measuring matter-a common language a standard measurement system the international system of units...
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Measuring Matter-A Common Language
A Standard Measurement
System
The International System of Units (SI)
The Metric
System
When and why was the metric system invented? • The metric system was invented
by a group of French scientists in 1790
• The metric system was invented because countries were using many different systems of measurement causing confusion and lack of consistency
WHY DO WE USE THE METRIC SYSTEM?
•Almost all other countries are using the metric system
•Other countries’ companies are refusing to buy products from the U.S. if not labeled in metric units
* Scientists need a universal way to communicate data (SI Units)
WHAT DOES THE METRIC SYSTEM
MEASURE?* The gram measures mass or how much something weighs
* The liter measures volume which is used when measuring liquids
* The meter measures the length of an object or the distance from place to place
Scientists all over the world use the International System of Units to measure:
• Length• Volume• Mass• Density• Temperature• Time
Metric System
A system of measurement used by the majority of countries on Earth based on the number 10
Key Concept: Why do scientists use a
standard measurement system?
• Using SI as the standard system of measurement allows scientists to compare data and communicate with each other about their results
• Using SI measurement also allows experiments to be repeated and most importantly achieve a desired result
DRAW THE FOLLOWING CHART ON THE BLANK SHEET OF WHITE PAPER IN THE REFERENCE PART OF YOUR FOLDER
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo (k)1000units Hecto (h)
100units Deka (da)
10units Basic
UnitGram MeterLiter
Deci (d)0.1
units Centi (c)0.01units
Milli (m)0.001units
To convert to a smaller
unit, move decimal point
to the right or multiply.
To convert to a larger
unit, move decimal point
to the left or divide
Length
Figure 1: Calculating - How much larger is a kilo- than a deka-?
• 100 times
What is length?
• Length is the distance from one point to another
What tool do we use to measure
length or distance?
A METER STICK is used to measure
lengths and distances
METER STICK
The basic unit of length in the SI system is the …
METER
APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS BETWEEN METRIC & US LENGTH UNITS
• A meter is about the same length as a yard
• A meter is about three feet long• A decimeter is about four inches long• An inch is about 25 millimeters• A foot contains about 30 centimeters• A foot contains about 3 decimeters
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo (k)1000units
Hecto (h)100
units Deka (da)10
units Basic Unit
Gram (g) Meter (m)
Liter (l)Deci (d)
0.1units
Centi (c)0.01units Milli (m)
0.001units
To convert to a smaller unit, movedecimal point to the right or
multiply.
To convert to a larger unit, move decimal point
to the left or divide
THERE ARE…• 1000 millimeters (mm) in a meter (m)• 100 centimeters (cm)in a meter (m)• 10 decimeters (d) in a meter (m)• 1 meter (m) in a meter (m)• 10 meters (m) equals 1 dekameters
(da)• 100 meters (m) equals 1 hectometer
(h)• 1000 meters (m) equals 1 kilometer (k)
MEASURING LENGTHS LONGER THAN A METER
EXAMPLE: The distance from point A to point B is 5.8m. What is that distance in KILOMETERS?
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo1000units
Hecto100
units Deka10
units Basic UnitGram MeterLiter
Deci0.1
units Centi0.01units Milli
0.001units
Because KILOMETERS is larger than a meter, you move the decimal point 3 places to the left.
5.8m turns to .58da
1
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo1000units
Hecto100
units Deka10
units Basic UnitGram MeterLiter
Deci0.1
units Centi0.01units Milli
0.001units
Because KILOMETERS is larger than a meter, you move the decimal point 3 places to the left.
5.8m turns to .058h
12
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo1000units
Hecto100
units Deka10
units Basic UnitGram MeterLiter
Deci0.1
units Centi0.01units Milli
0.001units
Because KILOMETERS is larger than a meter, you move the decimal point 3 places to the left.
5.8m turns to .0058k
12
3
MEASURING LENGTHS LONGER THAN A METER
EXAMPLE: The distance from point A to point B is 50.35k (KILOMETERS). What is that distance in METERS?
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo1000units
Hecto100
units Deka10
units Basic UnitGram MeterLiter
Deci0.1
units Centi0.01units Milli
0.001units
Because the METER is smaller than a KILOMETER, you move the decimal point 3 places to the right.
50.35k turns to 503.5h
1
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo1000units
Hecto100
units Deka10
units Basic UnitGram MeterLiter
Deci0.1
units Centi0.01units Milli
0.001units
Because the METER is smaller than a KILOMETER, you move the decimal point 3 places to the right.
50.35k turns to 5035.da
1
2
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo1000units
Hecto100
units Deka10
units Basic UnitGram MeterLiter
Deci0.1
units Centi0.01units Milli
0.001units
Because the METER is smaller than a KILOMETER, you move the decimal point 3 places to the right.
50.35k turns to 50350.m
1
2
3
MEASURING LENGTHS SMALLER
THAN A METER
The two units that measure the length of smaller objects are, …
• Decimeter• Centimeter• Millimeter
The longer lines on the metric ruler are called…
• centimeters
The shorter lines on the metric ruler are called…
• millimeters
One centimeter is divided into how many millimeters?
• 10 millimeters (mm)
Looking at the turtle below. Estimate it’s length from the rear of its shell to the tip of its nose. Record its length in
both centimeters and millimeters.
• 10.5 cm
• 105 mm
What is the length of the pencil below in centimeters AND millimeters?
5.8 cm 58 mm
RESULTS OF DESK MEASURES
LAB DESK A: 5.79 m, 579.0 cm, 5790 mm
LAB DESK B: 7.12 m, 712.0 cm, 7120 mm
LAB DESK C: 8.175 m, 817.5 cm, 8175 mm
LAB DESK HEIGHT: .93 m, 93 cm, 930 mm
VOLUME
Volume•The amount of space that matter occupies
•All matter has volume•Measurement of 3 dimensional objects
The basic unit of measure for
VOLUME is the LITER
COMMON UNITS OF VOLUME
•Liter (L)•Milliliter (mL)•Cubic Centimeter (cm³)
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo (k)1000units
Hecto (h)100
units Deka (da)10
units Basic Unit
Gram (g) Meter (m)
Liter (l)Deci (d)
0.1units
Centi (c)0.01units Milli (m)
0.001units
To convert to a smaller unit, movedecimal point to the right or
multiply.
To convert to a larger unit, move decimal point
to the left or divide
How many milliliters are in 13
Liters?
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo (k)1000units
Hecto (h)100
units Deka (da)10
units Basic Unit
Gram (g) Meter (m)
Liter (l)Deci (d)
0.1units
Centi (c)0.01units Milli (m)
0.001units
13.0 L
1
2
3
130. 0 d
1300.0 cL
13000.0 mL
13.0 L
TOOLS TO MEASURE VOLUME
• Metric ruler–Regular shaped objects
• Graduated Cylinder–Irregular shaped objects–liquids
EQUATING UNITS OF VOLUME
•1 L = 1,000 mL•1 mL = 0.001 L•1 mL = 1 cm³
CALCULATING VOLUME
•Using a metric rulerVolume = length X width X heightof an object
YOURPERSPECTIV
E
Length (l) Wid
th (w
)Hei
ght (
h)
METRIC SYSTEM24. Metric System Notes – Length25. Metric man26. Metric Woman27. Metric Spy28. Metric Shuttle29. 2 blank sheets of paper
a) Label Measurements in Meters (1)b) Label Graph in Meters (2)
30. VOLUME ACTIVITY31. 10 sheets of notebook paper
VOLUME ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS
• Number the paper 1 – 20• Measure each piece of
wood for its VOLUME in centimeters AND millimeters
TODAY IS: ThursdayOctober 30, 2008
• Are your backpacks in your lockers? They are not permitted.
• Did you use the restroom before this class? No passes will be issued.
• Did you bring all your materials to class? A requirement
• Is your folder available? A requirement
What tool is used to measure the VOLUME of irregular shaped
objects?
The GRADUATED CYLINDER
LIQUIDS AND IRREGULAR SHAPED OBJECTS ARE MEASURED IN LITERS
THERE ARE 1000 MILILITER IN A LITER
Graduated Cylinders come in a variety of sizes:
• 10 ml• 25 ml• 50 ml• 100 ml• 500 ml• 1000 ml
How do you read a
GRADUADTED CYLINDER?
Know the GRADUATES and the SUBGRADUATES
10
20GRADUATES
SUBGRADUATES
Note the MENISCUS
• The meniscus is the area where the fluid molecules are more attracted to the glass material than itself.
The measurement
is at the bottom of the
convex or meniscus.
You would read this as 18mL and not 18.5 mL. You would read this as 18mL and not 18.5 mL. You would read this as 18mL and not 18.5 mL.
Reading is 18 mL NOT 18.5 mL
Look at the level of the fluid at eye level
MANISCUS
X
What is the VOLUME of this liquid?
6.6 mL
What is the VOLUME of this liquid?
11.5 mL
What is the VOLUME of this liquid?
53.0 mL
What is the VOLUME of this liquid?
76.0 mL
What is the VOLUME of this liquid?
293.0 mL
• Using a GRADUATED CYLINDER–Item is dropped into a predetermined amount of
water in the cylinder.–The item places the cylinder–The item will displace the same amount of water as
its matter.–The difference between the original volume of
water and the level of the water with the object is its volume.
MATERIALS• Graduated Cylinder• Pipette (used to add or take out a fluid from
the cylinder)• Beaker (small) (used with the pipette)• 4.5 cm bolt• 7 cm bolt• 11 cm bolt• Ruler (to measure the bolts)
INSTRUCTIONS
• Make a table as seen below:
BOLT BEGINNING LEVEL (mL)
ENDING LEVEL (mL)
VOLUME (mL)
4.5 cm7.0 cm9.5 cm
Determine the VOLUME of each item
INSTRUCTIONS
• Make a table as seen below:
BOLT BEGINNING LEVEL (mL)
ENDING LEVEL (mL)
VOLUME (mL)
4.5 cm 50mL 56mL 6mL7.0 cm 50mL 59mL 9mL9.5 cm 50mL 61mL 11mL
Determine the VOLUME of each item
WEIGHTvs.
MASS
WEIGHT• A measurement of the force of gravity on
an object.• Weight can change with a location.
–On the moon a 120 pound person can weigh 20 pounds.
–You will weigh less the further away from the center of the earth.
MASS• The amount of matter in an object• Mass does not change with location.• Scientists prefer to measure the mass
of an object than its weight because weight changes with location.
The basic unit of weight and mass is
the GRAM (g)
What tool is used to measure the MASS of an
object?
Triple Beam Balance
Parts of a Triple Beam Balance
COUNTER WEIGHT
PAN
BASE
BEAMS
RIDERS BALANCEPOINTER
Instructions on useWith the pan empty, move the three riders on the three beams to their leftmost positions, so that the balance reads zero.
If the indicator on the far right is not aligned with the fixed mark, then calibrate the balance by turning the set screw on the left under the pan.
Once the balance has been calibrated, place the object to be measured on the pan.
Move the 100 gram rider along the beam to the right until the indicator drops below the fixed mark. The notched position immediately to the left of this point indicates the number of hundreds of grams.
Now move the 10 gram rider along the beam to the right until the indicator drops below the fixed mark. The notched position immediately to the left of this point indicates the number of tens of grams.
The beam in front is not notched; the rider can move anywhere along the beam. The boldface numbers on this beam are grams and the tick marks between the boldface numbers indicate tenths of grams.
To find the mass of the object on the pan, simple add the numbers from the three beams.
INSTRUCTIONS
• Make a table as seen below:
BOLT MASS (g)
4.5 cm
7.0 cm
9.5 cm
Determine the MASS of each item
INSTRUCTIONS
• Make a table as seen below:
BOLT MASS (g)
4.5 cm 47.4g
7.0 cm 72.3g
9.5 cm 97.5g
Determine the MASS of each item
DENSITY• Many objects have the same volume
but have different masses.• Density relates to the amount of
matter in a given volume.• Expressed as the number of grams in
a cubic centimeter • Formula is DENSITY = MASS ÷
VOLUME
1cm 1cm
1cm
WHY DO SOME OBJECTS FLOAT WHILE OTHERS
SINK?
MAKE THE CHART BELOWOBJECT VOLUME MASS DENSITY
WATER
L. Bolt
M. Bolt
S. Bolt
L. Clay
M. Clay
S. Clay
L. Wood
M. Wood
S. Wood
WHY DO SOME OBJECTS SINK WHILE OTHERS FLOAT?
COMPLETED CHART
OBJECT VOLUME MASS DENSITY
WATER 56.0mL 56.0g 1.0 g/mL
L. Bolt 11mL 97.5g 8.86 g/mL
M. Bolt 9mL 72.3g 8.0 g/mL
S. Bolt 6mL 47.4g 8.0 g/mL
L. Clay 17.0mL 26.3g 1.5 g/mL
M. Clay 9.0mL 15.0g 1.6 g/mL
S. Clay 4.0mL 6.9g 1.7 g/mL
L. Wood 21.0mL 7.4g .35 g/mL
M. Wood 14.0mL 4.7g .33 g/mL
S. Wood 3.0mL 2.4g .3 g/mL
BASED ON YOUR DATA WHY DO SOME OBJECTS FLOAT WHILE OTHERS SINK?
OBJECTS WITH A DENSITY LESS
THAN ONE WILL SINK IN WATER
If 5.6 mL of water has a mass of 5.6g, what
would be its DENSITY?
1 g/mL
If piece of clay measuring in volume 17.0 mL, has a mass of 26.3g, what would be its
DENSITY?
1.54 g/mL
If piece of 21.0 mL piece of wood had a mass of 7.4 g, what
would be its DENSITY?
.35 g/mL
If a 97.5g piece of metal had a volume of 11.0 mL, what would
be its DENSITY?
8.86 g/mL
INFERRING FROM THE DATA BELOW, WHY DO SOME OBJECTS SINK WHILE
OTHERS FLOAT?OBJECT VOLUME MASS DENSITY
WATER 56.0mL 56.0g 1.0 g/mL
L. Bolt 11mL 97.5g 8.86 g/mL
M. Bolt 9mL 72.3g 8.0 g/mL
S. Bolt 6mL 47.4g 8.0 g/mL
L. Clay 17.0mL 26.3g 1.5 g/mL
M. Clay 9.0mL 15.0g 1.6 g/mL
S. Clay 4.0mL 6.9g 1.7 g/mL
L. Wood 21.0mL 7.4g .35 g/mL
M. Wood 14.0mL 4.7g .33 g/mL
S. Wood 3.0mL 2.4g .3 g/mL
OBJECTS WITH A DENSITY LESS
THAN ONE WILL SINK IN WATER
TODAY IS THURSDAY November 6, 2008
• Get out your notebooks and be prepared to take quick notes.
• We will be starting the lab as soon as everyone is ready.
ON THE NEXT BLANK PAGE OF YOUR FOLDER….
• NUMBER 1- 15 on the left• NUMBER 16 – 30 in the middle
• NUMBER 31 – 50 on the right
• DO NOT SKIP LINES
WHAT IS TEMPERATURE?
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles of matter
What tool do you use to measure
TEMERATURE?
THERMOMETER
HOW DOES A THERMOMETER WORK?
• Temperature is measured with a thermometer usually made of a glass tube with colored alcohol.
• Certain materials have EXPANSION properties or they stretch when heated and shrink when cooled.
• As the air gets hotter, the level of the liquid rises and, as the air gets cooler, the level falls.
How do you read a THERMOMETER?
• Know the scale in which the thermometer is registering. (F, C, K)
• Look at the thermometer at eye level to get the correct reading.
What are the different scales
used to measure TEMERATURE?
Fahrenheit (F°)•Most common scale used in the United States
•Freezing is 32°F•Boiling is 212°F
Celsius (°C)•Most common scale used in other countries
•Freezing point is 0°C•Boiling point is 100°C
Kelvin (K)• Most commonly used in physical science• A Kelvin degree is the same size as a Celsius• Water freezes at 273K• Water boils at 373K• No more thermal energy can be removed at -
273K• -273K is called absolute zero
Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion
Celsius= 5/9 X (Fahrenheit-32)EXAMPLE:
Convert 106°Fahrenheit into CelsiusCelsius =5/9 X (Fahrenheit -32)
Celsius = 5/9 X 74 Celsius = 41.11°
PRACTICE
Convert 72° Fahrenheit into CelsiusCelsius =5/9 X (Fahrenheit -32)
Celsius = 5/9 X (72°F- 32°F)Celsius = 5/9 X 42°F Celsius = 23.33C°
PRACTICE
Convert 168° Fahrenheit into CelsiusCelsius =5/9 X (Fahrenheit -32)Celsius = 5/9 X (168°F – 32°F)
Celsius = 5/9 X 136°F Celsius = 75.5C°
Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion
Fahrenheit= (9/5 X Celsius) +32EXAMPLE:
Convert 41.11°C into FahrenheitFahrenheit = (9/5 X 41.1°C) + 32°F
Fahrenheit = 73.98°C + 32°F Fahrenheit = 106°F
PRACTICE
Fahrenheit= (9/5 X Celsius) +32EXAMPLE:
Convert 72°C into FahrenheitFahrenheit = (9/5 X 72°C) + 32°F
Fahrenheit = 129.6°C + 32°F Fahrenheit = 161.6F°
PRACTICE
Fahrenheit= (9/5 X Celsius) +32EXAMPLE:
Convert 127°C into FahrenheitFahrenheit = (9/5 X 127°C) + 32°F
Fahrenheit = 228.6°C + 32°F Fahrenheit = 260.6F°