Study of Man’s PAST. Arranged chronologically For us to appreciate the PAST. Understand the PRESENT. Help us prepare the FUTURE. It is the study of not only the WHERE,

WHEN, WHAT; but also the study of the HOW, WHY.

Without history we have no knowledge of who we are and how we came to be.

It is the events recorded in history that have generated all the emotions that gave men something to live for, struggle over and die for it…

It is a source of inspiration and of indignation, it displays glory and heroism

It is the drama of real life.

History is the record of all experiences. It follows that a person must know some history to understand the world she lives in. the present after all is a fleeting instant, and everything we are conscious is already in the past, has already become part of history.

Kasaysayan or history as a narrative about past events that has meaning to a certain group of people in a given time and place.

Kasaysayan – salaysay and saysay are inseperable.

Without both, you cannot have TRUE history. If we find meaning in history, then it will

gain the power to change our lives It gives us a way of looking at the world.

-meaning and history, Ambeth ocampo

What is known is yet to be retrieved. The recording and analysis of experiences

of a society comprise the totality of a people’s history.

Different events requires a different approaches in the understanding of history.

It helps us to analyze events and its implications.

As historical being, man responds to the situation placed before him and thus his acts are based on his thoughts.

The society’s way of facing the challenges depending upon its capabilities uncovers the pattern of the society’s history.

Challenges and Response Theory is based on this presumptions.

History reflects the progress of civilizations and societies. He viewed the past as succession of civilizations rather than political entities. The failure of a civilization to survive was the result of its inability to respond to challenges.

Man’s approach in coping with challenges determines history. A power will wish to extend its influence at the expense of another power. The threatened power will reevaluate the challenge and adopt a course of action to curb the strategy of the opposing power.

Exchange Theory Refers to the systematic statement of

principle that govern the exchange of goods, between individuals, between groups, between organizations and even between nations. This is based on the idea of reciprocity.

A case in point is the early form of trading among the native inhabitants called barter.

Alliances of people, communities as well as nations are rooted in the idea on interchange.

Role of historical man (world spirit). It embodies the ideals of patriotism.

Heroism and unity. Guided by their sense of duty and

responsibility to lead the people. Combination of their thought and spirit

which resulted in historical acts.

Prevailing economic system determines the form of societal organization and the political and economic history of the period.

Attributes events in history to economic motives. (galleon trade, foreign relations, 3 G’s,)

Father of historical structuralism “Total History” All aspect of man’s past are to be

integrated Studying the circumstances underlying such

political, economic, social and cultural events.

The recorded struggle of people for ever increasing freedom and a newer and higher realization of the human person.

Philippine History is a story of struggle. Masses of individuals as well as social forces

generated by collective lives and struggles have to be included.

Without society, history is improbable. It illustrates a movement of people and ideas over

time and space. The study of history can serve as a guide to present

and succeeding generations in facing the challenges of the times.