measurements in the ocean peter challenor university of exeter and national oceanography centre
TRANSCRIPT
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Measurements in the Ocean
Peter ChallenorUniversity of Exeter
and National Oceanography Centre
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What is Measured
• Temperature and Salinity – Density• Bottom Pressure• Velocity• Tracer Chemistry
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Geostrophy
Combining and integrating
So we take density changes relative to a reference level, z0, and we can calculate the velocity between any two columns of density measurements
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Temperature and Salinity from Research Ships
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The Reversing Thermometer
Main Instrument for temperature pre-1970Sd 0.01K (Quadfasel et al 1990)
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CTD – conductivity, temperature and depth
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Salinty
• Salinity is measured by the conductivity• This measurement needs to be calibrated• This is done on board ship from water samples
with a salinometer
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Repeat Hydrography
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EXPENDABLE PROBES
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The Expendable BathyThermograph (XBT)
Only measures temperature. Depth comes from drop rate.Widely used by navies and some commercial ships.Recent corrections to drop rate
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Routine XBT Coverage
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Floats and Seals
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Floats
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ARGO floats
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The current ARGO network
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Data from Marine Mammals
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Experimental full depth ARGO floats
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Gliders
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Autosub
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VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
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Current Meters
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MOORINGS
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MOVE Array
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RAPID @ 26.5˚N (2004-2014)
Cunningham, S. A., et al. (2007), Temporal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5°N, Science, 317, 935-938.Kanzow, T., et al. (2007), Observed flow compensation associated with the MOC at 26.5°N in the Atlantic, Science, 317, 938-941.
Measuring the strength and vertical structure of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and associated heat transport
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The array
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The array
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The array
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RAPID MOC time series: since 2004
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Tracer Chemistry
• The ocean dissolves gases from the atmosphere
• Anthropogenic gases – Tritium, CFC, … – have known atmospheric concentrations with time.
• Knowing the dissolution rate we can estimate the time since any sample of water was at the surface
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Motivation: How much anthropogenic carbon does the ocean take up?
• Where does the ocean take up carbon?• How might the uptake of carbon respond to
further changes in the climate system?
Sabine et al, Science, 2004
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World Ocean Database 2013
• Collects all oceanographic data • http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOD/
pr_wod.html
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Pre-1900
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1900-1909
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1910-1919
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1920-1929
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1930-1939
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1940-1949
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1950-1959
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1960-1969
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1970-1979
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1980-1989
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1990-1999
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2000-2009
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2010-Present
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Post 1980 CTD 3500m+
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World Ocean Atlas 2009
• ‘Objectively Analysed’ mean field + s.d. at 1°and 5° resolution at fixed depth levels
• http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA09/pr_woa09.html
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Inverse Solutions
Ganachaud & Wunsch (2000)
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Reanalyses
• Combine data with ocean models via data assimilation– ECCO– SODA– ECMWF
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Some Statistical Issues
• Modelling T&S simultaneously (Sahu and Challenor 2008)
• 3-d analysis• Analysis along density levels rather than
pressure or depth levels• Spatio-temporal modelling with data at
varying locations