measurement, instrumentation, and sensors handbook, second...
TRANSCRIPT
SECOND EDITION
Measurement, Instrumentation, and SensorsHandbookSpatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement
CRC Press is an imprint of theTaylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Boca Raton London New York
SECOND EDITION
ED ITED BYJohn G. WebsterHalit Eren
Measurement, Instrumentation, and SensorsHandbookSpatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government worksVersion Date: 20130725
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4889-0 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site athttp://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site athttp://www.crcpress.com
v
Contents
Preface�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii
Acknowledgments���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xv
Editors���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii
Contributors������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ xix
Part I Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts
� 1� Measurements,�Instrumentation,�and�Sensors...................................................1-1Halit.Eren
� 2� Characteristics�of�Instrumentation.....................................................................2-1John.R..Hansman,.Jr.
� 3� Operational�Modes�of�Instrumentation..............................................................3-1Richard.S..Figliola
� 4� Static�and�Dynamic�Characteristics�of�Instrumentation................................. 4-1Peter.H..Sydenham
� 5� Measurement�Accuracy.........................................................................................5-1Ronald.H..Dieck
� 6� Development�of�Standards................................................................................... 6-1Halit.Eren
� 7� Measurement�Standards........................................................................................7-1DeWayne.B..Sharp
� 8� Calibrations�in�Instrumentation�and�Measurements....................................... 8-1Halit.Eren
� 9� Intelligent�Sensors�and�Instruments....................................................................9-1Halit.Eren
�10� Virtual�Instruments.............................................................................................10-1David.Potter.and. Halit.Eren
vi Contents
�11� Fail-Safe�Instruments�and�Devices.................................................................... 11-1Davide.Quatrini,.Giuseppe.Fazio,.Mauro.Giaconi,.and.Adelio.Salsano
�12� Dynamic�Error�Measurements�of�Force�Sensors..............................................12-1Akihiro.Takita,.Jin.Tao,.and.Yusaku.Fujii
Part II Spatial Variables
�13� Thickness�Measurement......................................................................................13-1John.C..Brasunas,.G..Mark.Cushman,.and.Brook.Lakew
�14� Distance�Measurement........................................................................................14-1W..John.Ballantyne
�15� Altitude�Measurement.........................................................................................15-1Dimitris.E..Manolakis
�16� Attitude�Measurement.........................................................................................16-1Mark.A..Stedham,.Partha.P..Banerjee,.Seiji.Nishifuji,.and.Shogo.Tanaka
�17� Inertial�Navigation............................................................................................... 17-1Halit.Eren
�18� Level�Measurement...............................................................................................18-1Detlef.Brumbi
�19� Area�Measurement...............................................................................................19-1Charles.B..Coulbourn.and.Wolfgang.P..Buerner
�20� Volume�Measurement......................................................................................... 20-1René.G..Aarnink.and.Hessel.Wijkstra
�21� Tilt�Measurement................................................................................................. 21-1Adam.Chrzanowski.and.James.M..Secord
�22� Proximity�Sensing�for�Robotics..........................................................................22-1Ricardo.E..Saad,.Ben.Benhabib,.A..Bonen,.and K.C..Smith
Part III Displacement
�23� Resistive�Displacement�Sensors..........................................................................23-1Keith.Antonelli,.James.Ko,.and.Shyan.Ku
�24� Inductive�Displacement�Sensors........................................................................ 24-1Halit.Eren
�25� Capacitive�Sensors:�Displacement,�Humidity,�Force.......................................25-1Halit.Eren
�26� Piezoelectric�Sensors�and�Transducers............................................................ 26-1Ahmad.Safari,.Victor.F..Janas,.Amit Bandyopadhyay,.and.Andrei.Kholkine
�27� Laser�Interferometer�Displacement�Sensor....................................................... 27-1Bernhard.Günther.Zagar
viiContents
�28� Bore-Gaging�Displacement�Sensors.................................................................. 28-1Viktor.P..Astakhov
�29� Ultrasonic�Displacement�Sensors.......................................................................29-1Nils.Karlsson.and.Ole.Pedersen
�30� Optical�Encoder�Displacement�Sensors............................................................ 30-1J.R..René.Mayer
�31� Magnetic�Displacement�Sensors......................................................................... 31-1David.S..Nyce
�32� Synchro/Resolver�Displacement�Sensors...........................................................32-1Robert.M..Hyatt,.Jr..and.David.Dayton
�33� Optical�Fiber�Displacement�Sensors..................................................................33-1Richard.O..Claus,.Vikram.Bhatia,.and.Anbo.Wang
�34� Optical�Beam�Def lection�Sensors..................................................................... 34-1Grover.C..Wetsel
�35� Velocity�Measurement.........................................................................................35-1Charles.P..Pinney.and.William.E..Baker
Part IV Mechanical Variables
�36� Acceleration,�Vibration,�and�Shock�Measurement......................................... 36-1Halit.Eren
�37� Strain�Measurement............................................................................................. 37-1Christopher S..Lynch
�38� Tactile�Sensing......................................................................................................38-1Ricardo.E..Saad,.A..Bonen,.K.C..Smith,.and.Ben.Benhabib
�39� Pressure�Measurement.........................................................................................39-1Kevin.H.L..Chau
�40� Vacuum�Measurement........................................................................................ 40-1Ron.Goehner,.Emil.Drubetsky,.Howard.M..Brady,.and.William.H..Bayles,.Jr.
�41� Force�Measurement.............................................................................................. 41-1M.A..Elbestawi
�42� Angle�Measurement.............................................................................................42-1Robert.J..Sandberg
�43� Mass,�Weights,�and�Instrumentation............................................................... 43-1Emil.Hazarian
�44� Torque�and�Power�Measurement....................................................................... 44-1Ivan.J..Garshelis
�45� Density�Measurement......................................................................................... 45-1Halit.Eren
viii Contents
�46� Fluid�Viscosity�Measurement............................................................................ 46-1R.A..Secco,.M..Kostic,.and.J.R..deBruyn
�47� Surface�Tension�Measurement............................................................................ 47-1David.B..Thiessen.and.Kin.F..Man
Part V acoustics
�48� Acoustic�Measurement........................................................................................ 48-1Per.Rasmussen
�49� Ultrasound�Measurement....................................................................................49-1Peder.C..Pedersen
Part VI Flow and Spot Velocity
�50� Capillary-Type�Mass�Flow�Meter...................................................................50-1Reza.Pakdaman.Zangabad.and.Manouchehr Bahrami
�51� Differential�Pressure�Flowmeters....................................................................... 51-1Richard.Thorn
�52� Variable�Area�Flowmeters...................................................................................52-1Adrian.Melling,.Herbert.Köchner,.and.Reinhard.Haak
�53� Positive�Displacement�Flowmeters.....................................................................53-1Zaki.D..Husain.and.Donald.J..Wass
�54� Turbine�and�Vane�Flowmeters........................................................................... 54-1David.Wadlow
�55� Impeller�Flowmeters............................................................................................55-1Harold.M..Miller
�56� Electromagnetic�Flowmeters.............................................................................. 56-1Halit.Eren
�57� Ultrasonic�Flowmeters......................................................................................... 57-1Hans-Peter.Vaterlaus,.Thomas.Hossle,.Paolo.Giordano,.and.Christophe.Bruttin
�58� Vortex-Shedding�Flowmeters..............................................................................58-1Wade.M..Mattar.and.James.H..Vignos
�59� Thermal�Anemometry.........................................................................................59-1Jugal.K..Agarwal.and.John.G..Olin
�60� Coriolis�Effect�Mass�Flowmeters....................................................................... 60-1Jesse.Yoder
�61� Drag�Force�Flowmeters........................................................................................ 61-1Rekha.Philip-Chandy,.Roger.Morgan,.and.Patricia J. Scully
ixContents
�62� Pitot�Probe�Anemometer.....................................................................................62-1John.A..Kleppe
�63� Thermal�Dispersion�Mass�Flow�Meters.............................................................63-1John.G..Olin
�64� Laser�Anemometry.............................................................................................. 64-1Rajan.K..Menon
Part VII thermal and temperature Measurement
�65� Temperature�Measurements,�Scales,�and�Calibrations...................................65-1Franco.Pavese
�66� Thermal�Conductivity�Measurement............................................................... 66-1William.A. Wakeham.and.Marc.J..Assael
�67� Heat�Flux................................................................................................................ 67-1Thomas.E..Diller
�68� Resistive�Thermometers..................................................................................... 68-1Jim.Burns
�69� Thermistor�Thermometers..................................................................................69-1Rod.White.and.Meyer.Sapoff
�70� Thermocouple�Thermometry..............................................................................70-1R.P..Reed
�71� Semiconductor�Junction�Thermometers........................................................... 71-1Randy.Frank
�72� Noncontact�Thermometers.................................................................................72-1Jacob.Fraden
�73� Pyroelectric�Detectors�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������73-1Jacob.Fraden
�74� Liquid-in-Glass�Thermometers..........................................................................74-1Rod.White.and.J.V..Nicholas
�75� Manometric�Thermometers................................................................................75-1Franco.Pavese
�76� Temperature�Indicators.......................................................................................76-1Jan.Stasiek,.Tolestyn.Madaj,.and.Jaroslaw.Mikielewicz
�77� Fiber-Optic�Thermometers.................................................................................77-1Brian.Culshaw
�78� Thermal�Imaging..................................................................................................78-1Herbert.M..Runciman
x Contents
�79� Calorimetry�Measurement..................................................................................79-1Sander.van.Herwaarden.and.Elina.Iervolino
Part VIII radiation
�80� Radioactivity�Measurement............................................................................... 80-1Bert.M..Coursey
�81� Radioactivity�Detectors........................................................................................... 81-1Larry.A..Franks,.Ralph.B..James,.and.Larry.S..Darken
�82� Charged-Particle�Measurement..........................................................................82-1John.C..Armitage,.Madhu.S..Dixit,.Jacques Dubeau,.Hans.Mes,.and.F..Gerald.Oakham
�83� Neutron�Measurement.........................................................................................83-1Steven.M..Grimes
�84� Dosimetry�Measurement.................................................................................... 84-1Brian.L..Justus,.Mark.A..Miller,.and.Alan.L..Huston
Part IX Wireless Instrumentation
�85� Wireless�Instrumentation....................................................................................85-1J.P..Carmo.and.J.H..Correria
�86� Wireless�Sensor�Node�Hardware....................................................................... 86-1Michael.Healy,.Thomas.Newe,.and.Elfed.Lewis
�87� Mobile�Instrumentation�with�Wireless�Design�and�Implementation...........87-1Frederick Fortson.and.Kenneth.Johnson
�88� Powering�Autonomous�Sensors�......................................................................... 88-1Manel.Gasulla,.Maria.Teresa.Penella,.and.Oscar Lopez-Lapeña
�89� Wireless�Sensing�Technology..............................................................................89-1Gregory.C..Willden,.Ben.A..Abbott,.and.Ronald T. Green
�90� Telemetry.............................................................................................................. 90-1Albert.Lozano-Nieto
Part X Control and Human Factors
�91� PID�Control��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 91-1F..Greg.Shinskey
�92� Optimal�Control�and�the�Software���������������������������������������������������������������92-1Halit.Eren
�93� Electropneumatic�and�Electrohydraulic�Instruments:�Modeling����������������93-1M..Pachter.and.C.H..Houpis
xiContents
�94� Explosion-Proof�Instruments�����������������������������������������������������������������������94-1Sam.S..Khalilieh
�95� Measurement�and�Identification�of�DC�Brush�and�Brushless�Stepping Motors��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������95-1Stuart.Schweid,�Robert.Lofthus,.and.John.McInroy
�96� Human�Factors�in�Displays���������������������������������������������������������������������������96-1Jeffrey.D..Onken,.Barrett.S..Caldwell,.and.Steven A. Murray
Appendix:.Units.and.Conversions........................................................ Appendix-1B.W..Petley
Index............................................................................................................. Index-1
xiii
Preface
Introduction
The�second�edition�of�The.Measurement,. Instrumentation,.and.Sensors.Handbook� comes� in� two�vol-umes��This�edition�reflects�the�current�state�of�the�art�in�measurement,�instrumentation,�and�sensors��In�this�two-volume�set,�all�chapters�have�been�updated,�and�40�new�chapters�have�been�included�to�provide�the�finest�possible�reference�that�is�both�concise�and�useful�for�engineers�practicing�in�industry,�scien-tists�and�engineers�involved�in�R&D,�designers,�college�and�university�personnel�and�students,�as�well�as�managers,�together�with�many�others�who�are�involved�in�instrumentation�and�measurement�design�and�applications�
The�handbook�covers�an�extensive�range�of�topics�that�comprise�the�subject�of�measurement,�instru-mentation,�and�sensors��It�describes�the�use�of�instruments�and�techniques�for�practical�measurements�required�in�engineering,�physics,�chemistry,�environmental�science,�and�the�life�sciences��It�also�explains�sensors,�techniques,�hardware,�and�the�associated�software��The�handbook�includes�information�pro-cessing�systems,�automatic�data�acquisition,�reduction�and�analysis,�operation�characteristics,�accuracy,�errors,�calibrations,�standards,�and�their�incorporation�for�control�purposes��Emphasis�is�given�on�mod-ern�intelligent�instruments�and�techniques,�wireless�network�operations,�human�factors,�and�modern�display�methods,�as�well�as�virtual�instruments�
The�chapters�include�descriptive�information�for�professionals,�students,�and�workers�interested�in�measurement��They�include�equations�to�assist�engineers�and�scientists�who�seek�to�discover�applica-tions�and�solve�problems�that�arise�in�fields�not�in�their�specialty��They�also�include�specialized�informa-tion�needed�by�informed�specialists�who�seek�to�learn�advanced�applications�of�the�subject,�evaluative�opinions,� and� possible� areas� for� future� study�� Thus,� the� handbook� serves� the� reference� needs� of� the�broadest�group�of�users—from�the�advanced�high-school�science�student�to�industrial�and�university�professionals�
Organization
In� this�edition,� the�first�volume�has�10�parts,�each�having�several�chapters,� for�a� total�of�96�chapters��written�by�experts�in�their�areas�� It�concentrates�on�concepts� in�instrumentation�and�measurements,�spatial�variable�measurement,�displacement�measurement,�mechanical�variable�measurement,�acous-tics,� flow� and� spot� velocity,� thermal� and� temperature� measurement,� and� radiation�� It� reflects� recent�trends�in�instrumentation�and�measurements�with�the�addition�of�a�new�part�on�wireless�instrumenta-tion��Concepts�in�control�systems�and�human�factors�are�given�as�a�separate�part�
The�second�volume�has�10�parts,�each�having�several�chapters,�for�a�total�of�96�chapters�written�by�experts�in�their�areas�as�in�volume�1��It�concentrates�on�sensors�and�sensor�technology,�electric�variable�measurement,�electromagnetic�variables,�time�and�frequency,�optical�measurement,�chemical�variables,�
xiv Preface
medical,�biomedical�and�health,�and�environmental�measurement��Signal�processing,�and�displays�and�recorders�constitute�the�last�two�parts�of�this�volume�
Locating Your topic
To�find�out�how�to�measure�a�given�variable,�skim�the�table�of�contents,�turn�to�that�section,�and�find�the�chapters�that�describe�different�methods�of�making�the�measurement��Consider�the�alternative�methods�of�making�the�measurement�and�each�of�their�advantages�and�disadvantages��Select�a�method,�sensor,�and�signal�processing�method��Many�chapters�list�a�number�of�vendors�to�contact�for�more�information��You�can�also�visit�http://www�globalspec�com/�to�obtain�a�list�of�vendors�
For� more� detailed� information,� consult� the� index,� since� certain� principles� of� measurement� may�appear�in�more�than�one�chapter�
MATLAB®�is�a�registered�trademark�of�The�MathWorks,�Inc��For�product�information,�please�contact:
The�MathWorks,�Inc�3�Apple�Hill�DriveNatick,�MA�01760-2098,�USATel�:�508-647-7000Fax:�508-647-7001E-mail:�info@mathworks�comWeb:�www�mathworks�com
John.G..Webster.and.Halit.ErenCo-Editors
xv
Acknowledgments
We�would�like�to�thank�all�the�authors�for�their�valuable�contribution�toward�this�two-volume�set�book��We�appreciate�the�time�and�effort�devoted�by�all�our�new�authors�and�those�authors�who�went�an�extra�mile�to�revise�and�update�their�chapters��We�are�grateful�to�the�CRC�Press�team�for�their�encouragement�to�prepare�this�second�edition��The�publication�of�this�book�would�not�have�been�possible�without�their�tireless�dedication�in�putting�it�together��Last�but�not�least,�we�would�like�to�thank�all�our�readers�in�selecting�this�book�for�advancing�their�knowledge�and�technical�skills�
John.G..Webster.and.Halit.ErenCo-Editors
xvii
Editors
John.G..Webster�received�his�BEE�from�Cornell�University,�Ithaca,�New�York,�in�1953,�and�his�MSEE�and�PhD�from�the�University�of�Rochester,�Rochester,�New�York,�in�1965�and�1967,�respectively�
He�is�professor�emeritus�of�biomedical�engineering�at�the�University�of�Wisconsin–Madison��He�is�a�highly�cited�researcher�at�King�Abdulaziz�University,�Jeddah,�Saudi�Arabia�� In�the�field�of�medical�instrumentation,� he� teaches� undergraduate� and� graduate� courses� and� does� research� on� intracranial�pressure�monitors,�ECG�dry�electrodes,�and�tactile�vibrators�
Dr��Webster� is� the�author�of�Transducers.and.Sensors,.an. IEEE/EAB. Individual. Learning.Program�(Piscataway,�NJ:�IEEE,�1989)��He�is�the�coauthor,�with�B��Jacobson,�of�Medicine.and.Clinical.Engineering�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1977)�and,�with�R��Pallas-Areny,�of�Sensors.and.Signal.Conditioning,�Second� Edition� (New� York:� Wiley,� 2001),� and� Analog. Signal. Conditioning� (New� York:� Wiley,� 1999)��He�is�the�editor�of�Encyclopedia.of.Medical.Devices.and.Instrumentation,�Second�Edition�(New�York:�Wiley,�2006),�Tactile.Sensors.for.Robotics.and.Medicine�(New�York:�Wiley,�1988),�Electrical.Impedance.Tomography�(Bristol,�U�K�:�Adam�Hilger,�1990),�Teaching.Design.in.Electrical.Engineering�(Piscataway,�NJ:�Educational�Activities�Board,�IEEE,�1990),�Prevention.of.Pressure.Sores:.Engineering.and.Clinical.Aspects�(Bristol,�U�K�:�Adam�Hilger,�1991),�Design.of.Cardiac.Pacemakers�(Piscataway,�NJ:�IEEE�Press,�1995),� Design. of. Pulse. Oximeters� (Bristol,� U�K�:� IOP� Publishing,� 1997),� Medical. Instrumentation:.Application. and. Design,� Fourth� Edition� (Hoboken� NJ:� Wiley,� 2010),� Encyclopedia. of. Electrical. and.Electronics.Engineering�(New�York,�Wiley,�1999),�Minimally.Invasive.Medical.Technology�(Bristol,�U�K�:�IOP�Publishing,�2001),�and�Bioinstrumentation�(Hoboken�NJ:�Wiley,�2004)��He�is�the�coeditor,�with�A��M��Cook,�of�Clinical.Engineering:.Principles.and.Practices�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1979)�and�Therapeutic.Medical.Devices:.Application.and.Design�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1982),�with�W��J��Tompkins�of�Design.of.Microcomputer-Based.Medical.Instrumentation�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1981)�and�Interfacing.Sensors.to.the.IBM.PC�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice�Hall,�1988),�and,�with�A��M��Cook,�W�J��Tompkins,�and�G��C��Vanderheiden,�of�Electronic.Devices.for.Rehabilitation�(London,�U�K�:�Chapman�&�Hall,�1985)�
Dr��Webster�has�been�a�member�of�the�IEEE-EMBS�Administrative�Committee�and�the�NIH�Surgery�and�Bioengineering�Study�Section��He�is�a�fellow�of�the�Institute�of�Electrical�and�Electronics�Engineers,�the�Instrument�Society�of�America,�the�American�Institute�of�Medical�and�Biological�Engineering,�the�Biomedical� Engineering� Society,� and� the� Institute� of� Physics��He� is� the� recipient� of� the� IEEE� EMBS�Career�Achievement�Award�
Halit.Eren�received�his�BEng�in�1973,�MEng�in�1975,�and�PhD�in�1978�from�the�University�of�Sheffield,�United�Kingdom��He�obtained�an�MBA�from�Curtin�University�in�1999�
After�his�graduation,�Dr��Eren�worked�in�Etibank�(a�mining�and�metallurgy�company�in�Turkey)�as�an�instrumentation�engineer�for�two�years��He�was�an�assistant�professor�at�Hacettepe�University�in�1980–1981�and�Middle�East�Technical�University�in�1982��He�has�been�at�Curtin�University�since�
xviii Editors
1983,� researching� and� teaching� primarily� in� the� areas� of� control� systems,� instrumentation,� and�engineering�management�
Dr��Eren�was�appointed�as�visiting�associate�professor�at�the�Polytechnic�University�in�Hong�Kong�in�2004�and�is�currently�a�visiting��professor�at�the�University�of�Wisconsin,�USA��He�is�a�senior�member�of�IEEE,�taking�roles�in�Region�10�activities,�various�committees�for�organizing�conferences,�and�as�a�mem-ber�of�editorship�in�transactions��Dr��Eren�has�over�180�publications�in�conference�proceedings,�books,�and�transactions��He�is�the�author�of�Electronic.Portable.Instruments—Design.and.Applications�(Boca�Raton,�FL:�CRC�Press,�2004)�and�Wireless.Sensors.and.Instruments—Networks,.Design.and.Applications�(Boca�Raton,�FL:�CRC�Press,�2006)��He�has�coedited,�with�Bela�Liptak,�Instruments.Engineers’.Handbook—Process.Software.and.Digital.Networks,�Vol��3,�edn��4�(Boca�Raton,�FL:�CRC�Press,�2011)��He�is�involved�in�writing�a�number�of�books�in�the�field�of� instrumentation�and�measurement��Dr��Eren�is�active� in�researching�and�publishing�on�intelligent�sensors,�wireless�instrumentation,�wireless�sensor�networks,�automation�and�control�systems,�and�very�large�control�systems�
xix
René.G..AarninkUniversity�Hospital�NijmegenNijmegen,�the�Netherlands
Ben.A..AbbottSouthwest�Research�InstituteSan�Antonio,�Texas
Jugal.K..AgarwalTSI,�Inc�Shoreview,�Minnesota
Keith.AntonelliKinetic�Sciences,�Inc�Vancouver,�British�Colombia,�Canada
John.C..ArmitageOttawa–Carleton�Institute�for�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada
Marc.J..Assael.Faculty�of�Chemical�EngineeringDepartment�of�Chemical�EngineeringAristotle�University�of�ThessalonikiThessaloniki,�Greece
Viktor.P..Astakhov.Astakhov�Tool�ServiceRochester�Hills,�Michigan
Manouchehr.BahramiUniversity�of�TabrizTabriz,�Iran
William.E..BakerDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringUniversity�of�New�MexicoAlbuquerque,�New�Mexico
W..John.BallantyneDepartment�of�Systems�EngineeringSpar�Aerospace�Ltd�Brampton,�Ontario,�Canada
Amit.BandyopadhyayDepartment�of�Ceramic�Science�and�
EngineeringRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey
Partha.P..BanerjeeDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�
EngineeringUniversity�of�Alabama�at�HuntsvilleHuntsville,�Alabama
William.H..Bayles,.Jr.The�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania
Ben.BenhabibDepartment�of�Mechanical�and�Industrial�
EngineeringUniversity�of�TorontoToronto,�Ontario,�Canada
Vikram.BhatiaVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia
A..BonenUniversity�of�TorontoToronto,�Ontario,�Canada
Contributors
xx Contributors
Howard.M..BradyThe�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania
John.C..BrasunasGoddard�Space�Flight�CenterNational�Aeronautics�and�Space�AdministrationGreenbelt,�Maryland
Detlef.BrumbiKrohne�Messtechnik�GmbHDuisburg,�Germany
Christophe.BruttinRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland
Wolfgang.P..BuernerLos�Angeles�Scientific�Instrumentation�Co�Los�Angeles,�California
Jim.BurnsBurns�Engineering,�Inc�Minnetonka,�Minnesota
Barrett.S..CaldwellPurdue�UniversityWest�Lafayette,�Indiana
J.P..CarmoDepartment�of�Industrial�ElectronicsUniversity�of�MinhoGuimarães,�Portugal
Kevin.H.L..ChauMicromachined�Products�DivisionAnalog�Devices,�Inc�Cambridge,�Massachusetts
Adam.ChrzanowskiUniversity�of�New�BrunswickFredericton,�New�Brunswick,�Canada
Richard.O..ClausBradley�Department�of�Electrical�EngineeringVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia
J.H..CorreriaDepartment�of�Industrial�ElectronicsUniversity�of�MinhoGuimarães,�Portugal
Charles.B..CoulbournLos�Angeles�Scientific�Instrumentation�Co�Los�Angeles,�California
Bert.M..CourseyIonizing�Radiation�DivisionPhysics�LaboratoryNational�Institute�of�Standards�and�
TechnologyGaithersburg,�Maryland
Brian.CulshawDepartment�of�Electronic�and�Electrical�
EngineeringUniversity�of�StrathclydeGlasgow,�England
G..Mark.CushmanGoddard�Space�Flight CenterNational�Aeronautics�and�Space�
AdministrationGreenbelt,�Maryland
Larry.S..DarkenOxford�Instruments,�Inc�Oak�Ridge,�Tennessee
David.DaytonILC�Data�Device�Corp�Bohemia,�New�York
J.R..deBruynUniversity�of�Western�OntarioDeKalb,�Illinois
Ronald.H..DieckPratt�&�WhitneyandRon�Dieck�Associates,�Inc�Palm�Beach�Gardens,�Florida
Thomas.E..DillerVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia
Madhu.S..DixitCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada
xxiContributors
Emil.DrubetskyThe�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania
Jacques.DubeauCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada
M.A..ElbestawiDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringMcMaster�UniversityHamilton,�Ontario,�Canada
Halit.ErenDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�
EngineeringCurtin�UniversityPerth,�Western�Australia,�Australia
Giuseppe.FazioDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy
and
Isatel�Ltd�Moscow,�Russia
Richard.S..FigliolaDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringClemson�UniversityClemson,�South�Carolina
Frederick.FortsonSolidica,�Inc�Ann�Arbor,�Michigan
Jacob.FradenFraden�CorporationSan�Diego,�California
Randy.FrankRandy�Frank�&�Associates,�LtdScottsdale,�Arizona
and
Motorola,�Inc�Phoenix,�Arizona
Larry.A..FranksSandia�National�LaboratoriesLivermore,�California
Yusaku.FujiiDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringGunma�UniversityKiryu,�Japan
Ivan.J..GarshelisMagnova,�Inc�Pittsfield,�Massachusetts
Manel.GasullaUniversitat�Politècnica�de�CatalunyaBarcelona,�Catalonia,�Spain
Mauro.GiaconiDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy
Paolo.GiordanoRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland
Ron.GoehnerThe�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania
Ronald.T..GreenSouthwest�Research�InstituteSan�Antonio,�Texas
Steven.M..GrimesDepartment�of�Physics�and�AstronomyOhio�UniversityAthens,�Ohio
Reinhard.HaakUniversity�of�Erlangen–NuernbergErlangen,�Germany
John.R..Hansman,.Jr.Department�of�Aeronautics�and�AstronauticsMassachusetts�Institute�of�TechnologyCambridge,�Massachusetts
xxii Contributors
Emil.HazarianMaster�of�Science�Quality�Assurance�ProgramandBachelor�of�Science�Quality�Assurance�ProgramCalifornia�State�University,�Dominguez�HillsCarson,�California
and
ANSI-ASQ�National�Accreditation�BoardACLASSAlexandria,�Virginia
Michael.HealyUniversity�of�LimerickLimerick,�Ireland
Sander.van.HerwaardenXensor�IntegrationDelft,�the�Netherlands
Thomas.HossleRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland
C.H..HoupisAir�Force�Institute�of�TechnologyWright–Patterson�Air�Force�Base,�Ohio
Zaki.D..HusainDaniel�Flow�Products,�Inc�Bellaire,�Texas
Alan.L..HustonNaval�Research�LaboratoryWashington,�District�of�Columbia
Robert.M..Hyatt,.Jr.Howell�Electric�MotorsPlainfield,�New�Jersey
Elina.IervolinoXensor�Integration
Ralph.B..JamesSandia�National�LaboratoriesLivermore,�California
Victor.F..JanasCenter�for�Ceramic�ResearchRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey
Kenneth.JohnsonSolidica,�Inc�Ann�Arbor,�Michigan
Brian.L..JustusDepartment�of�Optical�ScienceNaval�Research�LaboratoryWashington,�District�of�Columbia
Nils.KarlssonDepartment�of�Sensor�and�EW�SystemsSwedish�Defence�Research�AgencyLinköping,�Sweden
Sam.S..KhaliliehDepartment�of�Electrical�EngineeringEarth�TechGrand�Rapids,�Michigan
Andrei.KholkineRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey
John.A..KleppeDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Biomedical�
EngineeringUniversity�of�Nevada,�RenoReno,�Nevada
James.KoKinetic�Sciences,�Inc�Vancouver,�British�Columbia,�Canada
Herbert.KöchnerUniversity�of�Erlangen–NuernbergErlangen,�Germany
M..KosticNorthern�Illinois�UniversityDeKalb,�Illinois
Shyan.KuKinetic�Sciences,�Inc�Vancouver,�British�Columbia,�Canada
Brook.LakewGoddard�Space�Flight�CenterNational�Aeronautics�and�Space�AdministrationGreenbelt,�Maryland
xxiiiContributors
Elfed.LewisUniversity�of�LimerickLimerick,�Ireland
Robert.LofthusXerox�CorporationRochester,�New�York
Oscar.Lopez-LapeñaUniversitat�Politècnica�de�CatalunyaBarcelona,�Catalonia,�Spain
Albert.Lozano-NietoPenn�State�UniversityLehman,�Pennsylvania
Christopher.S..LynchDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringGeorgia�TechAtlanta,�Georgia
Tolestyn.MadajTechnical�University�of�GdanskGdansk,�Poland
Kin.F..ManJet�Propulsion�LaboratoryCalifornia�Institute�of�TechnologyPasadena,�California
Dimitris.E..ManolakisAlexander�Technological�Education�Institute�
of ThessalonikiThessaloniki,�Greece
Wade.M..MattarThe�Foxboro�CompanyFoxboro,�Massachusetts
J.R..René.MayerDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringEcole�Polytechnique�de�MontrealMontreal,�Quebec,�Canada
John.McInroyDepartment�of�Electrical�EngineeringUniversity�of�WyomingLaramie,�Wyoming
Adrian.MellingUniversity�of�Erlangen–NuernbergErlangen,�Germany
Rajan.K..MenonLaser�Velocimetry�ProductsTSI�Inc�St��Paul,�Minnesota
Hans.MesCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada
Jaroslaw.MikielewiczInstitute�of�Fluid�Flow�MachineryGdansk,�Poland
Harold.M..MillerData�Industrial�CorporationMattapoisett,�Massachusetts
Mark.A..MillerNaval�Research�LaboratoryWashington,�District�of�Columbia
Roger.MorganSchool�of�EngineeringLiverpool�John�Moores�UniversityLiverpool,�England
Steven.A..MurrayUniversity�of�San�DiegoSan�Diego,�California
Thomas.NeweUniversity�of�LimerickLimerick,�Ireland
J.V..NicholasTemperature�Standards�SectionMeasurement�Standards�Laboratory�of�
New ZealandLower�Hutt,�New�Zealand
Seiji.NishifujiDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Electronic�
EngineeringYamaguchi�UniversityUbe,�Japan
David.S..NyceRevolution�Sensor�CompanyCary,�North�Carolina
xxiv Contributors
F..Gerald.OakhamCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada
John.G..OlinSierra�Instruments,�Inc�Monterey,�California
Jeffrey.D..OnkenPurdue�UniversityWest�Lafayette,�Indiana
M..PachterAir�Force�Institute�of�TechnologyWright–Patterson�Air�Force�Base,�Ohio
Reza.Pakdaman.ZangabadFaculty�of�Engineering�and�Natural�SciencesSabanci�UniversityIstanbul,�Turkey
Franco.PaveseThermodynamic�DivisionNational�Institute�of�Meterology�ResearchTurin,�Italy
Ole.PedersenDepartment�of�Science�and�TechnologyLinköping�UniversityLinköping,�Sweden
Peder.C..PedersenDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�
EngineeringWorcester�Polytechnic�InstituteWorcester,�Massachusetts
Maria.Teresa.PenellaUrbiotica�S�L�Barcelona,�Catalonia,�Spain
B.W..PetleyCentre�for�Basic,�Thermal�and�Length�MetrologyNational�Physical�LaboratoryLondon,�England
Rekha.Philip-ChandySchool�of�EngineeringLiverpool�John�Moores�UniversityLiverpool,�England
Charles.P..PinneyPinney�Technologies,�Inc�Albuquerque,�New�Mexico
David.PotterNational�InstrumentsAustin,�Texas
Davide.QuatriniItalcertifer,�Inc�andDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy
Per.RasmussenG�R�A�S��Sound�and�VibrationVedback,�Denmark
R.P..ReedProteun�ServicesAlbuquerque,�New�Mexico
Herbert.M..RuncimanPilkington�OptronicsScotland,�United�Kingdom
Ricardo.E..SaadHarmonics�LightwavesSunnyvale,�California
Ahmad.SafariDepartment�of�Ceramic�Science�and�EngineeringRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey
Adelio.SalsanoItalcertifer,�Inc�andDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy
Robert.J..SandbergDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringUniversity�of�Wisconsin–MadisonMadison,�Wisconsin
Meyer.SapoffMS�ConsultantsPrinceton,�New�Jersey
xxvContributors
Stuart.SchweidXerox�CorporationRochester,�New�York
Patricia.J..ScullySchool�of�EngineeringLiverpool�John�Moores�UniversityLiverpool,�England
R.A..SeccoUniversity�of�Western�OntarioLondon,�Ontario,�Canada
James.M..SecordDepartment�of�Geodesy�and�Geomatics�
EngineeringUniversity�of�New�BrunswickFredericton,�New�Brunswick,�Canada
DeWayne.B..SharpShape�of�ThingsSan�Luis�Obispo,�California
F..Greg.ShinskeyProcess�Control�ConsultantNorth�Sandwich,�New�Hampshire
K.C..SmithUniversity�of�TorontoToronto,�Ontario,�Canada
Jan.StasiekDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringTechnical�University�of�GdanskGdansk,�Poland
Mark.A..StedhamDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�
EngineeringUniversity�of�Alabama�at�HuntsvilleHuntsville,�Alabama
Peter.H..SydenhamUniversity�of�South�AustraliaMawsons�Lakes,�South�Australia,�Australia
Akihiro.TakitaDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringGunma�UniversityKiryu,�Japan
Shogo.TanakaDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Electronic�
EngineeringYamaguchi�UniversityUbe,�Japan
Jin.TaoDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringGunma�UniversityKiryu,�Japan
David.B..ThiessenCalifornia�Institute�of�TechnologyPasadena,�California
Richard.ThornSchool�of�EngineeringUniversity�of�DerbyDerby,�United�Kingdom
Hans-Peter.VaterlausDepartment�of�InstrumentRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland
James.H..VignosThe�Foxboro�CompanyFoxboro,�Massachusetts
David.WadlowSensors�Research�Consulting,�Inc�Basking�Ridge,�New�Jersey
William.A..WakehamDepartment�of�Chemical�EngineeringImperial�College,�LondonLondon,�England
Anbo.WangBradley�Department�of�Electrical�EngineeringVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia
Donald.J..WassDaniel�Flow�Products,�Inc�Houston,�Texas
Grover.C..WetselErik�Jonsson�School�of�Engineering�
and Computer�ScienceUniversity�of�Texas�at�DallasRichardson,�Texas
xxvi Contributors
Rod.WhiteTemperature�Standards�SectionCallaghan�InnovationMeasurement�Standards�Laboratory�of�
New ZealandLower�Hutt,�New�Zealand
Hessel.WijkstraUniversity�Hospital�NijmegenNijmegen,�the�Netherlands
Gregory.C..WilldenSouthwest�Research�InstituteSan�Antonio,�Texas
Jesse.YoderFlow�Research,�Inc�Wakefield,�Massachusetts
and
Automation�Research�CorporationDedham,�Massachusetts
Bernhard.Günther.ZagarDepartment�of�Electrical�EngineeringTechnical�University�of�GrazGraz,�Austria
I-1
IInstrumentation and Measurement Concepts
. 1. Measurements,.Instrumentation,.and.Sensors. Halit.Eren..............................................1-1Introduction� •� Measurements� •� 1�3� Instruments� •� Analog�and�Digital�Instruments� •� Sensors�and�Transducers� •� Instrumentation�and�Networks� •� Software�Support�for�Sensors�and�Instruments� •� Application�Examples� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of�Vendors�and�Suppliers
. 2. Characteristics.of.Instrumentation. John.R..Hansman,.Jr............................................... 2-1Simple�Instrument�Model� •� Bibliography
. 3. Operational.Modes.of.Instrumentation. Richard.S..Figliola............................................ 3-1Null�Instrument� •� Deflection�Instrument� •� Analog�and�Digital�Sensors� •� Analog�and�Digital�Readout�Instruments� •� Input�Impedance� •� Defining�Terms� •� Further�Information
. 4. Static.and.Dynamic.Characteristics.of.Instrumentation. Peter.H..Sydenham............. 4-1Static�Characteristics�of�Instrument�Systems� •� Dynamic�Characteristics�of�Instrument�Systems� •� Calibration�of�Measurements� •� References
. 5. Measurement.Accuracy. Ronald.H..Dieck........................................................................... 5-1Error:�The�Normal�Distribution�and the�Uniform�Distribution� •� Measurement�Uncertainty�Model� •� Calculation�of�Expanded�Uncertainty� •� Summary� •� Defining�Terms� •� References� •� Further�Information
. 6. Development.of.Standards. Halit.Eren................................................................................ 6-1Introduction� •� Standard�Organizations� •� Development�of�Standards� •� Obtaining�and�Using�Standards� •� Examples�of�Standards� •� Software�Standards� •� Bibliography
. 7. Measurement.Standards. DeWayne.B..Sharp......................................................................7-1Historical�Perspective� •� What�Are�Standards?� •� Conceptual�Basis�of�Measurements� •� Need�for�Standards� •� Types�of�Standards� •� Numbers,�Dimensions,�and�Units� •� Multiplication�Factors� •� Conversions�of�Units� •� Examples�of�Defining�Terms� •� Bibliography
I-2 Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts
. 8. Calibrations.in.Instrumentation.and.Measurements. Halit.Eren.................................. 8-1Introduction� •� Errors�and�Uncertainties�in�Calibrations� •� Benefits�of�Calibrations� •� Calibration�Procedure�and�Personnel� •� Calibration�Methods� •� Laboratories�and�Institutions� •� Calibration�Software�Support� •� Cost�of�Calibrations� •� Trends�in�Calibrations� •� Calibration�Examples� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of�Calibration�Service�and�Software�Providers
. 9. Intelligent.Sensors.and.Instruments. Halit.Eren............................................................... 9-1Introduction� •� Intelligent�Sensors� •� The�IEEE�1451�Standard� •� Communications�of�Intelligent�Sensors� •� Plug-and-Play�Capability� •� Applications�and�Examples�of�Intelligent�Sensors� •� Intelligent�Instruments� •� Examples�of�Intelligent�Instruments�� •� References� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of�Manufacturers/Suppliers
. 10. Virtual.Instruments. David.Potter.and.Halit.Eren.......................................................... 10-1Introduction� •� Virtual�Instrument�Architecture� •� Virtual Instrument�Software� •�Supervisory�Control�and�Data�Acquisition� •� Conclusions� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of Suppliers
. 11. Fail-Safe.Instruments.and.Devices. Davide.Quatrini,.Giuseppe.Fazio,.Mauro Giaconi,.and.Adelio.Salsano.....................................................................................11-1Introduction� •� Fail-Safe�Realization:�Relevant�Features� •� Fail-Safe�Realization:�In-Depth�Example� •� Case�Study:�Level�1�ERTMS� •� Summary� •� References
. 12. Dynamic.Error.Measurements.of.Force.Sensors. Akihiro.Takita,.Jin.Tao,.and.Yusaku.Fujii............................................................................................................................ 12-1Introduction� •� Problems�and�Solutions�of�Dynamic�Calibrations� •� Evaluation�of�Dynamic�Characteristics�of�Force�Sensors� •� Impulse�Response� •� Oscillation�Response� •� Conclusions� •� References
1-1
1.1 Introduction
Measurement� is� a� process� of� gathering� information� from� a� physical� world� and� comparing� this�information� with� agreed� standards�� As� highlighted� in� this� chapter� and� discussed� in� detail� in�this book,�measurements�are�essential�activities�for�observing�and�testing�scientific�and�technologi-cal�investigations�
Measurements�are�carried�out�by�using� instruments,�which�are�designed�and�manufactured� to�fulfill� specific� tasks�� Sensors� are� used� as� the� primary� elements� in� instruments� to� respond� to� the�physical� variable� under� investigation�� In� this� book,� a� diverse� range� of� sensors� and� instruments�are�discussed;�the�advances�and�the�recent�developments� in�measurements,� instrumentation,�and��sensors�are�introduced�in�the�proceeding�sections�and�chapters�
In�many�applications,�many�sensors�and�instruments�are�used�to�collect�information�about�the�pro-cess�under� investigation��These� instruments� are�connected� together�using� wired,�optical,�or�wireless�networks��The�details�of�the�supporting�hardware�and�software�technologies�behind�these�networks�are�discussed�extensively�
1Measurements,
Instrumentation, and Sensors
1�1� Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-11�2� Measurements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1-21�3� Instruments���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-2
Design�of�Instruments� •� Testing�and�Use�of Instruments� •� �Response�and�Drift� •� Accuracy�and�Errors� •� Error�Reduction� •� Calibration�of�Instruments
1�4� Analog�and�Digital�Instruments����������������������������������������������������� 1-6Analog�Instruments� •� Digital�Instruments
1�5� Sensors�and�Transducers������������������������������������������������������������������ 1-7Smart�Sensors� •� Wireless�and�Autonomous�Sensors�and Instruments
1�6� Instrumentation�and�Networks������������������������������������������������������1-101�7� Software�Support�for�Sensors�and�Instruments���������������������������1-111�8� Application�Examples��������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-12Bibliography������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-13Partial�List�of�Vendors�and�Suppliers���������������������������������������������������������1-14
Halit ErenCurtin University