mechanical biological treatment (mbt) and (wet) anaerobic ... ss 2011/db 3.pdfuniversity of verona,...
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Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)
and
(Wet) Anaerobic Digestion
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1Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
(Wet) Anaerobic Digestion
David Bolzonella
&
Charles Banks
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AD of biowaste is a well established but still growing
technology ….
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 2
De Baere, WST, 2006
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 3
Source: De Baere et al 2010
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 4
De Baere, WST, 2006
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The implementation of separate collection opened the
possibility to treat biowaste. Despite this, the treatment
of residual waste is still very important
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 5
De Baere, WST, 2006
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This technology is dedicated to the treatment of
� unsorted Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
In these cases AD is typically part of a
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) process
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 6
� unsorted Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
� industrial waste
� the grey fraction of MSW (the residual part after
separate collection)
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The mechanical-biological-treatment (MBT) is
combination of two processes:
the first one, mechanical, is dedicated to the separation
of recyclable materials and the organic fraction from the
bulk waste while the second one, biological, is dedicated
to the stabilization of this organic material.
The biological step can be either aerobic or anaerobic.
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7Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
The main benefit of MBT technology is its capability of
reducing the mass and volume of waste sent to
landfills. At the same time, recyclable or thermally
reusable fractions can be separated.
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Mechanical sorting and
Pre-treatment
Mixed waste
Rejects to landfill
or inciniration
Recyclables
(glass,
metals) &
Refuse
Derived
Fuel (RDF)
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 8
Biological processBiogas (energy) +
biostabilized
in anaerobic systems
+ aerobic
Fuel (RDF)
Compost-like
or RDF
Generic MBT
technology
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Residual
waste
Dry
sorting
Aerobic
compostingDrying Incineration
RDF
Typical AEROBIC MBT U
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 9
waste sorting
CO2 and
waterRecoverable
materials
metals,
paper, card,
plastic
composting
Water
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Typical ANAEROBIC MBT
Residual
waste
Dry
sorting
Anaerobic
digestionDrying Incineration
RDF
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 10
BiogasRecoverable
materials
metals,
paper, card,
plastic
Water
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Residual
waste
Mechanical
sorting
biological
treatment
post-
treatment
refining
disposal or
further
recovery
A second option:
The Biological Mechanical Treatment (BMT)
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waste sortingtreatmentrefining recovery
Recovery
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y AIMS
typical aims of MBT plants include the:
�Pre-treatment of waste going to landfill;
�Diversion of non-biodegradable and biodegradable MSW
going to landfill through the mechanical sorting of MSW into
materials for recycling and/or energy recovery as refuse
derived fuel (RDF);
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12Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
derived fuel (RDF);
�Diversion of biodegradable MSW going to landfill by
reducing the dry mass of BMW prior to Landfill and the
biodegradability of BMW prior to landfill;
�Stabilisation into a compost-like output (CLO) for use on
land;
�Conversion into a combustible (RDF and biogas) for energy
recovery
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MBT components
and
configurations
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configurations
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y The mechanical stage of the process generally has two
main roles:
� to brake down the waste in smaller parts and
� recovery some recyclable materials
The net result will be the reduction of the mass and volume
of the treated waste due to the removal of materials for
recycling and both carbon and moisture losses.
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14Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
Clearly, recycled material has a worst quality than the one
coming from separate collection !
Beside the recyclable materials and the biogas the residual
outputs are a biostabilized material and RDF.
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15Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
Source DEFRA (UK)
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16Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
Source DEFRA (UK)
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y Bags opening and size reduction
Shredder
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 17
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Hammer millU
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 19
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Ball millU
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Metals separation and recoveryU
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 21
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22Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
Mixed feed
Conveyer
Conveyer
OversizeFine
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Air classifierU
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 23
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Manual separationU
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 24
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25Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
Source DEFRA (UK)
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y MBT + AD
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26Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
Source DEFRA (UK)
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The typical AD application is the DRY process.
In case of the application of a WET AD process, a further
“purification” step is needed to remove the residual
fraction of inert material
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 27
Linde process for wet AD
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MARKETS & OUTLETS FOR THE OUTPUTS
Recyclables derived from the various MBT processes are
typically of a lower quality than those derived from a
separate household recyclate collection system and
therefore have a lower potential for high value markets.
Materials which may be extracted from
MBT processes include metals, glass, textiles,
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28Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
MBT processes include metals, glass, textiles,
paper/card, and plastics. The most common of these is
glass, which may be segregated with other
inert materials such as stones and ceramics.
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y Carton baler
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 29
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 31
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Biogas can be produced, but at low extent, rarely
exceeding 60 m3 per tonne of treated material
(equivalent to some 120-140 kWh).
Where the MSW is sorted / treated to produce a high
calorific value waste stream comprising significant
proportions of the available combustible materials
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 32
proportions of the available combustible materials
such as mixed paper, plastics and card, this stream may
be known as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF).
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y Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
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High Heating Value up to 30 MJ/kg
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Potential outlets for RDF
1. Industrial Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units
2. Cement kilns
3. Co-firing with coal at power stations
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4. Co-firing with fuels like poultry litter and biomass
5. Advanced thermal technologies, such as pyrolysis and
gasification
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Compost – like output U
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Electricity
DIGESTER
Biogas storage
Gas EngineCHP
GeneratorFlare
Premix. Densiometric
Typical Typical CITEC ProcessCITEC ProcessU
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36Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
Compost
DIGESTER
Centrifuge
Pelletisation plant
RDF
Press
Air classification
Tipping pit. Magnetic separator
Hammer mill
Drum screen
Densiometric separator
Air classifier
Aerobic maturation
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y Mass balance for 1 tonne of waste
Household waste (MSW)
Refuse derived fuel 420 kg
‘Biodegradable waste’ fraction (BMW) 400 kg
Paper / plastic150 kg
Metals30kg
Washing Process water
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 37
Based on a 230,000 tonne/year plant at Vargon, NL
Sand39kg
BMW261 kg
Coarse inerts100kg
Digestion
Digestate100 kg
Process water161 kg
Biogas (per T of BMW)142 m3
Biogas (per T of MSW)37 m3
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MBT
&
WET ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 38
WET ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
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Application of the WET anaerobic digestion in MBT systems
The organic material recovered from a MSW through
the mechanical processes can undergo to an aanerobic
treatment for energy recvoery. However, this material
is generally of bad quality.
This is characterised by:
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39Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
� A very high content of inert material (total solids
typically around 50% or more and low volatile fraction,
60% of TS or lower)
� a very low biogas potential (normally some 60-70
m3/tonne, never exceeding 100 m3/tonne on the input
material, but 140 m3/tonne on the organic material
entering the AD unit
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y A case study: Valorsul s.a. waste treatment plant in Lisbon
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 40
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Collected bags from restaurants and canteensU
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 42
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Belt conveyor U
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 43
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Bags splitter / shredderU
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 44
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y Quality of the organic material can be very low ……
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 45
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 46
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 47
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Wet rafination
for heavy (glass,
stones…) and
light (plastic)
inerts by means
of a hydro-
Un
ive
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 48
Hydro-pulper
(Linde)
of a hydro-
pulper
-
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Hydropulper (internal view)U
niv
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 49
-
Un
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Bio
tech
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log
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Inert material from the pulper (bottom) …. U
niv
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f V
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Bio
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 50
-
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ive
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Bio
tech
no
log
y
Un
ive
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 51
-
Un
ive
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of
Bio
tech
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log
y
Un
ive
rsit
y o
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Bio
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y
Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 52
-
Un
ive
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f V
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, D
ep
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of
Bio
tech
no
log
y Compost from digestate
Un
ive
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nt
of
Bio
tech
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log
y
Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 53
-
Un
ive
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y o
f V
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, D
ep
art
me
nt
of
Bio
tech
no
log
y Compost from digestate
Un
ive
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y o
f V
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, D
ep
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me
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of
Bio
tech
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log
y
Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 54
-
Un
ive
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y o
f V
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ep
art
me
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of
Bio
tech
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log
y Compost from digestate (after polishing)
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 55
-
Un
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Bio
tech
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log
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The problem
of inert accumulation
Un
ive
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 56
of inert accumulation
in wet AD reactors
-
Un
ive
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me
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of
Bio
tech
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log
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Problem:
phase separation
BIOGAS
Grease / oil
Liquid
Accumulation of inert material in the wet AD reactor
Un
ive
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 57
Liquid
Solid (inert)
-
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ive
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58Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011
Giacetti, Contri, Muraro (2009). BIOWASTE, Milano 24 febbraio 2009
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ive
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nt
of
Bio
tech
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log
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Un
ive
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Bio
tech
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log
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 59
Giacetti, Contri, Muraro (2009). BIOWASTE, Milano 24 febbraio 2009
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Un
ive
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y o
f V
ero
na
, D
ep
art
me
nt
of
Bio
tech
no
log
y
Un
ive
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y o
f V
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tech
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Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 60
Giacetti, Contri, Muraro (2009). BIOWASTE, Milano 24 febbraio 2009
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Un
ive
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y o
f V
ero
na
, D
ep
art
me
nt
of
Bio
tech
no
log
y
Un
ive
rsit
y o
f V
ero
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, D
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me
nt
of
Bio
tech
no
log
y
Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 61
Giacetti, Contri, Muraro (2009). BIOWASTE, Milano 24 febbraio 2009
-
Un
ive
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y o
f V
ero
na
, D
ep
art
me
nt
of
Bio
tech
no
log
y
Un
ive
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y o
f V
ero
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me
nt
of
Bio
tech
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log
y
Jyvaskyla Summer School 2011 62
Giacetti, Contri, Muraro (2009). BIOWASTE, Milano 24 febbraio 2009