measuring sustainable governance fanie cloete school of public management and planning, university...
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Measuring Measuring sustainable governancesustainable governance
Fanie CloeteFanie Cloete
School of Public Management and School of Public Management and
Planning, Planning,
University of StellenboschUniversity of Stellenbosch
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
OutlineOutline• Governance, development, & Governance, development, &
sustainabilitysustainability• Governmental performance Governmental performance
assessment modelassessment model• Good policy evaluation Good policy evaluation
practices indicator guidepractices indicator guide• International sustainability International sustainability
assessment frameworksassessment frameworks• Unpacking sustainabilityUnpacking sustainability• ConclusionsConclusions
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
GovernanceGovernance
= “the manner in which power is = “the manner in which power is
exercised in the management of exercised in the management of
a country’s economic and social a country’s economic and social
resources for development”resources for development”
- World Bank 1994- World Bank 1994
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Good governanceGood governance
“…“…..achieving the most achieving the most appropriate developmental appropriate developmental policy objectives to sustainably policy objectives to sustainably develop a society, by mobilising, develop a society, by mobilising, applying and co-ordinating all applying and co-ordinating all available domestic & available domestic & international resources in public, international resources in public, private and voluntary sectors in private and voluntary sectors in most effective, efficient and most effective, efficient and democratic way…” democratic way…” ((Cloete 2000)Cloete 2000)
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
DevelopmentDevelopment
= both a physical reality and a state of = both a physical reality and a state of mind in which the means for mind in which the means for obtaining a better life is improved, obtaining a better life is improved, through a combination of social, through a combination of social, economic and institutional capacity-economic and institutional capacity-building and empowermentbuilding and empowerment
(Sen 1999, Todaro 1997, Serageldin (Sen 1999, Todaro 1997, Serageldin 1996)1996)
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Development level 1Development level 1
Satisfying basic needs above Satisfying basic needs above the indigent line: the indigent line:
food, water, shelter, clothes & food, water, shelter, clothes & personal safetypersonal safety
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Developmental level 2Developmental level 2
Consolidation of a middle class Consolidation of a middle class life style: life style:
Sanitation, health services, Sanitation, health services, jobs, churches, recreation, jobs, churches, recreation, schools, culture, shops, life schools, culture, shops, life cycle services.cycle services.
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Developmental level 3:Developmental level 3:
Fulfilling higher level personal and Fulfilling higher level personal and abstract needs and desires: abstract needs and desires:
the opportunity to live an enriched life the opportunity to live an enriched life according to one’s own preferred according to one’s own preferred alternative lifestyle, including alternative lifestyle, including specialised specialised individualindividual interests and interests and preferences (eg travel, music, culture, preferences (eg travel, music, culture, sport, hobbies, etc) & individually sport, hobbies, etc) & individually customised customised collective collective services (in-flight services (in-flight TV, games, A/C, etc)TV, games, A/C, etc)
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
International policy International policy indicators indicators
• IUCNIUCN• OECDOECD• World Bank World Bank • European UnionEuropean Union• UN Agenda 21UN Agenda 21• UN Millennium goals & targetsUN Millennium goals & targets• UN Commission for Sustainable UN Commission for Sustainable
developmentdevelopment
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
CSD Indicator frameworkCSD Indicator framework
Integrated approach, to measure Integrated approach, to measure sustainability :sustainability :– SocialSocial– EconomicEconomic– EnvironmentalEnvironmental– InstitutionalInstitutional
• Model applicable to all UN member Model applicable to all UN member statesstates
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Millennium Goals for 2015Millennium Goals for 2015
1.1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hungerEradicate extreme poverty & hunger2.2. Achieve universal primary educationAchieve universal primary education3.3. Promote gender equality & empower Promote gender equality & empower
womenwomen4.4. Reduce child mortalityReduce child mortality5.5. Improve maternal healthImprove maternal health6.6. Combat AIDS, TB, Malaria & other Combat AIDS, TB, Malaria & other
diseasesdiseases7.7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityEnsure environmental sustainability8.8. Develop a global partnership for Develop a global partnership for
developmentdevelopment
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Policy systems approachPolicy systems approach
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
GOVERNMENT DECISION MAKERS
CONVERSION PROCESS
DEMANDS
SUPPORT
FEEDBACK
( INPUTS)
DECISIONS
ACTIONS
(OUTCOMES)
(OUTPUTS)
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Policy Input Indicator Policy Input Indicator GuideGuide
• Policy content (approach, Policy content (approach, comparability, etc)comparability, etc)
• Financial resources for Financial resources for programme/projectprogramme/project
• Human resources skills for Human resources skills for programme/projectprogramme/project
• Support for programme/projectSupport for programme/project• Other required resources (eg Other required resources (eg
water)water)
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Policy Resource Conversion Policy Resource Conversion Indicator GuideIndicator Guide
• Process efficiency Process efficiency • Process effectiveness (appropriateness, Process effectiveness (appropriateness,
relevance, etc)relevance, etc)• Process productivityProcess productivity• People-centred, participatory & responsive People-centred, participatory & responsive
processesprocesses• Process equity, fairness, representivityProcess equity, fairness, representivity• Process transparencyProcess transparency• AccountabilityAccountability• Democratic nature of processes (tolerance, rights-Democratic nature of processes (tolerance, rights-
based, legitimate)based, legitimate)• Project managementProject management• Process flexibilityProcess flexibility• Co-ordination, integration & holism of servicesCo-ordination, integration & holism of services• Professionalism & ethical nature of processesProfessionalism & ethical nature of processes• Creativity, competitiveness & entrepreneurshipCreativity, competitiveness & entrepreneurship
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Policy Output Indicator Policy Output Indicator GuideGuide
• Results achieved:Results achieved:– NumbersNumbers– QualityQuality
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Policy Outcome Indicator Policy Outcome Indicator GuideGuide
• Achievement of national visionAchievement of national vision (relevance & (relevance & effectiveness of outcome)effectiveness of outcome)
• Affordability of outcomeAffordability of outcome• Equity, fairness, representivity of outcomeEquity, fairness, representivity of outcome• Development & growth focus of outcomeDevelopment & growth focus of outcome• Contribution to stability (regulation & protection Contribution to stability (regulation & protection
focus) of outcomefocus) of outcome• Democratic nature of outcome (free Democratic nature of outcome (free
participatory, legitimate tolerance, accountable participatory, legitimate tolerance, accountable outcomes)outcomes)
• Empowerment of citizens as outcome (informed, Empowerment of citizens as outcome (informed, participating, activist citizens as outcome)participating, activist citizens as outcome)
• Citizen satisfactionCitizen satisfaction• Project/programme sustainabilityProject/programme sustainability (social, (social,
economic, political, managerial, technological, economic, political, managerial, technological, environmental), both objectively and environmental), both objectively and subjectively determined in short, medium & subjectively determined in short, medium & long term time frames)long term time frames)
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
SustainabilitySustainability
= maintenance of a stable, = maintenance of a stable,
desired trend in a durable desired trend in a durable
way within a specified long way within a specified long
term time frame.term time frame.
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
The National VisionThe National Vision
To build from the remnants of a To build from the remnants of a previously deeply divided country previously deeply divided country with a legacy of racial division and with a legacy of racial division and inequality, a united, strong, inequality, a united, strong, independent, prosperous, self-independent, prosperous, self-reliant and proud South African reliant and proud South African nation.nation.
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Demographic Demographic sustainabilitysustainability
= maintenance of a stable = maintenance of a stable
trend in populations, able to trend in populations, able to
sustain all its developmental sustain all its developmental
needs through available needs through available
resources durably within a resources durably within a
specified long term time frame.specified long term time frame.
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
The Demographic VisionThe Demographic Vision
to create and sustain human, flora to create and sustain human, flora and fauna populations that and fauna populations that constitute sound ecological systems constitute sound ecological systems in South Africain South Africa
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Demographic Demographic Impact IndicatorsImpact Indicators
==Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective
changes in size, distribution & changes in size, distribution &
composition of population, through composition of population, through
estimates, polls, census, projections & estimates, polls, census, projections &
forecasts.forecasts.
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Social sustainabilitySocial sustainability
= maintenance of an empowered = maintenance of an empowered
citizenry interacting with each other citizenry interacting with each other
through effective social networks, through effective social networks,
constituting a cohesive constituting a cohesive
community/society striving towards community/society striving towards
generally accepted goals to promote generally accepted goals to promote
individual & collective interestsindividual & collective interests
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
The Social VisionThe Social Visionto create a stable, secure and to create a stable, secure and prosperous social environment in prosperous social environment in which all citizens have access to which all citizens have access to basic nutrition, health, housing and basic nutrition, health, housing and education services in order to education services in order to enable and empower them to enable and empower them to develop pride, belonging, hope, develop pride, belonging, hope, self-help, self-respect, a spirit of self-help, self-respect, a spirit of caring and responsibility and their caring and responsibility and their own respective potentials fullyown respective potentials fully
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Social Social Impact IndicatorsImpact Indicators
==Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective changes in individual & community changes in individual & community profiles, status, values, institutions & profiles, status, values, institutions & behaviour patterns, including personal behaviour patterns, including personal development, conflict, cohesion, development, conflict, cohesion, networks, mobilisation, participation, networks, mobilisation, participation, mobility, stability, family life, youth mobility, stability, family life, youth development, etcdevelopment, etc
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Economic sustainabilityEconomic sustainability
= maintenance of a sound, stable = maintenance of a sound, stable
and growing/expanding economic and growing/expanding economic
system meeting the needs of system meeting the needs of
society or developing towards society or developing towards
higher levels in an efficient way higher levels in an efficient way
over timeover time
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
The Economic VisionThe Economic Vision
to create a productive, competitive, to create a productive, competitive, efficient, effective, growing efficient, effective, growing economic environment that creates economic environment that creates investors’ confidence and sufficient investors’ confidence and sufficient jobs for all work seekers, where all jobs for all work seekers, where all citizens can aspire to basic citizens can aspire to basic incomes above the poverty line and incomes above the poverty line and fair and equitable opportunities fair and equitable opportunities and resources to improve their own and resources to improve their own quality of life as well as they canquality of life as well as they can
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Financial sustainabilityFinancial sustainability
= not spending more than you = not spending more than you
earn over time , and preferably earn over time , and preferably
not reducing assets or capacity not reducing assets or capacity
but building them up in a but building them up in a
durable way within a specified durable way within a specified
time frametime frame
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
The Financial VisionThe Financial Vision
to create a sound and stable fiscal to create a sound and stable fiscal and financial base for economic and financial base for economic activities that is internationally activities that is internationally competitive, dynamic, competitive, dynamic, growing/expanding and innovativegrowing/expanding and innovative
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Financial / EconomicFinancial / EconomicImpact IndicatorsImpact Indicators
== Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective changes in income & expenditure changes in income & expenditure patterns, taxation, economic growth & patterns, taxation, economic growth & decline, inflation, exchange rates, types of decline, inflation, exchange rates, types of economic activities & inactivities, economic activities & inactivities, employment, production & consumption employment, production & consumption patterns, living cost, productivitypatterns, living cost, productivity
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Cultural sustainabilityCultural sustainability
= maintenance of stable and = maintenance of stable and
durable systems of values, durable systems of values,
customs and practices customs and practices
expressing the cultural identity expressing the cultural identity
of a community or societyof a community or society
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
The Cultural VisionThe Cultural Vision
to create a tolerant and relaxed to create a tolerant and relaxed cultural environment where cultural environment where individual ethnic and cultural individual ethnic and cultural identities can be expressed and identities can be expressed and promoted through arts, drama, promoted through arts, drama, language and religion to enrich the language and religion to enrich the diversity and heritage of the South diversity and heritage of the South African nationAfrican nation
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Cultural Cultural Impact IndicatorsImpact Indicators
==Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective changes in cultural values, changes in cultural values, attitudes, practices and customs, attitudes, practices and customs, incl in language, art, drama, incl in language, art, drama, literature, music, religion, etc.literature, music, religion, etc.
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Political sustainabilityPolitical sustainability
= maintenance of a stable, = maintenance of a stable,
effective political vision, effective political vision,
commitment and support commitment and support
founded on legitimate democratic founded on legitimate democratic
processes in a durable way within processes in a durable way within
a specified time framea specified time frame
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
The Political VisionThe Political Visionto create in terms of its 1996 to create in terms of its 1996 Constitution:Constitution:– a democratic and safe organisational a democratic and safe organisational
or institutional environment,or institutional environment,– where individual rights and where individual rights and
community interests can be freely community interests can be freely pursued pursued
– under a legitimate, transparent, under a legitimate, transparent, ethical and accountable government ethical and accountable government
– that is regularly elected in free and that is regularly elected in free and fair elections,fair elections,
– to maximise the quality of life of its to maximise the quality of life of its citizens, and citizens, and
– that plays a key role in Africa and the that plays a key role in Africa and the World.World.
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Institutional sustainabilityInstitutional sustainability
= maintenance of stable and effective = maintenance of stable and effective
and efficient institutions which have a and efficient institutions which have a
good record of achieving strategic good record of achieving strategic
policy objectives and of learning from policy objectives and of learning from
past failures and successes durably past failures and successes durably
within a specified time frame.within a specified time frame.
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
The Institutional VisionThe Institutional Vision
to create professional, to create professional, participatory and responsive public participatory and responsive public services with the capacity to services with the capacity to address national needs in a address national needs in a durable way within a specified durable way within a specified time frametime frame
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Managerial sustainabilityManagerial sustainability = maintenance of a combination of = maintenance of a combination of
::– strong and committed leadershipstrong and committed leadership– clear and unambiguous strategic clear and unambiguous strategic
policy objectivespolicy objectives– a broad-based consensus about a broad-based consensus about
these objectivesthese objectives– effective operational policy effective operational policy
implementation, coordination, implementation, coordination, monitoring, assessment & monitoring, assessment & redesign,redesign,
durably within a specified time durably within a specified time frameframe
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Organisational Organisational Impact IndicatorsImpact Indicators
== Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective changes in administrative agency changes in administrative agency size, budget, composition, size, budget, composition, functions, services & facilities, functions, services & facilities, distribution, accessibility, quality, distribution, accessibility, quality, quantity, effectiveness, efficiency, quantity, effectiveness, efficiency, technologytechnology
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Technological sustainabilityTechnological sustainability
= maintenance of effective and = maintenance of effective and
appropriate stable technological appropriate stable technological
systems enabling, supporting, systems enabling, supporting,
facilitating and promoting facilitating and promoting
societal activities in different societal activities in different
sectors durably within a sectors durably within a
specified time framespecified time frame
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
The Technological VisionThe Technological Visionto create stable and reliable to create stable and reliable electronic and other technological electronic and other technological networks and tools to enable, networks and tools to enable, facilitate, support and promote facilitate, support and promote societal activities optimally, and societal activities optimally, and also to achieve full electronic also to achieve full electronic government in South Africa. government in South Africa.
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
TechnologicalTechnologicalImpact IndicatorsImpact Indicators
==Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective changes in levels of technology provision changes in levels of technology provision & use, incl levels and sophistication of & use, incl levels and sophistication of electronic literacy, telecommunications, electronic literacy, telecommunications, stand alone computer workstations, stand alone computer workstations, networks, etcnetworks, etc
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability
= maintenance of stable = maintenance of stable
ecological and bio-diversity ecological and bio-diversity
systems durably within a systems durably within a
specified long term time framespecified long term time frame
(= Brundtland)(= Brundtland)
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
The Environmental VisionThe Environmental Vision
to create a natural and a living to create a natural and a living environment that fully conserves and environment that fully conserves and promotes the scenic beauty of the promotes the scenic beauty of the country, and to utilise all natural country, and to utilise all natural resources in such a sustainable way resources in such a sustainable way that later that later generationsgenerations will also be able will also be able to enjoy them and to satisfy their needs to enjoy them and to satisfy their needs
(= Brundtland)(= Brundtland)
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
EnvironmentalEnvironmentalImpact IndicatorsImpact Indicators
==Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective
changes in nature & quality of changes in nature & quality of
natural & living environment, natural & living environment,
including air, noise, water, sea, including air, noise, water, sea,
flora, fauna & topographyflora, fauna & topography
Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)
Conclusions Conclusions • Regular, systematic governance Regular, systematic governance
assessment now international best assessment now international best practicepractice
• Outcomes measurement imperativeOutcomes measurement imperative• Sustainability focus increasingly Sustainability focus increasingly
relevantrelevant• Appropriate & relevant international Appropriate & relevant international
models availablemodels available• Avoid reinvention of wheelsAvoid reinvention of wheels• Customise/contextualise Customise/contextualise
international models for domestic international models for domestic applicationapplication