Huntington’s Chorea

Down Syndrome

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2c4L4CPfQY8

Congenital Disorders

Genetic vs. Congenital

Congenital = present at birth

Congenital disorder is ‘present at birth’

May be from developmental, prenatal influences, premature birth, injuries that occur

during birth

Developmental Disorder

Anomaly = deviation from normal

May be psychological or physical

Ex: *malformation such as heart malformation or absence of a limb or digit * may be mental retardation or learning disability

Prenatal Influences

Mother’s health and prenatal care she recieves

Ex: FAS fetal drug addiction congenital STD (syphilis)

Birth Injuries

Congenital disorder that was not present beforethe events surrounding birth

Ex: cerebral palsy fx. Clavicle

Tissue Malformations

-plasia = formation

AplasiaAplasia = absence of or lack of

development

Dysplasiadifficult or abnormal growth

Hypoplasia

Incomplete or under development of an organ or tissue

Anaplasia

Change in structure of cells and their relation to each other; Ex: cancer

Glands

• Aden/o = gland Types: Exocrine – secrete chemicals directly into a duct Ex: sweat glands salivary glands, pancreas

Endocrine – secret chemicals directly into blood stream

Ex: pancreas thyroid

“Gland Words”

• Adenitis• Adenectomy• Adenoma• Adenomalcia• Adenosclerosis• Adenosis

Disease

• Pathology – study of the effects of disease on the structure and function of the body

Etiology – the study of the cause of disease

Disease (cont)

Communicable = contagious – Ex: influenza AIDS, Hepatitis

Contaminated – presence of pathogenic organisms

Types of Diseases

Infectious Diseases*caused by a pathogenic organism

Ex: mononucleosis, H1N1, MRSA

Types of Diseases Cont.

Idiopathic Disease* an illness with no known cause

Ex: idiopathic hypersomnia idiopathic thrombocytopenia

Cont.

• Functional Diseases * no detectable or measurable

pathologic or physical changes that explain the patient’s symptoms

Ex: IBS, panic attack, fibromyalgia, migraine

Cont.

• Organic Diseases* there are pathologic &

physical changes that explain the signs & symptoms reported by the patient

Ex: mental disorders, physical disorders, atherosclerosis, hepatomegaly

Cont.

• Iatrogenic Disorders (iatro = Gk. ‘physician’ , genic = ‘induced’)

* unfavorable response arising as the result of a prescribed treatment

EX: medical error, drug reactions, side effects of chemo, nosocomial infections, carcinogenic effects,

emotional trauma

• Nosocomial disease (infection) *infection acquired in hospital or

within 72 hours of discharge

Ex: MRSA, pneumonia, UTI, AIDs, hepatitis, wound infections

Transmission• Bloodborne - contact with bld or body fluids Ex: HEPATITIS, AIDS

• Airbourne – contact with respiratory droplets

Ex: FLU, COLD tuberculosis

• Foodborne/Waterborne (AKA fecal/oral) - *from contaminated food/water,

improperly prepared or preserved

• Ex: botulism, E.coli, hepatitis, • staph, cryptospyridium, • salmonella

Disease Outbreak

• Endemic - disease always present in population - rate of infection within a population stays about the same Ex: common cold, STDs, goiter

• Epidemic – sudden outbreak of disease over a large population - Ex: annual flu, TB, autism

• Pandemic – world wide outbreak of a disease

HIV/AIDs – 32.9 mil malaria tuberculosis

That’s all, folks!