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Mechanics of Mandibular Movement

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M andibular movement occurs as a series of interrelated threeshy

dimensional rotational and translationai activities It is determined the combined and simultaneous activities of both tar joints iTMJs) the TMls cannot functon

of each other aiso function with identical concurrent movements To better understand the of mandibular movement it is beneficia first to isolate the movements that occur within a TMI The Types of movement that occur are discussed first and then the three-dimensional rnovements of the

are divided into movements within a

TYPES OF MOVEMENT

Two of movement occur in the TM rotational and translational

ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT

Dorlands Illustmted Medical defines rolatiofl as the process of around an axis movement

of called the axis of rotatioll I In rotation occurs vhen the

arou nd a fixed or

can oe tional

In the TML rotation occurs as rlovement within the inferior of the Thus it is movement between the surface of the and the inferior surface of the articuiar disc Rotational movement of the mandible can occur in all three reference horizontal frontal vertical] and

In each it occurs arOlnd a called the axis The axis of rotation for each descri bed and ill ust rated

Horizontal Axis of Rotation Mandibular moverlent around the horizontal axis is an open and motion It is referred to as a f110VCf1W1 and the horizontal axis around which it occurs is therefore referred to as the Cixis 4-21 The movement is the of mandibular in which a rotational movement occurs In all other movemens rotation around the axis is accompashynied translation of the axs

When the are in their mos in the articular fossae and the mouth is

rotated open the axis around which move~ ment occurs is called the termif1Cl1 axis Rotational movement around the terminal can be demonstrated but occurs during normal function

Frontal (Vertical) Axis of Rotation fvandibular movement round the frontal axis occurs Ivhen one moves out of

8

82 Functional Anatomy

the terminal hinge while the vertical axis of the opposite remains in the termInal hinge (Fig 4-3) Because of the inclination of the articular eminence which dictates that the frontal axis tilt as the moving or travels this type of isolated movement does not occur naturally

Fig 4middot1 Rotational movement about a fixed point in the ondyle

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Fig4middot2 Rotational movement around the horizontal axis

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Sagittal Axis of Rotation vlandibular movement around the sagittal axis occurs when one moves while the other remains in the terminal hinge position

4-4) Because the J igaments and musculature of the TMI prevent an inferior displacement of the

this type of isolated movement

Fig4middot3 Rotational movement around the frontal (vertical) axis

Fig44 Rotational movement around the sagittal axis

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does not occur naturally It does occur in ton with other movements hovever when the orbiting moves downward and fonvard across the articular eminence

TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT

TransaUarl can be defined as a movement in which each of the has simultaneshyously the same

system it occurs when the mandible moves as in The teeth and

rami all move in the same direction and to the same 4-5 )

Translation occurs within the of the between the superior surface of the articshyular disc and the inferior surface of the articular fossa (ie between the and the articular fossa I

During most normal movements of the both rotation and translation occur lie while the mandible is around one or more of the axes each of the axes is or changing its orientation in This results in complex movements that are extremely difficult

1)

Fig4-5 Translational movement of the mandible

Martmlies of Mandibular MoveHellt

to visualize In this chapter to simplify the task of them we consider the mandible as

it moves in each of the three reference

SINGLE-PLANE BORDER MOVEMENTS

Mandibular movement is limited by the I and the articu lar surfaces of the TMjs as well as by the morphology and alignment of the teeth When the mandible moves the outer range of motion reproducible describable limits called uorder l11ovel11ents result The border and typical funcshytional movements of the mandible are described for each reference

SAGITTAL PLANE BORDER AND FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS

Mandibular motion viewed in the sagittal plane can be seen to have four distinct movement comshyponents I 4-6) I Posterior opening border 2 Anterior border 3 Superior contact border 4 Functional

The range of and anterior border movements is determined or limited primashyrily ligaments and the of the TMls Superior contact border movements are determined

3

Fig 4-6 Border and functional movements in the sagittal plane I Posterior opening border 2 anterior opening border 3 superior contact border 4 typical functional

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84 Functiol1al Anatomy

by the occlusal and incisal surfaces of the teeth Functional movements are not considered border movements because they are not determined by an outer range of motion They are determined the conditional responses of the neuromuscular system (see Chapter 2)

Posterior Opening Border Movements Posterior opening border movements in the sagitshytal plane occur as two-stage hinging movements In the first stage ( 4-7) the condyles are stabilized in their most superior positions in the articular fossae (ie the terminal ) The most superior from which a axis movement can occur is the centric relation (CR) position The mandible can be lowered (mouth opening) in a pure rotational movement without translation of the condyles Theoretically a movement I pure rotation) can be generated from any mandibular anterior to CR for this to occur the must be stabilized so that translation of the horizontal axis does

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Fig 4-7 ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT OF THE MANDIBLE WITH THE CONDYLES IN THE TERMINAL HINGE POSITION This pure rotashytional opening can occur until the anterior teeth are some 20 to 25 mm apart

not occur Because this stabilization is difficult to establish opening border movements that use the terminal axis are the only repeatable hinge axis movements of the mandible

In CR the mandible can be rotated around the horizontai axis to a distance of only 20 to 25 mm as measured between the incisal edges of the maxi1ary and mandibular incisors t this of opening the temporomandibular ligaments tighten after which continued opening results in an anterior and inferior translation of the condyles As the translate the axis of rotation of the mandible shifts into the bodies of the rami resulting in the second of the posterior

border movement ( 4-8) The exact location of the axes of rotation in the rami is

to be the area of attachment of the sphenoshymandibular ligaments During this in which the mandible is rotating around a horizontal axis

through the rami the condyles are moving and i and the anterior portion of

the mandible is moving posteriorly and inferiorly

Fig 4-8 SECOND STAGE OF ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT DURING OPENING The condyle translated down the articular eminence as the mouth rotat open to its maximum limit

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num ng is reached when the capsular lents prevent further movement at the

jlaximum open is in the range of 60 mm when measured between the incisal of the maxillary and mandibular teeth

~ltterior Opening Border Movements -- the mandible opened closure

-mpanied by contraction of the inferior lateral (which will

_ vler movement 4-9)

the condyles the anterior

were stabilized in this anterior c~ Jre hinge movement could occur as the mandible

opened to the Because the maxishy

~n protrusive is determined in part by ~-2 stylomandibular ligaments as closure occurs

from the

-- ement of the condyles of the ligaments produces a

o most anterior in the maximally open but not maximally protruded The

ement of the from the maximally open

Fig4-9 Anterior closing border movement in the sagittal plane

MeciHmks Of Marldibular Movement 8S

to the maximally protruded eccentricity in the anterior border moveshy

ment Therefore it not a pure h movement

Superior Contact Border Movements Whereas the border movements previously discussed are limited the contact border movement is the characteristics of the surfaces of the teeth this entire movement tooth contact is present Its delineation depends on ll) the amount of variation between CR and maximum intercuspaton (2) the steepness of the cuspal inclines of he posterior teeth (3) the amount of vertical and horizontal overlap of the anterior teeth (4) the I the maxi interarch relationships of the teeth Because this border movement is tooth determined

in the teeth will result in in the nature of the border movement

determined

anterior teeth and (5) the

In the CR tooth contacts are normally found on one or more ng pairs of teeth The initial tooth contact in terminal closure ICRI occurs between the mesial inclines cf a maxi I tooth and the distal inclines of a mandibular tooth I 4-10Jlf muscular force is

to the mandibie a superoanterior moveshyment or shift will result until the intercuspal tion (ICP) is reached (Fig 4-111 Additionally this CR-to-maxirnum-i slide may have a lateral component The slide from CR to ICP is present in approxi 90Y of the population and the average distance is 125 plusmn 1 mm

In the ICP the ng anterior teeth usually contact Vhen the mandible is protruded from

CR

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Fig 4-10 Common relationship of the teeth when the condyles are in the centric relation (CR) position

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86 Functional AllaloHllj

CR ICP

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Fig 4-1 1 Force applied to the teeth when the condyles are in centric relation (CR) will create a superoanterior shift of the mandible intercuspal position (CP)

iliaximum cortact between the i1lCisal of the rlandibular a-gtterio teeth and he I mclines of the max anterior teeth resuits r an anteroirferior movement of the mai(iJ(lle I 4-121 This ccntln unti the maxshy

at which time a horizontal The horizontal movement

of the manelioUlar the incisal of the maxi

nel mandibular antercr teeth are in ar relationship is followed

nues until the incisal

a teeth I 4-13) At this the mandible directlcn until the

contact teeth then dictate the rerlain

moverlent which of the anterior

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4-15)

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Fig 4middot13 Horizontal movement of the mandible as the incisal edges of maxillary and mandibular teeth pass across each other

slide to the ICP of the contact border movement is altered

movement engages the anterior teeth and the mandible moves

anatomy of the

Functional Movements Functiolai movemerts occur functiona

of the mandibe take within the border movemerts and therefore arE considered free movements Most functional aell ities maximum and thereshyfore at and beluw the ICP Vhel tb~ mandible is at rest t is found to be located approshy

2 to 4 mrn below the ICP I 4-17L 5 Thio

has been called tne ciif1icai rest Some studies suggest that it is variable It has aso been deterrnireci that th

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Fig4-12 As the mandible moves forward contact of the Fig 4-14 Continued forward movement of the mandib ~

- 521 edges of the edges of the mandibular anterior teeth results in a superior movement as the anterior teeth pas

~ the lingual surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth beyond the end-to-end position resulting in posteric

2(eS an inferior movement tooth contacts 1

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MedulI1ics of Mandibular Movement 87

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~ 4middot5 Continued forward movement is determined - sterior tooth surfaces until the maximum protrushy

- _~middotrent as established by the ligaments is reached - ~( 11um forward position joins the most superior

- ~e anterior opening border movement

5t position is not the =25 have their least amount of

The muscles of mastication are at their lowest level of when the

is positioned infeshymm anterior to the ICP pOint the force of the

-e down is in equilibrium with the elasticity 7sstance to stretching of the elevator

75 and other soft tissues the Therefore this position is best described

- 7 Iinicai rest In it the interarticular ~e of the joint becomes low and dislocation - coached _ Because function cannot

_ from this the myotatic reflex which eracts the forces of and maintains the ~i the more functionally pOSition 2 to

below the ICP is activated In this eeth can be quickly and

_7her for immediate function The increased s of electromyographic muscle activity in this

- ltIon are indicative of the reflex

CR ICP

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Fig 4middot16 The superior contact border movement when he condyles are in centric relation position (CR) is the same as the maximum intercuspal position (ICP) of the teeth

Fig4middot17 The mandible in postural position (PP) is located some 2 to 4 mm below the intercuspal position (ICP)

Because this is not a true the in which the mandible is maintained is

more appropriately termed the postural pOSition If the chewing stroke is examined in the

plane the movement will be seen to begin at the iCP and drop downward and slightly forward to the

of desired opening (Fig 4middot18) It then returns in a straighter posterior to the opening movement (as described in Chapter 2)

Postural Effects on Functional Movement When the head is erect and upright

Fig 4middot18 Chewing stroke with border movements in the sagittal plane CR Centric relation ICP intercuspal position

88 FUllctional Anatomy

the postural of the mandible is located 2 to 4 mm below the ICP If the elevator muscles cCntract the mandible wili be elevated di ltc the ICP However if the face is directed

45 the be altered to a

is related to and of the various tissues

- e1re attached to and support the elevator muscles contract with the head in

- ~itjon the path of closure will be the of closure in the

ci contact therefore will occur 4-19) Because this tooth

slide results shifting the maximum

been stated that the tormal head during is with the face directed

o This is referred to as the In it the mandible shifts

t If the elevator muscles contract with the head in this

the path of closure will be anteshyrior to that in the Tooth contacts therefore will occur atterior to the maximum ICP Such at ateraton in closure leads to anterior tooth contacts The alert can be in the functionai relationships of teeth

head extension is also a ificant because this is often the head posture

assumed during dri In th posture the mandible is maittained more to maxishymum and therefore closure with the head back often results in tooth contacts

to the ICP

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ICP ICP ICP

CR ~ CR ~ CR ~ _iI~ -ltII rffillft--rll~ ~

A B C

--

Head in alert Head in Head extended feeding position

upward position (upward 45 degrees) (downward 30 degrees)

Fig4-19 FINAL CLOSING STROKE AS RELATEDTO HEAD POSITION A With the head upright the teeth are elevated directly into maximum intercuspation from the postural position B With the head raised 45 degrees the postural pOSition of the mandible becomes more posterior When the teeth occlude tooth contacts occur posterior to the intercuspal position (ICP) C With the head angled forward 30 degrees (alert feeding pOSition) the postural pOSition of the mandible becomes more anterior When the teeth occlude tooth contacts occur anterior to maximum intercuspation CR Centric relation

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- -OJTAL PLANE BORDER UJCTIONAL MOVEMENTS

known as a GatillC arch tmcer record mandibular movement in

It consists of a he maxillary teeth and a recording

to the rrandibular teeth I 4-201 moves the us generates a line

~rding that coincides wth this border movements of the mandible

zental can therefore be snd examined ~Iandjbular movements are viewed in the

~ pane a pattern can be -Ias four distinct movement components

functional corrponent ~tera I border

---uedleft lateral border with atera I border

ued right laterai border with

_pound Lateral Border Movements in the CFz contraction

cause to move a

If the left inferior lateral

Fig 4-20 A Gothic arch tracer is used to record the l1andibular border movements in the horizontal plane As the mandible moves the stylus attached to the mandibular teeth generates a pathway on the recording table attached to the maxillary teeth


CR

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Fig 4-21 Mandibular border movements in the horishyzontal plane I Left lateral 2 continued left lateral with protrusion 3 right lateral 4 continued right lateral with protrusion CR centric relation ICp intercuspal position

stays the left will remain situated in CR and the result wil be a left lateral border movement Ii the orbiting around the frontal axis of the left The left condyle is therefore called the because the mandble is rotating around it The right called the condlt because it is

The left is also because it is on the

side condyle is called the nOIlshy

Horkir19 condyle because it is located on the nonshyv orking side During this movement the us will generate a line on the that coinshycides with the left border movement ( 4-22)

Fig 4-22 Left lateral border movement recorded in the horizontal plane


Continued Left Lateral Border Movements with Protrusion With the mandible in the left lateral border

contraction of the left inferior lateral pteryshymuscle with continued

of the right inferior lateral cause the left condyle to move the Because the right is in its maximum anterior the movement of the left to its maximum anterior will cause a shift in the mandibular midline back to coincide with the midline of the face ( 4-23)

Rigflt Lateral Border Movements Once the left border movements have been recorded

the tracing the mandible is returned to CR and the lateral border movements are recorded

Contracting of the left inferior lateral ~uscie will cause the left to move anterishy

and medially also If the right derior lateral muscle relaxed the

will remain situated in the CR posishy-n The resultant mandibular movement will be

lateral border the left ~~und the frontal axis of the right

in this movement is therefore called condyle because the mandible is

-Jnd it The left condvle during this movement is

Fig 4middot23 Continued left lateral border movement with --~sion recorded in the horizontal plane

Fig4-24 Right lateral border movement recorded in the horizontal plane

called the orbiting around the During this movement the will generate a line on the recording plate that coincides with the right latera border movement Fig 4-241

Continued Right Lateral Border Movements with Protrusion With the mandible in the right lateral border

contraction of the right inferior lateral muscle with continued contracshy

tion of the left inferior lateral pterygoid will cause the right to move and to the left Beca use the left maximum anterior right to its maximum anterior d cause a shift bacK in the mandibular midline tc coincide with the midline of the face (Fig 4-25 This the mandibular border movemen in the horizontal plane

Lateral movements can be generated by levels of mandibular The border mOVEshyments generated with each degree c

wili result in succeedingly smaller tracshyuntil at the maximally open

no lateral movement can be made

Functional Movements As in the sagittal piane functional movements the horizontal plane most often occur near the Ie

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91 Mechanics of Mandibular Movement

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Fig 4-2 5 Continued right lateral border movement with usion recorded in the horizontal plane

Fig 4middot26 MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEmiddot MENTS IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE RECORDED AT VARIOUS DEGREES OF OPENING Note that the borders come closer together as the mouth is opened

the range of jaw movement ns some distance from the maximum ICP but as the ood is broken down into smaller sizes action moves closer and closer to the ICP The exact

of the mandible during chewing is dictated the existing occlusal configuration i 4-27)

CR

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Fig 4-27 Functional range within the horizontal border movements CR Centric relation EC area used in the early stages of mastication EEP end-to-end position of the anterior teeth ICP intercuspal position LC area used in the later stages of mastication just before swallowing occurs

pp

Fig 4-28 Mandibular border movements in the frontal plane I Left lateral superior 2 left lateral opening 3 right lateral superior 4 right lateral opening ICp intercuspal position PP postural position

FRONTAL (VERTICAL) BORDER AND FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS

When mandibular motion is viewed in the frontal a shield-shaped pattern can be seen that has

four distinct movement components (Fig 4-28]

along with the functional component I Left lateral superior border 2 Left lateral opening border


lateral superior border lateral opening border

~ithough the mandibular border movements in frontal plane have not been traditionally

~ J of them is useful in visualizing ~- ldibu Jar activity three dimensionally

Left Lateral Superior Border Movements ~~ the mandible in maximum intercuspation ~~al movement is made to the left A recordshy

2ice will disclose an inferiorly concave generated ( 4-29) The

__ of this path is primarily determined by and interarch relationships of

~axi and mandibular teeth that are in during this movement Of secondary

- ~2ce are the relationships or rotating side

-- The maximum lateral extent of this movement ~etermined bv the ligaments of the rotating

Left Lateral Opening Border Movements -- ~- ~he maximum left lateral border o~lon an opening movement of the mandible - jiCes a laterally convex path As maximum

s approached ligaments tighten and proshydirected movement that causes a

tack in the mandibular midline to coincide ~e midline of the face (Fig 4-30)

~

Fig 4-29 Left lateral superior border movement --ded in the frontal plane

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= FFig 4-30 Left lateral opening border movement q~-li~lII~ ~

recorded in the frontal plane

Rignt Lateral Superior Border Movements ialllill8l Ia ~ Once the left frontal border movements are recorded the mandible is returned to maximum intercuspashy ~~~I

tion From this a lateral movement is made to the right 4- 31) that is similar to the left latshyeral border movement Slight differences may occur because of tooth contacts involved

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Fig 4-31 Right lateral superior border moveme recorded in the frontal plane

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93 Medwlies of Mandibular Movement

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Fig 4-32 Right lateral opening border movement -~ rded in the frontal plane

Rigflt Lateral Opening Border Movements c ~ the maximum lateral border - ~pening movement of the mandible

~2rally convex path similar to that of the left openshy- Tlovement As maximum opening is ~~ents tighten and produce a medially directed

- ~ ement that causes a shift back in the mandibular

~ine to coincide with the midline of the face to - ~ this left opening movement [Fig 4-32)

Functional Movements -3 In the other planes functional movements in - e frontal plane begin and end at the ICP During --ewing the mandible drops directly inferiorly _-til the desired opening is achieved It then shifts ~ the side on which the bolus is placed and rises = As it approaches maximum intercuspation the - clus is broken down between the opposing teeth - the final millimeter of closure the mandible ~ickly shifts back to the ICP (Fig 4-33)

ENVELOPE OF MOTION

mandibular border movements in (sagittal horizontal and frontal i

Fig 4-33 Functional movement within the mandibular border movement recorded in the frontal plane ICP Intercuspal pOSition

a three-dimensional envelope of motion can be (Fig 4-34) that represents the maximum

range of movement of the mandible Although the has this characteristic shape differences

will be found from person to person The superior surface of the enveiope is determined by tooth contacts whereas the other borders are primarily determined by Ilgaments and joint anatomy that restrict or limit movement

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOVEMENT

To demonstrate the complexity of mandibular movement a seemingly simple right lateral excursion will be used ls the musculature begins to contract and move the mandible to the right the left out of its CR position As the left is anteriorly around the frontal axis of the condyle it encounters the of the articular eminence which causes an inferior movement of the condyle around the axis with resultant tilting of the frontal axis Additional contact of the anterior teeth a slightly greater inferior movement in the anterior part of the mandible than in the part which results in an

movement around the horizontal axis Because the left is and


Fig 4middot34 Model of the envelope of motion

Interiorly the horizontal axis is shifting and inferiorly

This exa illustrates that ample lateral movement motion occurs arouno each axis (sagittal horizontal and verticall and simuishy

each axis tilts to accommodate the

around the other axes All of motion and is

controlled the neuromuscular system to any of the oral structures

Suggested

Pietro A Concepts of occlusion A system based on rotational centers of the mandible Dent Clin North Am 607-620 1963

Posselt U The ph)siolog) of occhlsion and rehabilitation ed 2 Philadelphia 1968 fA Davis

(References

1 Dorands iIIlslrilted ledicol ed 30 Philadelphia 2003 Saunders p 1643

2 Lindauer S) Sabol C lsaacaso RJ Davidovitch M Condylar movement and mandibular rotation during jaw opening Am J Ollhod Dmo(altilll Onhop 107573-577 1995

3 Posselt U Movement areas of the mandible J Prosthet Del 7375-385 1957

1 Carnick L Ramtjord SP An electromyographic and c1inicL irH(Sligation J Prosthel Dem 12895-911 1962

5 Schweitzer M 0111 rehabilitation St Louis 19)1 Mosb pp 514-518

6 Atwood OA A critique of research of the rest position of the mandible J Prosthet Dem 16848-854 1966

I Rugh 10 Drago Cj Vertical dimension a study of clinic2 rest position and jaw muscle activity J Prosthet Dent F 670-675 1981

8 OuBrul E1 Sidler mil analOm) 51 Louis 1980 Mosby 9 Mohl NO Head posture and its role in occlusion N) SI

Dem J 42 17-23 1976

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the terminal hinge while the vertical axis of the opposite remains in the termInal hinge (Fig 4-3) Because of the inclination of the articular eminence which dictates that the frontal axis tilt as the moving or travels this type of isolated movement does not occur naturally

Fig 4middot1 Rotational movement about a fixed point in the ondyle

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Fig4middot2 Rotational movement around the horizontal axis

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Sagittal Axis of Rotation vlandibular movement around the sagittal axis occurs when one moves while the other remains in the terminal hinge position

4-4) Because the J igaments and musculature of the TMI prevent an inferior displacement of the

this type of isolated movement

Fig4middot3 Rotational movement around the frontal (vertical) axis

Fig44 Rotational movement around the sagittal axis

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8iting -ment

Jrder


the - its

the viii to

~5)

Cnt

ng eshyof





CR

I


pp



















~


~ II

1

I

I 1





]f


J


iI ~

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-

i==~~~~~~~~~~~~~~middot~~ --~-




1

-~ j~ ___~ J -fuq_~~~_~_~









~-~- 1

Jlt to Tents

only lible

_~j the

_5 mm the

~ nents _ts in

of rami


= -enoshy-hich

axis

-m cf

IONAl )1dyle is

rotates

-










from the










determined





CR

) I

I I


~-~


CR ICP

y I

I I











he a person has no

4-15)

CR


the maxim~Hr

the most

llaximum

~~ ~

I

l shyI

I

~




anatomy of the





shy

~ J

li~~

i~~ m~

i j _CJ)J IJ I I

~ I I I

~

I I





I I

I


l shyI

I I


altered the ICP

nctional -~ke place



position iable67

50-called

~ f

I I


f-iI

I I

I














CR ICP

VI























to the ICP

7 -- shy

ICP ICP ICP


A B C

--




I bull

89

to as Ushy~ fts

1ft ~ in th


~mum ICr to heav

gnificant 1 posture


sure with contacts

l 7












cause to move a




CR

~





























--- shyI~

t

7

i L w~

E-S =E a

-


middotd in the

8iting -ment

Jrder


the - its

the viii to

~5)

Cnt

ng eshyof





CR

I


pp



















~


~ II

1

I

I 1





]f


J


iI ~

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-

Jlt to Tents

only lible

_~j the

_5 mm the

~ nents _ts in

of rami


= -enoshy-hich

axis

-m cf

IONAl )1dyle is

rotates

-










from the










determined





CR

) I

I I


~-~


CR ICP

y I

I I











he a person has no

4-15)

CR


the maxim~Hr

the most

llaximum

~~ ~

I

l shyI

I

~




anatomy of the





shy

~ J

li~~

i~~ m~

i j _CJ)J IJ I I

~ I I I

~

I I





I I

I


l shyI

I I


altered the ICP

nctional -~ke place



position iable67

50-called

~ f

I I


f-iI

I I

I














CR ICP

VI























to the ICP

7 -- shy

ICP ICP ICP


A B C

--




I bull

89

to as Ushy~ fts

1ft ~ in th


~mum ICr to heav

gnificant 1 posture


sure with contacts

l 7












cause to move a




CR

~





























--- shyI~

t

7

i L w~

E-S =E a

-


middotd in the

8iting -ment

Jrder


the - its

the viii to

~5)

Cnt

ng eshyof





CR

I


pp



















~


~ II

1

I

I 1





]f


J


iI ~

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-

~-~


CR ICP

y I

I I











he a person has no

4-15)

CR


the maxim~Hr

the most

llaximum

~~ ~

I

l shyI

I

~




anatomy of the





shy

~ J

li~~

i~~ m~

i j _CJ)J IJ I I

~ I I I

~

I I





I I

I


l shyI

I I


altered the ICP

nctional -~ke place



position iable67

50-called

~ f

I I


f-iI

I I

I














CR ICP

VI























to the ICP

7 -- shy

ICP ICP ICP


A B C

--




I bull

89

to as Ushy~ fts

1ft ~ in th


~mum ICr to heav

gnificant 1 posture


sure with contacts

l 7












cause to move a




CR

~





























--- shyI~

t

7

i L w~

E-S =E a

-


middotd in the

8iting -ment

Jrder


the - its

the viii to

~5)

Cnt

ng eshyof





CR

I


pp



















~


~ II

1

I

I 1





]f


J


iI ~

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-

I I

I


l shyI

I I


altered the ICP

nctional -~ke place



position iable67

50-called

~ f

I I


f-iI

I I

I














CR ICP

VI























to the ICP

7 -- shy

ICP ICP ICP


A B C

--




I bull

89

to as Ushy~ fts

1ft ~ in th


~mum ICr to heav

gnificant 1 posture


sure with contacts

l 7












cause to move a




CR

~





























--- shyI~

t

7

i L w~

E-S =E a

-


middotd in the

8iting -ment

Jrder


the - its

the viii to

~5)

Cnt

ng eshyof





CR

I


pp



















~


~ II

1

I

I 1





]f


J


iI ~

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-















to the ICP

7 -- shy

ICP ICP ICP


A B C

--




I bull

89

to as Ushy~ fts

1ft ~ in th


~mum ICr to heav

gnificant 1 posture


sure with contacts

l 7












cause to move a




CR

~





























--- shyI~

t

7

i L w~

E-S =E a

-


middotd in the

8iting -ment

Jrder


the - its

the viii to

~5)

Cnt

ng eshyof





CR

I


pp



















~


~ II

1

I

I 1





]f


J


iI ~

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-

89

to as Ushy~ fts

1ft ~ in th


~mum ICr to heav

gnificant 1 posture


sure with contacts

l 7












cause to move a




CR

~





























--- shyI~

t

7

i L w~

E-S =E a

-


middotd in the

8iting -ment

Jrder


the - its

the viii to

~5)

Cnt

ng eshyof





CR

I


pp



















~


~ II

1

I

I 1





]f


J


iI ~

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-























--- shyI~

t

7

i L w~

E-S =E a

-


middotd in the

8iting -ment

Jrder


the - its

the viii to

~5)

Cnt

ng eshyof





CR

I


pp



















~


~ II

1

I

I 1





]f


J


iI ~

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-


middotd in the

8iting -ment

Jrder


the - its

the viii to

~5)

Cnt

ng eshyof





CR

I


pp



















~


~ II

1

I

I 1





]f


J


iI ~

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-














~


~ II

1

I

I 1





]f


J


iI ~

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-

- -


- cnovement

~ercuspashy

made left latshy

ferences

- cnovement







ENVELOPE OF MOTION
















Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-








Suggested



(References









Dem J 42 17-23 1976

1iI1

T) 1ii1IUH~

i i I ~Ii

J-

= I-

mechanics of mandibular movement - 1 file download

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