measurement and modelling of motor vehicle related air toxics along urban streets deniz karman...
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MEASUREMENT AND MODELLING OF MOTOR VEHICLE RELATED AIR
TOXICS ALONG URBAN STREETS
Deniz Karman
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Carleton University
Lisa Graham
Emissions Research and Mesurement Division
Environment Canada
TSRI Regional Conference - Urban Air
Vancouver, 16-17 November 2001
Outline• Objectives• Methodology• Summary of findings
– Roadside• VOC• PM
– In-Vehicle
• The Ottawa Microenvironment Database http://www.carleton.ca/~dkarman/OMDB.htm
• Conclusion
Acknowledgements1994
Lisa Graham
Moin El Herraoui
Dale Braun
Lo Cheng
Kinny Wong
Arlene Whitmore
Greg Rideout
Fred Hendren
Health Canada
Air and Waste Issues Section
Environment Canada
MSED, Environmetal Technology Centre
2000
Lisa Graham
Danny Wang
Lianne Noseworthy
Oznur Oguz
Gultekin Akay
Sandra Bayne
Norm Meyer
Mod Keetile
Health Canada, TSRI
Environment Canada
ERMD Environmetal Technology Centre
TUBITAK & METU
Objectives
• To establish a database of motor vehicle related toxic substance concentrations and PM2.5 mass concentrations at nose-level along a busy downtown street by measurements in the two extremes of weather (Summer and Winter) in a typical Canadian city.
Objectives
• To compare and correlate the short term (2 hour periods of peak traffic volume) concentrations of toxic substances and fine particulate matter measured at nose-level with the regional air quality monitoring data of longer duration (24 hours) measured at other urban sites.
Objectives
• To compare and correlate the short term concentrations of toxic substances measured at nose-level with the in-vehicle concentrations on typical commuting trips.
• To determine the contribution of motor vehicle traffic to the measured toxic substance concentrations and fine particulate matter by comparisons with motor vehicle emission data.
Summary of experimental work
1994 Summer Roadside, 2 stations– 2 hour sampling periods
(7:30-9:30, 11:30-13:30,15:30-17:30)– 6 L SUMMA canisters for VOCS (2 stations)– 2,4 DNPH cartridges for carbonyl compounds
(2 stations)– TSP mass, SOF, and trace metals (3 stations)– PAH on TSP and PUF cartridges (stations)
Summary of experimental work
2000 Winter and Summer
Roadside– 2, 6, 24 hour roadside sampling periods – 6 L SUMMA canisters for VOCs, Tenax cartridges for
SVOCs– 2,4 DNPH cartridges for carbonyl compounds
– PM2.5 mass, EC/OC, and trace metals
Rooftop (limited)– VOC and SVOC
Passenger car and transit bus (a.m and p.m. commuting trips) – 1 L SUMMA canisters, DNPH cartridges
1994 Slater-1 and Slater-2 stations
Winter 2000, Slater Street Roadside station
• Winter 2000
Nose-level sampling station constructed at ETC for roadside measurement of VOC, SVOC, PM2.5, and carbonyl compounds
• Oznur Oguz taking roadside measurements in January 2000, Slater Street, Ottawa.
• Windchill:
- 51 C ( - 60 F)
• Evacuated 1 L Summa canister with flow controller and pressure gauge
• 1 L/min personal sampling pump and DNPH cartridge
• Used in car and bus
Summary of findings
Over 100 compounds were quantified in the gas phase samples obtained at the roadside and in-vehicle micro-environments
40 elemental species quantified in the PM2.5 samples obtained at the roadside micro-environment.
These compounds were also quantified in the source emission samples from vehicles operated at the ERMD laboratories
Summary of findings
• The temporal variation from day to day of pollutant concentrations observed in micro-environments is much higher than the spatial variation observed among diverse micro-environments.
Summary of findings
• Despite the large temporal variations, the median values of 24 hr average concentrations recorded at the ambient monitoring station on Slater street at a height of 4 m are in general agreement with the median values of 2 hour average concentrations recorded at nose-level along the
same street.
Summary of findings
• There are noticeable differences between 2 hour average concentrations recorded at nose level and 24 hour average concentrations recorded at a height of 10 m, on the roof of an adjacent parking structure. Nearly all of the difference is due to the sample averaging time since the comparison of 24 hr average concentrations at these two locations shows reasonably close agreement.
Temperatures during sampling periods
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Days of sampling
Tem
per
atu
re,
C
8:00 A.M.
12:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
0 2 4 6ERMD winter median conc. (ng/L)
0
2
4
6
NA
PS
win
ter
med
ian c
on
c. (
ng/L
)
0 2 4 6ERMD summer median conc. (ng/L)
0
2
4
6
NA
PS
sum
mer
med
ian c
on
c. (
ng/L
)
Comparison of NAPS 24-Hr (4m) VOC Measurements with ERMD 24-Hr Nose-level (1.5 m) VOC Mesurements
0 2 4 6 8ERMD Rooftop conc. (ng/L)
0
2
4
6
8
ER
MD
No
se-l
eve
l co
nc.
(n
g/L
)
Winter (6 Feb)
0 2 4 6 8ERMD Rooftop conc. (ng/L)
0
2
4
6
8
ER
MD
No
se-l
eve
l co
nc.
(n
g/L
)
Summer (29 Jul)
Comparison of ERMD 24-Hr Nose-level (1.5 m) VOC Measurements with ERMD 24-Hr Rooftop (10 m) VOC Mesurements
ethylene
0102030
05
1015
0.02.55.07.5
10.012.515.0
05
101520
0100200300400500
0 10203040
0 10 20 30
ethane
acetylene
4 6 8101214
0 5 10 15
propylene
propane
3.56.08.511.013.5
0.02.55.07.510.012.515.0
isobutane
isobutene
0 2 4 6 8
0 5 101520
n.butane
x2m.butane
0 51015202530
010203040
0100200300400500
468101214
3.56.08.511.013.5
02468
051015202530
TNMHC
Scatter Plot Matrix Of Abundant Species (SLATER STREET-WINTER)
Winter 2000, PM2.5 concentrations
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7:30 to 9:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. 3:30 to 5:30 p.m. weekend 6 hr Weekday 24 hr
Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/m3)
PM2.5 and TSP concentrations
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
7:30 to 9:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. 3:30 to 5:30 p.m. weekend 6 hr NAPS 24 hr
Med
ian
Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/m
3)Winter 2000
Summer 2000
Summer 1994 TSP
2000 PM2.5 Elemental/Organic carbon
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
7:30 -9:30Winter
7:30 -9:30Summer
11:30 - 1:30 Winter
11:30 - 1:30Summer
3:30 -5:30Winter
3:30 -5:30 Summer
w eekend 6 hrWinter
w eekend 6 hrSummer
NAPS 24 hrWinter
NAPS 24 hrSummer
Me
dia
n C
on
cen
tra
tio
n (
ug
/m3 )
EC
OC
In-vehicle sampling program for VOC and carbonyl compounds
• 15 Winter days (January-February 2000)• 15 Summer days (July-August 2000)• 2 sampling periods, 8-9 A.M. and 4-5 P.M. • Routes and vehicles:
– Bus: 30-45 min route along main “downtown” streets, different bus for different sessions
– Car: 30-45 commute along an arterial route that combines rural and urban settings. ~ 10 year old vehicles Nissan (Winter) and Aries (Summer)
0
20
40
60In-Car (AM)
In-Bus (PM)
0
20
40
60
In-Car (PM)
Box Plots Top 15 NMHC Species & 3 Most Abundant Carbonyls(IN-CAR & IN-BUS - WINTER) )
In-Bus (AM)
Comparison of median concentrations in different microenvironments
Winter concentrations (ug/m3)Compound In-car In-bus Roadside Car/Road Bus/RoadBenzene 5.06 ± 2.69 3.38 ± 1.38 4.24 ± 3.17 1.2 0.8Toluene 18.05 ± 14.48 9.62 ± 5.15 14.41 ± 13.74 1.3 0.7Ethylbenzene 3.09 ± 3.24 2.58 ± 1.23 2.49 ± 2.62 1.2 1.0m,p-xylene 9.25 ± 9.97 6.93 ± 3.29 7.33 ± 7.41 1.3 0.9o-xylene 3.93 ± 4.15 3.04 ± 1.29 2.87 ± 2.88 1.4 1.11,3-butadiene BDL BDL 0.38 ± 0.64 NA NAFormaldehyde 7.00 ± 2.60 3.50 ± 3.36 3.89 ± 1.59 1.8 0.9Acetaldehyde 2.00 ± 2.04 2.50 ± 2.46 2.80 ± 1.17 0.7 0.9
Summer concentrations (ug/m3)Compound In-car In-bus Roadside Car/Road Bus/RoadBenzene 5.33 ± 1.50 3.46 ± 1.00 2.16 ± 0.86 2.5 1.6Toluene 15.66 ± 7.45 11.53 ± 3.58 7.75 ± 3.04 2.0 1.5Ethylbenzene 2.90 ± 1.30 3.57 ± 1.77 1.36 ± 0.78 2.1 2.6m,p-xylene 6.00 ± 2.32 7.06 ± 2.77 3.17 ± 1.84 1.9 2.2o-xylene 2.23 ± 0.81 2.85 ± 1.01 1.20 ± 0.73 1.9 2.41,3-butadiene 1.13 ± 0.81 1.08 ± 0.58 0.81 ± 0.48 1.4 1.3Formaldehyde 10.40 ± 2.39 10.50 ± 2.97 8.19 ± 11.55 1.3 1.3Acetaldehyde 6.01 ± 1.97 5.93 ± 2.05 2.39 ± 0.61 2.5 2.5
Benzene concentrations
0
5
10
15
20
25S
late
r-1,
7:3
0
Sla
ter-
1, 1
1:30
Sla
ter-
1, 3
:30
Sla
ter-
1, 2
2:00
Sla
ter-
2, 7
:30
Sla
ter-
2, 1
1:30
Sla
ter-
2, 3
:30
Sla
ter-
2, 2
2:00
Sla
ter,
Win
ter
7:30
Sla
ter,
Win
ter
11:3
0
Sla
ter,
Win
ter
3:30
Sla
ter,
Win
ter
24 h
r
In-C
ar,
Win
ter
AM
In-C
ar,
Win
ter
PM
In-b
us,
win
ter
AM
In-b
us,
win
ter
PM
NA
PS
, w
inte
r 20
00
NA
PS
, su
mm
er 2
000
ng
/L
Formaldehyde concentrations
0
5
10
15
20
25
Slate
r-1, 7
:30
Slate
r-1, 1
1:30
Slate
r-1, 3
:30
Slate
r-1, 2
2:00
Slate
r-2, 7
:30
Slate
r-2, 1
1:30
Slate
r-2, 3
:30
Slate
r-2, 2
2:00
Slate
r, W
inte
r 7:3
0
Slate
r, W
inte
r 11:
30
Slate
r, W
inte
r 3:3
0
Slate
r, W
inte
r 24
hr
In-C
ar, W
inte
r AM
In-C
ar, W
inte
r PM
In-b
us, w
inte
r AM
In-b
us, w
inte
r PM
ng
/L
OMDBOTTAWA MICRO-ENVIRONMENT DATABASE
FOR MOTOR VEHICLE RELATED AIR POLLUTANTS
• Data in Excel files:– Gas phase (VOC, SVOC, carbonyl compounds)
– Particulate matter(TSP, PM2.5 mass concentrations, chemical analysis)
– Weather and traffic
Identified by:– Year, season, date, sampling station, sampling time
• Exploratory analysis (S-PLUS and Powerpoint files)• Descriptive access through html and graphic files
Conclusion THE OTTAWA MICRO-ENVIRONMENT DATABASE FOR MOTOR
VEHICLE RELATED AIR POLLUTANTS
• Available: A database of motor vehicle related toxic substance concentrations and PM2.5 mass concentrations at nose-level along a busy downtown street and in commuter vehicles in the two extremes of weather (Summer and Winter) in a typical Canadian city.
• http://www.carleton.ca/~dkarman/OMDB.htm• Comments, criticism, collaboration welcome at: