mechanical harvesting of fruit - past achievements, current status
TRANSCRIPT
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Mechanized Fruit Harvesting
Past achievements, Current
Status and Future Prospects
Yoav Sarig, Prof. Emeritus
The Institute of Agric. Eng.
Agric. Res. Org. P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Presentation layout Introduction – background &
statement of the problem
Objectives
The scope of mechanical harvesting
a) Labor aids
b) Labor saving machines
c) Robotic fruit harvesting
Site-Specific solutions
Conclusions
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Objectives To briefly describe the currently available
technologies – advantages & drawbacks and
suggest that no single solution is applicable
To propose a course of action, which should be
taken by industry – both growers &
equipment manufacturers, in order to
maintain the viability and competitiveness of
the fruit industry
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This presentation doesn’t purport
to report on new technological
breakthroughs
Rather, it attempts to provide a
different thinking on the complex
process of fruit harvesting,
contributing, hopefully, to its
optimization
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Statement of the problem
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Fruit growers in the developed
countries are facing two significant
problems that could determine the
future of their business:
•Lack of adequate labor supply
•Competitiveness in the global
market
Can’t we solve these problems?
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Back in the 70`s there was a
commercial on the U.S TV:
“They can send a man to the
moon, how come they can’t
make a good coffee?”
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Paraphrasing on this
commercial:
The developed countries have advanced technologies in many areas, but fruits, for the most part, are still being picked by hands, worldwide.
Why is it that no mechanical solution is yet available for harvesting fresh
fruit?
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The reason is simple:
Rather than make investments in new technologies, farmers, worldwide, mostly focused on lobbying governments for easier access to inexpensive labor –
and succeeded!
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The result:
The cheap labor that mass immigration provided in countries such as the U.S., Germany, France, Israel, Spain and others, has blocked any incentive to develop mechanical systems to replace manual labor.
The end result is that at present these countries are in a disadvantage position in the face of global competition 10
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Ironic, but sad:
The cheap, mainly illegal labor
immigrants are becoming
unprofitable with the
competition from even cheaper
labor in less developed
countries! 11
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The conclusions:
Farmers in developed countries can’t
ignore any more technological
improvements and the need for
investments.
Competing on low labor costs is infeasible
To stay in business means reducing costs
– the only viable way to do that is through
mechanization 12
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While mechanization is recognized as
the major vehicle for reducing the cost
and the only mean to stay competitive,
it is important to note that in addition:
Mechanization reduces the farmer’s drudgery and
improves his ability to perform operations in a timely matter
Reduces the risks associated with need for large amounts of seasonal labor for short periods of time
Lessens the social problems which accompany excessive influx of low-wage workers
Has the ability to potentially reduce human contact with food (food safety)
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In spite of the complexity of the
problem there are, nevertheless
quite some cases of success that
are already in commercial use
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Past Achievements
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Few examples of a successful
mechanical harvesting
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Unfortunately, after 60 years of R&D,
the harvesting of 25 fruit crops still
has not been mechanized
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However, apple, pear, apricot,
peach, mango, avocado,
litchi, kiwi, olives, sweet
cherries - few examples of
fruit crops which are still
being hand picked!
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Admittedly, not all harvesting
situations are amenable (yet) to
mechanization
But, unfortunately, even those
solutions which are available are
only partially employed, and in
many cases their use is not
justified economically!
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Moreover! Many of the growers (regardless of the
country) are not well informed of what is
being done to mechanize fruit harvesting
outside their perimeter – both
domestically and internationally!
There is not enough awareness with
regard to the need to adapt the orchard
characteristics – size, shape, tree spacing,
in a comprehensive system approach to
optimize the harvesting 20
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Ever since Eve has reached out to pick the apple in Eden, attempts are being made to develop better methods for harvesting fruit
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There are basically three modes
of harvest mechanization
Labor-aids
Robotics & Automation
Labor saving machines
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Labor-Aids
Labor-aids are aimed at
reducing the drudgery of
farm labor by reducing the
effort and endurance
required for the fruit-
picking operation
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The ladder-the basic
picking-aid
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A 4 workers articulated picking-
aid
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Advantages:
Picking-aids increase the supply of labor, reduce seasonal demands, stabilize the labor force and increase the potential of pool of laborers by improving working conditions
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Disadvantages:
None of the picking-aids makes the
harvesting competitive with
standard methods and thus, their
use is not justified economically!
As long as picking is done
manually, the potential for
increasing productivity is limited 27
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Labor-saving machines
Main characteristics: their ability to remove
fruits in multiples (mass
harvesting)
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Mass-harvesting of grapefruit (Israel)
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Mass-harvesting system for
olives for oil (Italy)
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An experimental harvester for
jojoba (Israel)
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Shake & Catch System for
Harvesting Oranges (U.S)
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Mechanical harvester for
wine-grapes (France)
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A shake & catch system for
harvesting appricot & cling
peaches (the U.S.)
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Major advantages:
This class of equipment offers a
significant increase in harvest labor
productivity – with some crops a 100
fold increase in productivity has been
recorded!
Thus, these machines have the
potential to meet the objective of
reducing total harvesting costs
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Disadvantages
The major deterrent to the introduction of labor-saving machines is the excessive mechanical damage incurred during mechanical harvest.
Thus, although productivity can be increased significantly, the commercial implementation of labor-saving machines is limited to fruit which are destined for processing (such as olives), or are not prone to mechanical damage (nut crops)
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Robotic Fruit Harvesting
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Robotic fruit harvesting aims to automate
the fruit picking process by using a system
that emulate the human picker for decision
making and picking. Conceptually, it
should provide the same, or better quality,
at a much faster rate
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Robotic harvesting
Examples of Engineering Concepts
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Robotic harvesting should provide,
in principle, the only solution for
substituting manual labor for
picking perishable fruit destined for
the fresh market
Unfortunately, although remarkable and
encouraging results have been already
obtained (with apple & citrus), robotic
harvesting is yet not feasible and can’t be
considered as a competitive solution 40
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The current status of
harvest mechanization
worldwide
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Labor-aids
Are widely used in Italy, where typically many small
manufacturers build their own version of a high-
lifting platform
Are used in Australia
mostly imported designs
Are quite common in Israel (of local design), but used
mostly on tall trees (avocado, dates)
Are used, to some extent in the U.S. Spain, France
and other fruit-producing countries in Europe
Special design of labor-aids have been
developed and used in the Netherlands 42
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Labor-saving machines
Are currently used for harvesting all nut crops,
Mechanical harvesting of wine grapes (U.S.,
France, Italy, Spain, Australia, South Africa &
Israel)
Mechanical harvesting of coffee (Brazil)
Mechanical harvesting of olives for oil (Italy,
Spain, Israel, Argentina, U.S.)
Mechanical harvesting of prunes, citrus fruit
peaces & tart cherries destined for processing
(U.S.) 43
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Robotic harvesting systems
- None is being used commercially at
present
- In the past – work in the U.S., France,
Spain, Italy, Hungary, Israel & Japan
- Present R&D work continues in Japan.
- Work has also commenced in Holland
and Australia & a renewed work in the
U.S.
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In spite of the tremendous R&D work
in more than 60 years of research, a
commercial use of harvest machinery
has been only partially implemented
and is not viable yet, for fresh fruit
crops
Is it really a no-win
situation?
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WE STATE CATEGORICALLY
THAT MAINTAINING
COMPETITIVENESS IS FEASIBLE!
However, to reach this goal is
not easy, especially with fruit
destined for fresh consumption,
which presents a major
challenge
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What direction should the
industry take?
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Because of the complexity of the
harvesting operation, the diversity of
the fruit crops and growing conditions,
a system approach should be adopted
Within this approach we propose that
all available solutions should be
evaluated on the basis of “ site-specific
solutions” to yield the optimal solution
for a given harvesting situation
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A few examples to
illustrate the concept of
“Site-specific Solutions”
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A picking-aid system for picking
peaches in a semi-dwarf orchard
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A continuous moving picking-aid
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Mechanical harvesting of
peaches in a meadow orchard
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Mechanical harvesting of olives
for oil
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A mechanize harvesting system for
citrus destined for processing
(in Florida)
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Harvesting dates
(in Israel)
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Mass-harvesting of dates
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In addition we propose:
Changing orchard characteristics –size, shape, tree spacing and varietals changes to make it amenable to mechanical harvesting
Introducing mechanical solutions to reduce mechanical damage and sorting systems to sort out damaged fruit
Developing economical viable robotic harvesting systems, substituting manual labor for harvesting fresh-market fruit
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The challenge is big!
Will the industry rise to meet the
challenge?
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