mechanical overview-hvac 101

HVAC 101

Will Rea, HTS Engineering

June 30th, 2011

HTS Engineering

Started in 1991 in Toronto

HVAC Manufacturer Rep

Provide a full suite of products and support

$250 Million+ in 2010

300+ Employees, many P. Eng

15 Offices in North America

Will, Paul, Mark, Mohammad

Will Rea

Started at HTS in 2006, graduate Waterloo Engineering

Work with Paul Pilutti, core role handling Smith & Andersen

Paul Pilutti

Co-founder of HTS, 30 years in HVAC

Director of Canadian Operations

Mark Driscoll

Business Development Manager

Comes from 25 years in Architecture and project development

Mohammad Totah

Focuses on selling to mechanical contractors

Been at HTS for 10 years

Contents

Fundamentals

Why use HVAC?

Technology/Theory

Airside

Humidification

Refrigeration

Hydronics

Putting it into Practice

Controls

Epsilon

HTS

Fundamentals

Motivation

Why install HVAC?

Odour free, healthy air

Cool computer and mechanical equipment

Protect architectural components

People like to feel Comfortable, Healthy, and Efficient

How to make HVAC work for the owner?

Prefab equipment

Energy efficient technology

Integrated function and form products

Low lifecycle cost

Terminology

Airside CFM Air movement rate

Refrigeration Tons Cooling capacity

Heating BTU Heating Capacity

Humidification Lbs/hr

Pumps GPM Flow, Ft Resistance to flow

Motors BHP brake horse power - $$$

Codes and Laws

Laws calls for minimum efficiencies and comfort levels

ASHRAE 90.1 Efficiency

ASHRAE 62.1 Fresh Air

CSA B52 Refrigeration

CSA Z317.2 HVAC in Hospitals

These provide a baseline, LEED, AFPs improve on this

HVAC System

Airside

Air Movement

All indoor spaces require fresh air

Used to provide heating/cooling/humidity to space

Typically largest by volume/cost component of HVAC

Big BHP item, under scrutiny to reduce costs

Limited by how fast air moves by cooling coil

Air Movement Equipment

Fan Coil/Heat Pump - Localized

Smaller 100-3000 CFM equipment

Provides localized cooling/heating

Simple, catalogued items

Air Handling Units - Centralized

3000-100000 CFM+ units

Custom designed to fit space and loads

By far largest component by volume of HVAC

Air Handler Components

Coils

Heat exchanger between air and water/refrigerant

Filters

Remove dust, dirt contaminants from air

Big maintenance item

Washable filters reduce costs

Fans

Air movement devices

Along with chillers largest BHP draw in building

Humidifiers/Heat Recovery

Next slides

Variable Refrigerant Volume

Primary system used outside of North America

Use refrigerant as energy movement medium

Multiple fan coils and compressors on same system

Offers excellent turndown and part load performance

Lab Exhaust Fans

Labs generate contaminated air

Need to be exhausted and diluted into atmosphere

Traditional fans run at 100% all day

Power Plume fans allow turn down during part load

Humidification

Humidification

A proper RH level adds to human comfort

Correct humidity level for safety and health

Protect hardwood floors, art, or archive documents

Lab and process facilities

Steam Distribution

Hot steam injected directly into air

Steam made at central boiler,

or localized generators

Steam must be clean

Tank cleaning is a big maintenance item

Heat Recovery

Heat Recovery - Basics

Expensive to heat/cool/humidify the outdoor air

Can recover 80%+ of the exhaust air energy

Can design smaller chiller/humidifier plants

Tradeoffs of effectiveness vs. flexibility vs. maintenance

Heat Wheel

Most common method

Rotating wheel moves energy from duct to duct

Effectiveness - 60-80%

Maintenance - Wheel cleaning and belts

Advantages

Efficient

Can add moisture to incoming air

Disadvantage

Requires power

Maintenance item

Air streams can mix

Heat Pipe

Refrigerant loop between two coils

Effectiveness 40-60%

No power consumption

Similar maintanance to cooling coil

Advantages

Can completely separate airstreams

Disadvantage

Refrigerant based

No moisture recovery

Heat Plate

Series of plates, air moves counter


No power consumption

No moving parts

Advantages

Can completely separate airstreams

No moving parts or refrigerant

Disadvantage

Largest by volume


Runaround Coils

Cooling coils with water connection


Unlimited flexibility

Advantages

Huge flexibility in design

Large separation between exhaust and supply

Disadvantage

Require piping between coils

Need pump to move fluid


Compressor

Use cold energy in hot space

Standard refrigeration compressors and equipment

Heat pump building, or heat recovery chillers

Advantages

Can go across temperature gradient

Great for concurrent heating/cooling

Disadvantage

Compressors take up power

Bigger maintenance item

Refrigeration/Boilers

Chillers

Chiller Basics

Make cold water by removing heat

Reject heat to water loop, or ambient air

Scroll, Screw and Centrifugal compressors

Constant/Variable Speed

Ball, Oil, or Magnetic Bearing

Efficiency rated on IPLV average use

Typically largest BHP draw in building

Air Cooled

Advantages

Packaged product

No cooling tower or condenser loop

Can have integral pumps and airside economizer

Do not take up indoor floor space

Disadvantages

Inefficient compared to water cooled (IPLV 0.85 kW/Ton)

Must be outside, can cause noise/architectural concerns

Not custom designed

Limited to about 500 tons, biggest that fits on a truck

Glycol may be required

Water Cooled

Advantages

Very efficient (IPLVs

Compressors - Magnetic Bearing

200 in Ontario

Shaft rests on magnets

IPLV of

Boilers

Make hot water by adding heat

Gas or electric fired

Gas efficiency 80-98%

Forced air, condensing boilers

Efficiency - Water Temp

80% Efficient 180F Water

98% Efficient 120F Water

Hydronics

Pumps

Used to move fluid and generate pressure

Big BHP item, not as much as airside or chillers

Shaft seals wear out, need to be changed split coupled

Vertical inline nice for

Floor Space Install Inline vs. Base Mount

Advantages

Reduces equipment square footage

Up blast allows correct straight pipe into suction

Motor mounted on frame

Great for larger pumps

Heat Exchangers

Used to move thermal energy from fluid to fluid

Used to break glycol/non-glycol systems

Typically designed for equal flow on both sides

Heat Rejection

Dry Towers

Coils mounted with fans

No interaction between water and air

Lowest leaving water 105F

Solids Separator

Open Cooling tower are excellent at

filtering contaminants out of air into water

Make up water adds contaminents

Solves a big (also hazardous) maintenance item

Separators remove the solid from flow

Do not experience filter build up

Architectual Products

Heating Products

Used to provide localized heating for windows, doors, stairwells

Designed for active or passive air movement

Come in many enclosure styles

Custom enclosures used (wood, marble, granite, etc.)

Radiant Panels

Heated materials emit radiant rays

Space is cooler, occupants feel radiance to get comfort

Can do heating or cooling for space

Similar effect to campfire or sunny day

Radiant Walls

Combines form and function

Radiant panels built into architectural walls, cubicles, patient rooms

Removes need for two products

Bring flexibility to job

Fabric Sox

Fabric air distribution

Very light helps with structural

Excellent for raised floor air distribution

Can go in the washing machine

Putting it into practice

HVAC System

Seismic/Isolation

Isolation used to separate moving parts from fixed structure

Seismic prevents equipment failure by restraint

Mission critical or post-disaster buildings need seismic in GTA

Ottawa needs it for almost all buildings

HTS has full seismic/isolation department

Controls

Automation system controls chiller staging, fan/pump speed

Uses energy efficient technology to full potential

HTS has full in house controls group

Wireless products, open architecture systems

HTS can pre-test controls in house

Prefabricated Mechanical Rooms

Prefab mechanical room factory built and tested

Move risk offsite

Improve construction schedule

Reduce overall budget

Great for remote projects

HTS

HTS is the largest independent HVAC manufacture rep in North America

Deep employee knowledge

We carry 50+ product lines in Ontario right tool for the job

Always looking for new lines (15-20 under consideration)

Full aftermarket parts and service business

Provide total lifecycle solutions for your projects

The End

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