measurement and characterization of unregulated emissions

Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy

Measurement and Characterization of Unregulated Emissions

from Advanced Technologies

John Storey (PI), Teresa Barone, Sam Lewis, John Thomas, Shean

Huff, and Kevin Norman Oak Ridge National Laboratory

June 2010

This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information

Dr. James EberhardtU.S. Department of Energy, VT

Project ID: ACE045

2 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy

2

Overview

• Project start: October 2006• Project end: ongoing• Percent complete: updated in

response to needs

• Lack of emissions and health impacts data on future fuels and engine technologies– Identify regulated and

unregulated emissions from pre-commercial fuels

• FY09: $475K• FY10: $450 K

Timeline

Budget

Barriers

Partners

• Working closely with DOE-VT activities on Advanced Combustion Engines and Fuels Technology


Ongoing Need: Measurement and Characterization of Unregulated Emissions from Advanced Technologies

Objective:

• Ensure that advanced petroleum-saving technologies “do no harm”– Ethanol and other renewables– High-Efficiency Clean Combustion– Direct-Injection Spark Ignition


Approach designed to address key barriers

Fuels

Combustion

Emission Control

Fuels

Combustion

Emission Control

Research Development

Deployment

Study all emissions results:


Array of Analytical Techniques for DISI PM, MSATs

Catalyst

Dilution Tunnel SMPS

Particle Size Distribution

PM FiltersTotal PM

SOF/insolubleSOF speciation

DNPHSelective capture of carbonyl species

HPLC, UV, ESI/MS separation/speciation

Organic/Elemental Carbon on Filters

OC/EC

TEMTransmission

Electron Microscopy


Milestones• FY09 Milestones (completed):

– Characterize mobile source air toxics from vehicles operating on intermediate blends of ethanol and gasoline

– Identify differences in particle characteristics for PCCI and conventional diesel combustion

• FY10 Milestone (planned and in progress):– Characterize PM and mobile source air toxics from

stoichiometric and lean DISI vehicles operating on blends of ethanol and gasoline (September 30, 2010)

Technical Accomplishments• Analysis of MSATs from blends of ethanol completed

– Included E0, E10, E15, E20 for several in-use cars

• Investigated physical characteristics of PM from HECC and conventional combustion– Unique centrifugal device used to measure PM density– Compared idealized aggregate theory with measured PM– Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis of particles

• Stoichiometric DISI vehicle on ethanol blends– E0, E10, E20 FTP, US06, WOTs, steady-state– PM mass, size, number, OC/EC, morphology

• Lean DISI vehicle (Euro-spec) on ethanol blends– E0, E10, E20 FTP, US06, WOTs, steady-state– PM mass, size, number, OC/EC, morphology

• DPF effects on PM and MSATs from HECC combustion– Examine DPF out emissions and DPF regeneration behavior


DISI PM Emissions and Alcohol Blend Effects

• Examine effects of E10 and E20 on PM characteristics

• Transient cycles and data collection– FTP – urban cycle

• CO, CO2,HC, NOx, PM mass, PM number

• Aldehydes and ethanol– US06 – harder accelerations

• CO, CO2, NOx, HC, PM mass, PM number

• Steady State cycles (30 mph; 80 mph)– Pre-catalyst and post-catalyst– PM size distribution, Organic

Carbon/Elemental Carbon, condensates

– WOTs and EZ accels: PM number at 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm

Stoichiometric DISI VehicleLean DISI Vehicle


Aldehydes show trend consistent with ethanol blendsNote: Bag 1 emissions only

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

E0 E10 E20

Bag

1 e

mis

sion

s (m

g/m

ile)

FormaldehydeAcetaldehydeBenzaldehyde


Ethanol emissions trend up with increasing blend level

0

5

10

15

20

25

E0 E10 E20

Etha

nol (

mg/

mile

)

Bag 1

Bag 1

Bag 1

Composite

Composite Composite


PM mass emissions decrease 30-40% with E20

Average PM (US06)

7.53 7.03

4.33

0

2

4

6

8

10m

g/m

iE0 E10 E20

Avg Composite PM (FTP)

3.653.43

2.58

0 0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

mg/

mi

E0 E10 E20


Size distributions consistent at both steady-state points

Ethanol content does not change general shape of size distribution but reduces peak.

E20 reduces total number concentration by about 50% at 30 mph and 70% at 80 mph

Geometric mean diameter for all distributions ~ 50 nm

Particle size similar to diesel exhaust particles

dp (nm)1 10 100 1000

dN/d

logd

p (#

/cm

3 )

0

1e+6

2e+6

3e+6E0E10 E20

80 mphPost-catalystDilution Ratio ~21

30 mphPost-catalystDilution Ratio ~21

dp (nm)1 10 100 1000

dN/d

logd

p (#

/cm

3 )

0

2e+5

4e+5

6e+5

8e+5

1e+6E0E10 E20


Time (sec)0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600N

umbe

r con

cent

ratio

n (p

artic

les/

cm3 )

1e+0

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5

1e+6

E0E10E20

E-blend has little effect on cold-start number concentrations

Cold FTPPost-catalystDilution Ratio ~1000


Time (sec)0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600N

umbe

r con

cent

ratio

n (p

artic

les/

cm3 )

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5

1e+6

E0E10E20

E-blend lowers number concentrations during hot start cycles

Hot FTPPost-catalystDilution Ratio ~1000


Time (sec)0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Num

ber C

once

ntra

tion

(par

t./cm

3 )

0.0

2.0e+4

4.0e+4

6.0e+4

8.0e+4

1.0e+510 nm50 nm100 nm

• E20 truncates spikes in 50 and 100 nm particle emissions during hard accelerations

Wide Open Throttle

0 – 80 mph

Time (sec)0 200 400 600

Num

ber C

once

ntra

tion

(par

t./cm

3 )

0

2e+4

4e+4

6e+4

8e+4

1e+510 nm50 nm100 nm

E0 Post-catalyst

E20 Post-catalyst

Time (sec)0 200 400 600

Num

ber C

once

ntra

tion

(par

t./cm

3 )

0.0

3.0e+4

6.0e+4

9.0e+4

1.2e+510 nm50 nm100 nm

• Catalyst removes 10 nm particlesPre-catalyst


Moderate Acceleration - 0 to 50 mph

• As for the WOT accelerations, 50 and 100 nm particle emissions reduced by E20

E0 Post-catalyst

E20 Post-catalyst

• Particles may be generated in in-cylinder fuel rich zones

• Ethanol reduces amount of carbon available for soot formation through CO formation pathway (Wu et. al, 2006)

Time (sec)0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Num

ber C

once

ntra

tion

(par

t./cm

3 )

0

2e+4

4e+4

6e+4

8e+4

1e+510 nm50 nm100 nm

Time (sec)0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Num

ber C

once

ntra

tion

(par

t./cm

3 )

0

2e+4

4e+4

6e+4

8e+4

1e+510 nm50 nm100 nm

E0 Post-catalyst

E20 Post-catalyst


Future Work

• Rest of FY10– Data analysis from lean burn DISI vehicle– Investigate DPF effects on PM and MSATs from HECC

operation– Volatile/non-volatile PM measurement

• FY11 and beyond– Start-stop emissions for hybrids/plug-in hybrids– Urea SCR filter analysis for ACES project– Continue to look at DISI MSATs/PM from “other” alcohol

blends• Butanol and multi-alcohol blends


PM mass emissions of lean DISI in comparison with stoichiometric (E0 only)

0

2

4

6

8

10

FTP US06

PM (m

g/m

ile

Stoich DISILean DISI


Collaboration and Coordination• DISI studies:

– FEERC vehicle team: Brian West, Shean Huff, John Thomas, Kevin Norman, Larry Moore

– GM for providing the lean DISI vehicle– Vehicle Technologies - EERE

• Advanced Combustion and Efficiency program• Vehicle Systems• Fuel Technologies

• PM studies– ORNL-HTML for microscopy– National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

• Co-developed protocol for exposure metric for engine exhaust particles in mines based on particle surface area

– University of Maryland• Co-wrote paper on PM density

– CRC for PM Measurement Workshops– Caterpillar

• Assisted with particle morphology effects on optical light-scattering measurements


Conclusions

• Up to 1.5 mpg loss in tank fuel economy

• Decrease in formaldehyde and benzaldehyde, but increase in acetaldehyde with higher ethanol

• 30 to 40% reduction in PM mass and elemental carbon emissions

• Several-fold increase in PM organic carbon - effectively removed by catalyst

• At least 50% reduction in total particle number concentration for 30 and 80 mph.

• Reduction of 50 and 100 nm particle emissions during acceleration.

Implications of E-blend use in DISI vehicle:

John Storey865-946-1232

[email protected]

measurement and characterization of unregulated emissions

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