me magazine august 2012

DESIGNING FOR THEModernCave ManAnthropologists help make products better fit our needs

VOL.134/NO.8 AUGUST 2012 | WWW.ASME.ORG

Gas TurbineMultitasking

High-Tech, High-Flying Pogo Sticks

Building Better Electric Vehicles

THE MAGAZINE OF ASME

AugCover.indd 1 7/9/12 11:21 AM

WHY h AND R ARE NOT ANALOGS.

R and h in the 19th century In much of the 19th century, h and R were analogs. All resistors were described by Ohm’s law, the proportional Eq. (1).

E = IR (1)

Eq. (1) was interpreted to mean that:

E is always proportional to I.

R is always E/I.

R is always a constant in Eq. (1). All boundary layers were described by the proportional Eq. (2).

q = hT (2)


q is always proportional to ΔT.

h is always q/T.

h is always a constant in Eq. (2). (American heat transfer texts generally allege that Eq. (2) and h were conceived by Newton in 1701, but they were actually conceived by Fourier in 1822.)

R and h in the 20th and 21st centuries Sometime near the beginning of the 20th century, nonlinear electrical devices were invented, and nonlinear boundary layers were discovered.

It was soon recognized that it would be mathematically absurd to deal with nonlinear electrical behavior using Eq. (1) and E/I (aka R).

Therefore it was decided that Eq. (1) and R would be used only for proportional devices. Eq. (3) and dE/dI would be used for all nonlinear devices. E = f{I} (3) Surprisingly, it has not yet been generally recognized that it is mathematically absurd to deal with nonlinear heat transfer behavior using Eq. (2) and q/T (aka h). Why h and R are not analogs h and R are not analogs because h is used to deal with nonlinear behavior, but R has not been used to deal with nonlinear behavior for more than 100 years.

Eugene F. Adiutori

To Ventuno Press, P. O. Box 9303, Naples, FL 34101: Please send me a copy of Heat Transfer without h by Eugene F. Adiutori. After 30 days, I will either return it or remit $29.95. ________________________ (USA only.) (International: prepay and add $12 for air delivery.)

To Ventuno Press, P. O. Box 9303, Naples, FL 34101: Please send me a copy of Heat Transfer without h by Eugene F. Adiutori. After 30 days, I will either return it or remit $29.95. ________________________(USA only.) (International: prepay and add $12 for air delivery.)

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Covers234_0712.indd 3 5/30/12 4:44 PM

Introducing a New Conceptin Scholarly Publishing from

Series EditorAhmed Al-Jumaily, PhDProfessor of Biomechanical Engineering & Director of the Institute of Biomedical TechnologiesAuckland University of Technology

Associate EditorsWaqar Ahmed, PhDChair, Nanotechnology and AdvancedManufacturing, and Head, Instituteof Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Computing, Engineering & PhysicalSciences University of Central Lancashire, UK.

Christopher H.M. Jenkins, PhD, PEProfessor and Head, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department Montana State University

Biomedical & NanomedicalTechnologies

Call For AuthorsAuthors from a broad range of science and engineering disciplines – in academia, research institutions or industry, who are involved in the conception, design, development, analysis andoperation of biomedical and biotechnological systems, materialsand applications – are invited to contribute.

ASME Press, the book publishing imprint of the American Societyof Mechanical Engineers, is partnering with Momentum Press topublish a new series of concise (50-100 pages) monographs related to Biomedical and Nanomedical Technologies (B&NT).This is an exciting new publishing concept that combines elements of a traditional book series with a periodical publication.

Each monograph will be similar to an expanded journal article or technical paper, with the addition of applications or industry-related content, such as case studies. Sources for these concisemonographs may include previously published journal articles,conference papers, and even book chapters. The books will aimto provide a mixture of theoretical and practical content that willappeal to engineers in both academia and industry.

For more information about the new ASME Press series,visit http://www.asmepress.org

To submit a proposal for consideration and further information, contact the commissioning

editor, Dr. Nigel Hollingworth, at [email protected].

Proposals and manuscripts are subject to peer review, and acceptance for publication is based on approval of both.

CONCISE MONOGRAPH SERIES

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© Copyright 2012. COMSOL, COMSOL Multiphysics and LiveLink are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. AutoCAD and Inventor are registered trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and other countries. LiveLink for AutoCAD and LiveLink for Inventor are not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by Autodesk, Inc., and/or its affiliates and/or subsidiaries. MATLAB is a registered trademark of The Mathworks, Inc. Pro/ENGINEER and Creo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Parametric Technology Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and in other countries. SolidWorks is a registered trademark of Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corp. CATIA is a registered trademark of Dassault Systémes. SpaceClaim is a registered trademark of SpaceClaim Corporation.

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ENERGY: In a high-power burner, up to 40% of the energy required to run the system is consumed by the fan. This model shows the velocity vector and pressure drop of the flow into the impeller and housing of a burner ventilation fan. Model courtesy of Gianluca Argentini, Riello Burners, Italy.

depa

rtm

ents

6 Editorial 8 Letters 10 News & Notes 14 Global Window 16 Washington Window 18 Computing 24 Software Exchange 26 Tech Focus Fluid Handling & Fluid Power

62 New Products 65 Resource File 68 Positions Open 69 Ad Index 70 ASME News

2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | August 2012

08 12features

VOLUME 134 /NO.8

Focus on Design 30 DESIGNING FOR TECHNOLOGY’S UNKNOWN TRIBESDesign anthropology seeks to understand people we don’t know—and those we think we do.By Alan S. Brown

36 CHARGING FORWARDAs automobiles become more and more electric, some of the design challenges are taking engineers by surprise.By Jack Thornton

40 BOUND AND DETERMINEDFor decades, the humble pogo stick was built from the same basic design. Recently, however, three entrepreneurs have followed different paths to create sticks that can launch people to dizzying heights.By Michael Abrams

44 PATENT WATCHWhat’s The Use?By Kirk Teska

72 INPUT /OUTPUTRefrigerator on the RoadBy Harry Hutchinson

In this issue: special supplementGLOBAL GAS TURBINE NEWS 45-56

August 2012

Global Gas Turbine News

45

ATLANTA, GEORGIA USA /// ASME INTERNATIONAL GAS TURBINE INSTITUTEVolume 52, No. 3 • August 2012

In this issue

Turbo Expo 2013 &

Call For Papers

45

View From the Chair

46

Calendar of Events

47

Turbo Expo 2012 Recap

48-49

As the Turbine Turns...

Cogeneration: Gas

Turbine Multitasking

50

Professional &

Member Development

and Young Engineer

Travel Awards

51

Challenges & Rewards

for Engineers in Wind

52-53

Call for Nominations

IGT & AET Awards

54

Performance

Optimization of Wind

Turbine Rotors with

Active Flow Control

(Part 2)

55

Gas Turbine India

Conference,

New TC Officers and

In Memoriam:

George Opdyke, Jr.

56

Get Ready for ASME Turbo

Expo 2013 in San Antonio!

Call for Papers

ASME Turbo Expo 2013

Abstracts are due by August 27, 2012, and must be

submitted online (plain text, 400 word limit) via t

he

IGTI Conference Web site at www.turboexpo.org.

The 2013 Publication Schedule:

n Abstract Submission - August 27, 2012

n Draft Paper Due Date - October 29, 2012

n Paper Reviews Complete – December 10, 2012

n Author Notification of Paper Acce

ptance -

January 7, 2013

n Submission of Final Paper – February 18, 2013

n Final Paper Approval by Review Chair -

March 18, 2013

Seung Jin Song

Turbo Expo attendees celebrated the launch of ASME Turbo Expo 2013

during the closing ceremony of the 2012 exposition in Copenhagen.

Conference Chair Seung Jin Song spotlighted other members of the 2013 leadership

team, including Executive Conference Chair Bernhard Winkelmann, Solar Turbines, and

Technical Program Chair Timothy Lieuwen, Georgia Institute of Technology.

Bernhard Winkelmann worked in Design Engineering at MAN Turbo for five years until

he decided to join European Gas Turbines in Germany – initially in Application

Engineering and later as the Sales Manager for the Middle East. In 1998 Winkelmann

relocated to Belgium to join Solar Turbines Europe, where he held various positions with

increasing responsibilities including Director of Sales, Application Engineering and Project

Management for Europe, Africa and the Middle East. In 2004 Winkelmann relocated to

Solar’s offices in San Diego, CA, in order to provide leadership to various strategic business

initiatives in the Oil and Gas Organization, as well as in Customer Services. Since 2011 he

has been the Director of Solar's Gas Compressor Business, including Engineering,

Manufacturing and Testing of all Solar Gas Compressors.

Dr. Tim Lieuwen is a professor at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, GA. He

has a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering and is a licensed professional engineer in the state

of Georgia. He leads a diverse research group investigating a range of problems associated

with clean power, energy, and combustion, including such issues as emissions, efficiency,

and alternative fuels. Lieuwen has edited/written four books, written 7 book chapters and

over 200 papers, and received 3 patents. He is an active member of IGTI, having served as

committee point contact, vice chair, and chairman of the Combustion, Fuels & Emissions

committee from 2004 to 2010. Lieuwen is an ASME Fellow as well as a recipient of the

ASME Westinghouse Silver Medal.

Visit www.turboexpo.org today for the latest details.

Timothy Lieuwen

Bernhard

Winkelmann

Exposition

ASME Turbo Expo is known for its high-quality

exhibition of leading companies in the turbomachinery

industry, attracting a key audience from aerospace, power

generation and other prime mover-related industries.

Exhibiting at Turbo Expo 2013 is your chance to attract

new clients, visit with current ones, learn more about the

changing needs of the international turbomachinery

industry – and ultimately, increase your sales.

Exciting brand-enhancing sponsorship packages for the

2013 exposition are now available! Packages are designed

around your particular corporate goals and are an

extremely effective way for your company to really stand

out from the crowd – before, during and after the Show.

To insure your company’s participation in the 2013

exposition, contact IGTI at +1-404-847-0072 x1646 or

via e-mail at [email protected].

...continued on page 53

ME-Vol52-3-Aug2012_ME-Vol52-3-Aug2012 6/27/12 2:39 PM 5

ON THE COVER:The Sun Shield Warrior near McKee Springs, Utah, is a petroglyph carved by the Fremont people around 1,000 years ago. The site is in Dinosaur National Monument.


© Copyright 2012. COMSOL, COMSOL Multiphysics and LiveLink are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. AutoCAD and Inventor are registered trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and other countries. LiveLink for AutoCAD and LiveLink for Inventor are not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by Autodesk, Inc., and/or its affiliates and/or subsidiaries. MATLAB is a registered trademark of The Mathworks, Inc. Pro/ENGINEER and Creo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Parametric Technology Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and in other countries. SolidWorks is a registered trademark of Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corp. CATIA is a registered trademark of Dassault Systémes. SpaceClaim is a registered trademark of SpaceClaim Corporation.

®

Multiphysics tools let you build simulations that accurately replicate the important characteristics of your designs. The key is the ability to include all physical effects that exist in the real world. Order your free Introduction to Multiphysics CD at www.comsol.com/intro

Verify and optimize your designs with COMSOL Multiphysics.

COMSOL Multiphysics

FLUIDCFD Module Pipe Flow ModuleMicrofluidics ModuleSubsurface Flow Module

CHEMICALChemical Reaction Engineering Module Batteries & Fuel Cells ModuleElectrodeposition Module Corrosion Module

MECHANICALHeat Transfer ModuleStructural Mechanics Module Nonlinear Structural Materials ModuleGeomechanics Module Acoustics Module

ELECTRICALAC/DC ModuleRF ModuleMEMS ModulePlasma Module

MULTIPURPOSEOptimization ModuleMaterial LibraryParticle Tracing Module

INTERFACINGCAD Import ModuleFile Import for CATIA® V5LiveLink™ for SolidWorks®

LiveLink™ for SpaceClaim®

LiveLink™ for Pro/ENGINEER®

LiveLink™ for Creo™ ParametricLiveLink™ for Inventor®

LiveLink™ for AutoCAD®

LiveLink™ for MATLAB®

Product Suite

ENERGY: In a high-power burner, up to 40% of the energy required to run the system is consumed by the fan. This model shows the velocity vector and pressure drop of the flow into the impeller and housing of a burner ventilation fan. Model courtesy of Gianluca Argentini, Riello Burners, Italy.

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Mechanical Engineering (ISSN 0025-6501) is published monthly by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990. Periodicals postage paid at New York, N.Y., and additional mailing offi ces. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Mechanical Engineering, c/o The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 22 Law Drive, Box 2300, Fairfi eld, NJ 07007-2300. Return Canadian undeliverable addresses to P.O. BOX 1051, Fort Erie, On, L2A 6C7. PRICES: To members, annually $32 for initial membership subscription, single copy $7; subscription price to nonmembers available upon request. COPYRIGHT © 2012 by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Canadian Goods & Services Tax Registration #126148048. Printed in U.S.A. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASME to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Transactional Reporting Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Request for special permission or bulk copying should be addressed to Reprints/Permissions Department.

ASME.ORG | ON.FB.ME/MEMAGAZINE | MEMAGAZINEBLOG.ORG ON.FB.ME/MEMAGAZINE

A careful analysis shows that the greatest need of the country today is an integrated and properly organized industry of transportation, that is, an industry including all forms of transportation—railroads, motor trucks, passenger cars, buses, and airplanes.

We have no such industry matching this description. We have railroads in which enormous sums are invested. However, there are several new forms of transportation such as pipelines, trucks, automobiles, buses, and airplanes that enjoy practically unrestricted compe-tition with the railroads. They are operated without regard to national requirements and for individual, and often temporary and elusive, profi ts.

In the last twenty years, no important new railroads have been built. However, considerable improvement has been made, which has enormously increased the carrying capacity of exist-ing roads. The end result is that today they have more than the traffi c demands and, due to lack of business,

are operating at such a low effi ciency that most of the lines are producing less profi t than similar investments in other fi elds of business. Several large systems are in the hands of receivers, while others are being kept out of them by loans made from funds provided by the Govern-ment or by the unusual expedient of raising freight rates so that the stronger lines can give up the money given to improve the unstable credit of the weaker ones....

The railroads are necessary, because they still constitute and will continue to constitute for a number of years to come the principal method of transporta-tion, in fact the only one for the heavy commodities. Therefore, any weakening of their operative mechanism is done at the expense of the whole nation.

The most important task today in regards to national economics is to coordinate the various transporta-tion factors in a way that will facilitate the change of the present chaos into a more balanced industry of transportation.

“

80 years ago this month in Mechanical Engineering magazinefrom the vault August

1932

The Transportation DilemmaA Suggested Scheme for Bringing About the Coordination of Rail, Motor-Truck, and Bus Transportation.By Leon Cammen, Consulting Engineer, New York, N.Y.

Rail in the ’30s: The Twentieth Century Limited.

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387BILLION THE TOTAL VALUE, IN YUAN RENMINBI, OF CHINA’S CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY MARKET IN 2015, AS FORECAST IN A MARKET STUDY BY FREEDONIA GROUP. THE FIRM SAYS GROWTH RATES OF NEARLY 30 PERCENT HAVE DISAPPEARED, BUT THE MARKET WILL CONTINUE TO GROW AND WILL REACH THE EQUIVALENT OF $61 BILLION IN THREE YEARS.GLOBAL WINDOW IS ON PAGE 14.

THIS MONTH ON WWW.ASME.ORG

>> THE 2012 SALARY SURVEY looks at the state of salaries and the overall job market in the fi eld of engineering. >> TAKING A CLOSER LOOK examines the amazing gigapixel camera developed by researchers from Duke University and University of Arizona. >> TOYING WITH ENGINEERING: When you think of MIT, many things may come to mind—new mathematical formulas, code-breaking. But what you probably don’t think of are toys. It turns out they have a whole laboratory dedicated to them.

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edito

rial THE OVERPLAYED STEREOTYPE

always had something to do with a socially inept engineer sporting a short-sleeve white shirt and slim black tie, big horn-rimmed glasses, and a pocket protector overstu� ed with BIC pens. He always seemed to be working alone in some lab trying to fi gure out a way to calculate a new formula.

I hate to burst anyone’s bubble, but that guy is gone and with him the stereotype of who engineers are. If you think I’m kidding, you haven’t been paying attention. Hopefully, most of you are part of the transformation. If you’re not, look around you and see the young woman sitting a few feet away; she’s the new project manager. To her left, the guy with the tattoo is just home to Seattle from Bolivia and wants to go back to help build a new plant for a burgeoning or-ganic co� ee producer. These new engineers may or may not look like you, but they’re the ones who are driving the profession.

Feeling increasingly out of place, whether you are 61, 31, or 21 years old is not uncommon these days. But being out of place is not—and none of it has to do with how old you are. The notion of being too old to matter is as out of date as the old notions of engineers.

What matters is not your age but the wisdom to understand that the way business used to be is not the way business is today. It’s what Fast Company magazine editor Robert Safi an calls Generation Flux. Or a mindset that tolerates, if not com-pletely embraces, instability, chang-ing business models, and assump-tions about how things work.

Few traditional career tactics, Safi an says, train us for an era where the most important skill is the ability to acquire new skills. Yet

the e� ort and the open-mindedness can lead to great opportunity.

When I chatted with him about this a few weeks ago, Safi an reiter-ated his belief that those who have the skills, along with the adaptabil-ity and aptitude to thrive in today’s often chaotic work environment, will be the ones who lead change and the ones who have the most satisfying careers.

Safi an likes to say that Charles Darwin foreshadowed today’s era in his description of natural selection: It is not the strongest of the species that survives; nor the most intelli-gent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change.

So the takeaway is to learn from past experiences and past cultures—almost like the design anthropologists Alan Brown writes about in this month’s cover story, who can reframe the understand-ing of past behaviors to help shape new products.

Design anthropologists, Brown says, use the kind of lens that enables designers to see things in a new light. Much the same lens that we need to use to embrace the changing landscapes of the workplace.

If you’re a designer wearing a white short-sleeve shirt with a skinny tie and horn-rimmed glasses today, hopefully you’re making a fashion statement and you’re not still wondering who moved your cheese. Open your eyes, adapt to the chaos, embrace the ambiguous future, recalibrate your career—use your skills to help lead the technology revolution that is improving the world.


Editor-in-Chief John G. Falcioni

Executive EditorHarry Hutchinson

Associate EditorsAlan S. BrownJean ThilmanyJeffrey Winters

Electronic Publishing EditorBenedict Bahner

Art & Production DesignerTeresa M. Carboni

Director, Advertising Sales and Publishing DevelopmentNicholas J. Ferrari

Marketing and Promotion ManagerAnthony Asiaghi

Classifi ed and Mailing List Manager212-591-7534

Circulation CoordinatorMarni A. Rice

Managing Director, Publishing & Unit Support Philip V. DiVietro

Contacts212-591-7783fax: 212-591-7841e-mail: [email protected]

The American Society of Mechanical EngineersPresident Marc W. GoldsmithPresident-Nominee Madiha El Mehelmy KotbPast President Victoria A. RockwellGovernors Richard C. Benson; Betty L. Bowersox; John R. Elter; Julio C. Guerrero; Bernard E. Hrubala; Richard T. Laudenat; Edmund J. Seiders; J. Robert Sims Jr.; Charla K. Wise

Executive DirectorThomas G. Loughlin

Secretary and TreasurerWarren R. DeVries

Assistant SecretaryJohn Delli Venneri

Senior Vice PresidentsStandards & Certifi cation Kenneth R. BalkeyInstitutes Dilip R. BallalKnowledge & Community Karen J. OhlandPublic Affairs & Outreach William J. Wepfer

ME Editorial Advisory BoardRobert E. Nickell, Chairman; Harry Armen; Leroy S. Fletcher; Richard J. Goldstein

For reprints, contactEdward Kane866-879-9144, [email protected]

Opinions expressed in Mechanical Engineering magazine do not necessarily refl ect the views of ASME.

MOVE YOUR OWN CHEESE


John G. Falcioni, [email protected]

twitter.com/johnfalcioni

editorial0812.indd 6 7/5/12 2:51 PM

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lettersHeadquartersASMEThree Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5990212-591-7722fax: 212-591-7674www.asme.org

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To the Editor: I happened to read the magazine when I visited one of the o� ces in Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., the other day.

I fi nd the magazine very warming with lots of articles worth reading. I am particularly impressed with a simple article which can be followed by young job applicants (“The Winning Résumé” by E.N. Friesen, February). It is a systematic approach to get across the threshold and reach the top of the ladder.

I would like to add emphasizing TEAM involvement, thus leading to the top through Time management, E� ciency, and Attainable goals with Measurable results.

My sincere wishes to E.N. Friesen.PRABHAKARAN ADIYODI

DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

ENGINEERS SPEAK UPTo the Editor: The purpose of this letter is to invite all engineers, from all backgrounds and disciplines, to join me in a forthcoming “Engineering Tribute to the Presidential Inauguration.”

The beginning of a presidential term is a time of public awareness and hope, so it is an appropriate occasion to discuss projects and activities designed to improve the lives of citizens.

The event has been videotaped since 1997 and televised on a cable TV show that I produce, “International Defi nition,” so the presentations are viewed by a sizable audience. The videos of the presentations can be made available for posting on various websites.

There is no charge for attendance or participation. Participants may deliver presentations, or join the audience.

Presentations in the following areas will be particularly relevant: Design, construction, maintenance, and operation of buildings, roads, and other infrastructure facilities; electric power generation, transmission, and distribution; water supplies for farming and consumption by human beings; sewage treatment; environmental protection; energy supplies and energy conservation; and transportation and communications systems.

Prospective speakers may e-mail abstracts of 300 words or less to [email protected] by Dec. 1, 2012.

Non-speakers and guests may pre-register at the same e-mail address.KENNETH W. FREELAIN, P.E.

TAKOMA PARK, MD.

Winning TEAM


34 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | February 2012

You may be unemployed or consider yourself underemployed. After

all, a better position with a better organization, better advancement opportunities, higher pay, and better benefi ts are common enough desires. To accomplish these goals e� ectively requires a plan with specifi c objectives.

These objectives include knowing yourself, and what

it is that you want to do now and later. Your plan should

identify which tools you need to achieve your goals and objectives.

One of the primary tools to obtain or

The WinningRésumé

E.N. Friesen is an ASME Life Fellow who worked as an engineer and manager at the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. After his retirement he formed Seagull Consultants and taught project management courses at Loyola Marymount University.

Y

identify which tools you need to achieve your goals and objectives.

One of the primary tools to obtain or

Know yourself and the job you want, and be able to say how they fit together.

By E.N. Friesen

Letters to the EditorMechanical EngineeringThree Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5990

fax: (212) 591-7841e-mail: [email protected]

The editors reserve the right to edit letters for clarity, style, and length. We regret that unpublished letters cannot be acknowledged or returned.

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Letters0812.indd 8 7/2/12 10:48 AM

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Letters0812.indd 9 7/2/12 10:51 AM

T ape measures, rulers, graphs, the gas gauge in your car, and the icon on a digital device showing battery power; the number line is everywhere.

But the concept of number lines isn’t human intu-ition. Instead, it appears to be learned, according to a study of the Yupno, an indigenous group in Papua New Guinea.

Researchers at the University of California, San Diego, found that when unschooled adults from a remote group in Papua New Guinea placed numbers on a line they did so using only the endpoint numbers on the line rather than the interme-diate numbers, said Rafael Núñez, associate professor of cognitive science at the univer-sity, who led the research.

In contrast, individuals from the same ethnic group who had received formal education used the entire number line, showing that the more nuanced understanding of the line can be learned and enforced by education and cultural practices, the team found.

“Influential scholars have advanced the thesis that many

of the building blocks of mathematics are hard-wired in the human mind through millions of years of evolution. And a num-ber of different sources of evidence do suggest that humans naturally associate numbers with space,” Núñez said.

“Our study shows that the number-line concept is not a uni-versal intuition but a particular cultural tool that requires training and education to mas-ter,” he added.

“Mathematics all over the world is largely taught dogmat-ically, as objective fact, black and white, right or wrong,” Núñez said. “But our work shows that there are meaning-ful human ideas in math, inge-nious solutions and designs that have been mediated by writing and notational devices, like the number line.

“Perhaps we should think about bringing the human saga to the subject—instead of

continuing to treat it romantically, as the universal language it’s not,” he added.

The full results were published April 25 in the open access journal PLoS ONE.

10 mechanical engineering | August 2012

In New Guinea to Test the Feel for Numbers

news&notes

New Service Center for the Big Turbines of EuropeExpanding in a field it entered two and a half years ago, Dresser-Rand is going for a piece of the industrialgas turbine repair business in Europe. The company has opened a center in Peterborough, U.K., that can service large-scale gas turbines.

The center, Dresser-Rand Turbine Technology Services, has a high-capacity vacuum heat treating facility, non-destructive testing services, a metallur-gical laboratory, and a machine and weld shop. It is certified under ISO 9001:2008.

The new 20,000-square-foot center is at a site where Dresser-Rand already makes and services steam turbines and

gas compressors.The company says the Peterborough

center can service all brands of industri-al gas and steam turbine components. It doesn’t perform F-class component and rotor repair yet, but the company plans to add that service.

Blaise Derrico, Dresser-Rand’s VP for investor relations, said the com-pany makes and services a wide variety of rotating equipment, including gas compressors, utility steam turbines, and small gas turbines, but does not manu-facture large, utility-scale gas turbines.

Dresser-Rand entered the large-turbine service business in January

2010, when it bought a Houston-based service and repair company, Leading Edge Turbine Technologies. At the time of the acquisition, Dresser-Rand said it expected “to achieve significant world-wide growth” by offering Leading Edge’s repair capabilities in Dresser-Rand’s global markets.

Service and repair are as big a busi-ness for Dresser-Rand as its manufac-turing is. Derrico said half the company’s revenue comes from the sale of after-market parts and services.

The company has plans in the works to open similar centers in Asia, the Middle East, and South America, Derrico said.

l the study looked at a people who have a native system for counting, with precise concepts and words for numbers greater than 20, but no apparent measurement system of any sort.

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News0812.indd 10 7/2/12 11:09 AM

Cooling systems that use a liquid that changes phase—such as water boiling on a surface—can play an important part in many

developing technologies, including advanced microchips and concentrated solar-power systems.

But understanding exactly how such systems work, and what kinds of surfaces maximize the transfer of heat, has remained a challenging problem, according to researchers at the Mas-sachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. They recently said they’ve found that relatively simple, microscale roughening of a surface can significant-ly enhance its transfer of heat.

Heat dissipation is a major problem in many fields, especially electronics, said Evelyn Wang, an associate professor of mechanical engineering, who worked on the project.

The team concluded that the reason surface roughness greatly enhances heat transfer—more than doubling the maximum heat dissipation—is that it enhances capillary action at the surface, helping keep a line of vapor bubbles pinned to the heat transfer sur-face, delaying the formation of a vapor layer that greatly reduces cooling, said Kuang-Han Chu, a mechanical engi-neering graduate student.

To test the process, the researchers made a series of postage-stamp-size silicon wafers with varying degrees of surface roughness, including some per-fectly smooth samples for comparison.

The degree of roughness is measured as the portion of the surface area that can come into contact with a liquid, as compared to a completely smooth surface. For example, crumpling a piece of paper and then flattening it back out so that it covers an area half as large as the original sheet would represent a roughness of two.

The researchers found that systemati-cally increasing roughness led to a pro-portional increase in heat-dissipation capability, regardless of the dimensions of the surface-roughening features.

The results showed that a simple roughening of the surface improved heat transfer as much as the best previ-ous techniques studied, which used a much more complex process to produce

nanoscale patterns on the surface.It turns out heat transfer is almost

entirely a function of a surface’s overall roughness, Wang said, and is based on the balance between various forces act-ing on the vapor bubbles that serve to dissipate heat: surface tension, momen-tum, and buoyancy.

While the most immediate applica-tions would likely be in high-perfor-mance electronic devices, and perhaps in concentrated solar-power systems, the same principles could apply to larger systems such as power plant boilers, desalination plants, or nuclear reactors, Wang said.

The work was published in June month in the journal Applied Physics Letters.

The House Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation has held a hearing to examine how universities and nonprofits are transferring the results of federally funded research into the marketplace. Discussion included steps that tech transfer offices are taking to encourage com-mercial development, and possible reforms to federal laws that may assist them in this effort.

The major legislation which affects universities in this area is the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, which was designed to improve collaboration between businesses and nonprofit organizations, and promote the commercialization and utilization of inventions arising from federally supported research and development.

Witnesses received questions about possible amend-ments to the Bayh-Dole Act, including whether to allow the

government to recover some of its investment when federal research results in commercial products, and to permit free agency arrangements giving researchers greater free-dom to take commercial licenses directly to third parties. Witnesses instead encouraged Congress to examine ways to support the development of regional tech transfer offices in order to assist clusters of smaller universities that might not be able to provide adequate support for their own tech transfer programs.

Todd Sherer, president of the Association of University Technology Managers, praised the contributions made pos-sible through the Bayh-Dole act. Sherer said that federally funded university research helps to generate an average of 1.7 new companies per day and helped create 657 new prod-ucts in 2010 alone.

Looking to Expedite University Tech Transfer

Necessary Roughness and Phase-Change Cooling

Switching Diesel Trucks to CNG

A California firm has announced an agreement with a refuse collection company to convert 21 diesel trucks to run on compressed natural gas.

The firm, Omnitek Engineering Corp., said the project is being carried out under an experimental permit issued by the California Air Resourc-

es Board to validate the durability of the components used to convert the engines and to collect data on performance and emissions.

Omnitek develops natural gas engines and has designed the technology that it will use to convert the refuse collection trucks. Omnitek did not disclose the terms of the deal or the name of the refuse collection company.

Werner Funk, president of Omnitek Engineering, said the customer operates a fleet of more than 18,000 refuse trucks and plans to convert the entire fleet to run on natural gas, by engine conversions and as it replaces trucks.

On its website, Omnitek says it can “convert any existing diesel engine to a clean-burning natural gas engine at a fraction of the cost of a new engine.”

August 2012 | mechanical engineering 11

News0812.indd 11 7/2/12 11:09 AM

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NEWS & NotES

U.S. CO2 Emissions Continue to Fall

T he United States government seems to be allergic to making binding commitments toward reducing the emissions of gases

linked to climate change, but in spite of that, some progress is being made on that front, according to reports released in May and June.

While the United States has no national mechanism in place to restrict emissions from power plants, vehicles, and other sources of carbon dioxide, methane, and various heat-trapping gases, nine states in the Northeast have banded together to create a regional plan. The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative established in 2008 a system where emissions of climate-altering gases were capped and the rights to emit those gases would be auctioned: a cap-and-trade market.

The market is limited to utilities.The initial cap was set at 165 million

short tons of CO2 per year through 2012, but the utilities have already cut emissions well below that level, averag-ing 126 million tons from 2009 through 2011, the RGGI reported in June. That level is below the goal set for 2018.

The global recession at the beginning of that period had some effect on the emissions drop; average power con-sumption over the three-year period was 2.4 percent below the average for the years 2006 through 2008. But other

factors had greater effects, according to RGGI. Chief among them were the switch from coal to natural gas as a fuel for power production, state investments in energy efficiency, and a greater use of carbon-free energy sources such as wind and solar.

The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from Northeast utilities reflected a larger trend in the United States. According to a May report by the International Energy Agency, carbon dioxide emissions in the United States fell by 92 million metric tons—or 1.7 percent—in 2011. Since 2006, annual U.S. emissions have dropped by 430 million metric tons, or 7.7 percent, the IEA said. In fact, the drop in U.S. emis-sions is larger than that of any other country.

The emissions reduction was due to several long-term trends, the IEA reported. Increased automobile efficiency and high fuel prices have reduced oil consumption, and power utilities are shifting away from coal to low-carbon fuels such as natural gas.

The good emissions news in the U.S. was, however, offset by increased carbon emissions in the developing world, especially China and India. The 0.6 percent emissions reduction in the developed world in 2011 was swamped by the 6.1 percent increase in the devel-oping world, the IEA reported.

utiliVisor has installed equipment to monitor energy use of the chilled water generation systems at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City. The energy monitoring is being conducted under a $7.4 million grant from the New York State Energy Re-search and Development Authority. /// Zuken of Munich, Germany, with United States headquarters in Westford, Mass., is now shipping its E³ series 2012 design software. This version contains new productivity tools including enhanced search capabilities, expanded table-driven data entry for cable and wire type modifications, extended sup-port for cable and harness design, and new industry-specific configurations for a range of industries. /// MecSoft Corp. of Irvine, Calif., a maker of computer aided manu-facturing software, has released VisualMILL 2012 for SolidWorks, an upgrade to its VisualMILL 6.0 for SolidWorks. /// The U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration has reported that the Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility under construction at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina has logged 10 million safe working hours without a lost workday. This represents nearly two years of safe work during heavy construction involving approximately 2,800 workers.

BRiEfLY NotED


News0812.indd 13 7/2/12 11:10 AM

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Proto Labs’ entire operation is optimized to deliver quick-turn CNC machined and injection molded parts in as fast as one business day. We manufacture parts every day for thousands of customers, many of whom come to us at the last minute with dozens of designs they need to test ASAP. Since 1999, we’ve produced tens of thousands of molds, and shipped tens of millions parts to our customers all over the world.

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A market study finds that demand for construction machinery in China has ended a phase of extraordi-nary double-digit growth and for the period beginning with 2010 will average 6.2 percent a year to reach 387

billion yuan, or nearly $61 billion, in 2015. Freedonia Group, which prepared the report, said growth in

construction activity will be driven by continuing industrializa-tion and increasing personal and business income.

Freedonia calls growth for the previous period, 2005 to 2010,

“torrid.” According to the market research firm, demand in China for construction machinery increased an average of almost 29 percent a year during that time. It increased from the equivalent of about $12.5 billion to $45 billion.

The forecast sees excavators and cranes accounting for about 60 percent of the market, which also includes loaders, mixers, rollers, bulldozers, off-road trucks, parts, and attachments.

Freedonia Group Inc., which is based in Cleveland, offers the report for sale at $5,400.


GLOBAL windOw

A four-year study of intelligent vehicle systems in the Euro-pean Union has concluded that two of them, adaptive cruise

control and forward collision warning, could save as much as 1.2 billion euro a year if they were installed widely on passenger cars in E.U. countries.

Adaptive cruise control senses the distance to vehicles ahead and will adjust speed to keep the distance safe. Forward collision warning uses radar to scan the area in front of a vehicle. It warns of collision risk and in some cases can automatically apply the vehicle’s brakes.

The study is called the European

Field Operational Test, or euroFOT. It involved 28 companies and organiza-tions and was led by Aria Etemad of Ford’s European Research Center in Aachen, Germany.

For 12 months during the study, 1,000 cars and trucks equipped with advanced driver assistance systems traveled European roads. Most of those vehicles had tracking equipment onboard so that their movements—each turn, accelera-tion, and lane change—were recorded. The field test focused on eight vehicle functions that assist drivers in detect-ing hazards and avoiding accidents.

More information is available on the euroFOT website, www.eurofot-ip.eu.

E.U. Sees Savings in Intelligent Vehicles

Made in India Exports Extend to Midsize Vehicles

A “Torrid” Market Calms Down in China

Automakers building cars in India are looking to export midsize vehicles—sedans and SUVs—andtwo have already started to do so, according to a report in The Economic Times.

The report by Ketan Thakkar said, “Nissan and Toyota have started exporting midsized cars made in India, spearheading a strategic change that seeks to make the most of the country’s cost advantage and growing technical prowess.”

Nissan plans to export 50,000 sedans called Sunny to the West in the next 18 months, according to unnamed executives. Toyota will ship sedans called Etios to South Africa.

The story said Renault plans to

export a sport utility vehicle, the Duster, to the U.K., possibly starting in October, and is prepared to ship 25,000 units in 12 to 18 months.

Volkswagen, according to the report, “is keen on producing left-hand drive Vento sedans in India for markets in the West.” India-made Vento cars are currently sold to South Africa and Malaysia, and VW reportedly has asked suppliers to develop components for a left-hand drive version.

There is speculation, too, that Ford Motor Co., which plans to build its crossover SUV EcoSport in India, may export some of them.

According to Thakkar, the decline of the rupee and the experience devel-oped by the automakers in India are

seen as competitive advantages.The article quoted a Volkswagen

spokesperson. “Our export of the Vento to South Africa confirms that we are able to produce high-quality cars in India at competitive costs,” the spokesperson said. “This also shows our potential to further extend our exports to other markets.”

AutomAkers set recAll rulesIndia’s leading automobile manufacturers have set up a recall code for vehicle defects, according to The Economic Times.

India does not have a statutory mechanism to enforce corrective action from automobile makers for manufacturing flaws.

Members of the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers—includ-ing Maruti, Hyundai, Tata, Toyota, Volkswagen, Honda, Bajaj, Hero, and Mahindra & Mahindra—have agreed to declare any defect or engineering flaw in vehicles on their own.

According to the report, automobiles with manufacturing or safety defects are “not an uncommon occurrence in the Indian automotive landscape.” The new code is expected to encour-age improvement in manufacturing processes to meet higher safety standards and better quality.

GlobalW0812.indd 14 7/5/12 3:03 PM

Others say they’re FAST...

Proto Labs’ entire operation is optimized to deliver quick-turn CNC machined and injection molded parts in as fast as one business day. We manufacture parts every day for thousands of customers, many of whom come to us at the last minute with dozens of designs they need to test ASAP. Since 1999, we’ve produced tens of thousands of molds, and shipped tens of millions parts to our customers all over the world.

Sure, it’s our technology that allows us to make your parts faster than anyone else. We back it up with large-scale global manufacturing facilities with hundreds of CNC machines and injection molding presses on three separate continents.

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the basic principles of the injection

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GlobalW0812.indd 15 7/2/12 10:36 AM

The House Energy and Commerce Committee has voted to release several pieces of legislation, including bills affecting the expansion of hydroelectric power, environmental regulation, and manufacturing com-petitiveness.

The American Manufacturing Competitiveness Act, H.R. 5865, is a bipartisan bill authored by Reps. Dan-iel Lipinski (D-IL) and Adam Kinz-inger (R-IL). The bill would establish a public-private American Manu-

facturing Competitiveness Board to advise the president on manufactur-ing issues and conduct analysis of the manufacturing sector.

The Resolving Environmental and Grid Reliability Conflicts Act, H.R. 4273, introduced by Reps. Pete Olson (R-TX) and Mike Doyle (D-PA), pre-vents power companies from being penalized for violating potentially conflicting environmental laws by amending the Federal Power Act to allow exemptions when parties are act-

ing under emergency orders. The Hydropower Regulatory Effi-

ciency Act, H.R. 5892, authored by Reps. Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA) and Diana DeGette (D-CO), facilitates the development of new hydropower projects across the country by reduc-ing regulations and streamlining the permitting process.

More information about these bills is available online at http://thomas.loc.gov/home/thomas.php. They can be found in a search by bill number.

washington window

Hydropower Bill and Two Others Move Forward

House Committee Holds a Hearing on OSTP

These stories are condensed from “Capitol Update,” a weekly report prepared by ASME Government Relations. More information is available at www.asme.org/kb/newsletters/capitol-update.

Senators Chris Coons (D-DE) and Jerry Moran (R-KS) have introduced legislation that would make it a little easier for renewable energy companies to raise capital.

The bill would revise the federal tax code to extend the list of energy companies permitted to form master limited partnerships.

A master limited partnership is a business structure that is taxed as a partnership, but whose ownership interests are traded like corporate stock on a market. By statute, this type of partnership has been available only to investors in energy port-folios for oil, natural gas, coal extraction, and pipeline projects.

According to a statement by Coons, these projects get access to capital at a lower cost and are more liquid than traditional financing approaches to energy projects, making them highly effective at attracting private investment. The bill, the Master

Limited Partnerships Parity Act, would make these arrange-ments available to additional companies.

According to the statement, “The MLP Parity Act simply expands the definition of ‘qualified’ sources to include clean energy resources and infrastructure projects. Specifically included are those energy technologies that qualify under Sections 45 and 48 of the tax code, including wind, closed and open loop biomass, geothermal, solar, municipal solid waste, hydropower, marine and hydrokinetic, fuel cells, and combined heat and power. The legislation also allows for a range of transportation fuels to qualify, including cellulosic, biodiesel, and algae-based fuels.”

Senators Jon Tester (D-MT), Al Franken (D-MN), Amy Klobu-char (D-MN), Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI), and Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) are original cosponsors of the legislation.

Tax Code Break Proposed for Renewables


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The House Committee on Science, Space, and Tech-nology brought in John P. Holdren, director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, as the sole witness in a hearing that explored the OSTP and its

function in shaping our national science policy.The hearing was titled “The Office of Science and Technol-

ogy Policy: Examining Priorities and Effectiveness of the Nation’s Science Policies,” and its purpose was to exercise the committee’s oversight authority of the OSTP.

In his opening statement, committee chair Ralph Hall (R-TX) said, “It should come as no surprise that I remain concerned about a number of this administration’s science and technology policy issues, ranging from an unprecedented emphasis on clean energy at the expense of other priorities to a larger focus on applied research at the expense of basic scientific research to the lack of a clearly defined and compel-ling long-term mission for human space flight.”

Holdren said in his testimony, “While OSTP has had a long and strong history as the epicenter of White House science and technology policymaking and as a key source of sound advice...on S&T-related issues, its responsibilities have become even more demanding in this administration because of the magnitude of the economic challenges facing the coun-try and the strong historical and projected role of science, technology, and innovation in economic growth and job cre-ation. At the heart of OSTP’s expanded efforts in this domain have been initiatives—many in partnership with other White House offices—to promote advanced manufacturing; create new public-private partnerships in areas such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) educa-tion; and improve access to government data and services.

WashingtonW0812.indd 16 7/5/12 3:01 PM

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WashingtonW0812.indd 17 7/5/12 3:02 PM

R esearchers have been on the hunt for a model that depicts how a film of tears cools and protects our eyes. That way, they could use the model to learn more about the role of tears and about the human eye.

Now mathematicians from the University of Delaware in Newark say they have

succeeded in creating a model of the fluid dynamics and heat flow in human tears.

When people blink, a thin liquid film is spread across the surface of each eye. These are the tears that always coat the eye. Experiments show that the surface of the tear film cools slightly after each blink. The rate of cool-ing can be even faster for those with dry eyes, according to the researchers, Longfei Li and Richard Braun. Braun is a math professor at the university and Li is a graduate student in the math department.

The two researchers set out to create a heat transfer model

with enough detail to capture this experimentally observed cooling.

To simulate the results seen in human studies, they surmised that the model must account for heat transfer. Models that set a

fixed temperature for the eyeball show the tempera-ture of the tear film actually increasing slightly

after each blink. A model that incorporates heat transfer into the eye through a thin region of tissue under the tear film likewise shows a temperature increase between blinks. But when the researchers incorporated heat

transfer into a sufficiently thick region of tissue under the tear film, the model produced results comparable to the rate of cooling observed in vivo, Braun said.

Future work by the team may touch on better ways to model the lipid component of tears and the temperature dynamics dur-ing the motion of a blinking eyelid, according to the researchers.

A paper detailing the work has been accepted for publication in the journal Physics of Fluids.

computing This section was written by Associate Editor Jean Thilmany.


A wheelchair is a very personal form of transportation and should be well suited to its user. That’s why selecting a

wheelchair is no easy task.At Wayne State University in Detroit,

a researcher has introduced computer technology intended to make it easier for people to select wheel-chairs that best suit their needs.

Kyoung-Yun Kim, associ-ate professor of indus-trial and systems engineering at Wayne State, has introduced a web-based decision support system to help those who need one select a wheelchair via the web.

Many people with disabilities live outside large metropolitan areas and lack access to experienced clinicians who can help them decide what kind of device is best for them, Kim said.

“Disabled patients almost always have a unique situation, so for something that looks like a simple device, making an optimal decision is not that simple,” he said. “It requires doctors’ and clini-cians’ assessments, as well as those of patients and their families. Combined with testing time, these are significant factors that lead to an increasingly

expensive selection process.” Before creating the web sys-

tem, Kim’s team reviewed current research in telere-

habilitation, an emerging field that aims to deliver

rehabilitation services over telecommunica-

tion networks and the Internet,

and complements in-person clinical assess-

ment and therapy in underserved areas. The resulting system improves the

selection and evaluation processes by helping the user assess wheelchair alternatives through use of targeted

web queries and selection criteria, Kim said.

As a control, his team tested face-to-face patient-clinician interactions. It also set up remote assessments using webcams so that patients and less expe-rienced clinicians in one location could consult with more expert clinicians in another location.

Subjects said the remote wheelchair selection system generally was very user-friendly and made it easy to find quality information, but they were neu-tral on whether they wanted to use it to help find a wheelchair, Kim said.

He and his team plan to work with other medical facilities, such as U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs hospi-tals, to encourage wider use of the tele-consultation model with this remote wheelchair selection system.

“We believe these improvements can also reduce the time needed to select a wheeled mobility device and eventu-ally reduce the cost of the process as well,” Kim said.

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COMPUTING

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have found a way to produce 3-D confi gurationsthat could lead to new microchips and other tiny devices.

The technique uses self-assembling

polymer materials that form tiny wires and junctions and could lead to devices with submicroscopic features.

Although similar self-assembling structures with very fi ne wires have been produced before, this is the fi rst

time the structures have been extended into three dimensions with di� erent, independent confi gurations on di� erent layers, said Caroline Ross, a professor of materials science and engineering at MIT in Cambridge, Mass.

Semiconductor researchers want to fi nd ways to produce chip features that are much narrower than the wave-length of light, and hence narrower than those achieved using light-based fabrication systems, she said.

Self-assembly based on polymers has been an active area of research, but “what we did was push it into the third dimension,” she said.

She and her colleagues began by creat-ing an array of tiny posts on a substrate of silicon; they coated the surface with materials called block copolymers, which have a natural tendency to assemble into long, cylindrical struc-tures. By carefully controlling the ini-tial spacing of the posts, the researchers were able to control the spacing, angles, bends, and junctions of the cylinders that form on the surface.

What’s more, each of the two layers of cylinders could be independently controlled using these posts, making it possible to create complex 3-D confi gu-rations, Ross added.

Earlier attempts used complex pro-cesses with many steps, and had failed to control the resulting confi gurations well. The new system is simpler, said Amir Tavakkoli, a visiting MIT gradu-ate student from the National Univer-sity of Singapore who worked on the research.

The team used computer simulations of the structures to explore the e� ects of di� erent post confi gurations on the double-layer 3-D structure, added Adam Hannon, a graduate student who also worked on the research. These simulations were compared with the most promising structures observed in the laboratory to get greater insight into how to control the resulting structures that formed, he added. The research is published in the June 8 edition of the journal Science.

No-Light Chips




CFD to GrowThe computational fluid dynamics market is expected to grow globally at a compound annual growth rate of 14 percent from 2011 to 2015, according to a recent analytic report from TechNavio, an arm of the market research firm Infiniti Research, of Elmhurst, Ill.

One of the key factors contributing to this market growth is the need for manufacturers to develop new products. The global mar-ket has also been witnessing collaboration among CFD vendors.

However, easy availability of open-source CFD software could pose a challenge to growth, the report stated.

The report, The Global Computational Fluid Dynamics Market 2011–2015, was prepared based on an analysis of the market with inputs from industry experts, according to TechNavio.

The report covers the Americas, Europe, Middle East, Africa, and Asia-Pacific.

T he worldwide numerically controlled software and related services market grew by 14.4 percent in calendar year 2011, according to CIMdata Inc. of Ann Arbor, Mich., a PLM con-sulting and research firm.

The firm based its estimates on end-user payments.The market growth rate in 2011 reflects continuing recovery from

the global economic downturn, manifesting in higher machine tool sales into the manufacturing industry, according to CIMdata.

The consulting firm projects that, in 2012, growth in manufac-turing will continue and end-user payments for NC software will increase by 12.4 percent to $1.714 billion. Since 2002, the NC soft-ware market has shown modest but steady growth in face of global recession and as global economies generally improved, CIMdata said.

There has been worldwide growth in the sale of machine tools and in manufacturing output for two main reasons: manufacturing firms have placed greater emphasis on the efficient operation of machine tools in order to strengthen their competitive positions, and the over-all product lifecycle management market, of which CAM software is a component, has continued on a strong growth path.

CAM software purchases are related to both of these factors— particularly machine tool sales, according to CIMdata.

Briefly NoTed

Axiom of Clearwater, Fla., a provider of general-purpose MicroStation utilities, has released Detail Finder, an application that allows users to find details, cells, blocks, and more in any number of MicroStation and AutoCAD files. /// Arena Solutions of Foster City, Calif., a provider of cloud product lifecycle management applications for bill of materials and change management, has announced a strategic partnership with octopart of New York, an electronic parts search engine, to offer item lookup for Arena’s BOMControl. /// dimenco of Boston is shipping its newest 23-inch glasses-free 3-D gaming monitor with Dimenco Dynamic View technology. The display can be switched from 2-D to 3-D mode. The application is also suitable for groups of people watching movies. /// Collier research Corp. of Hampton, Va., has released HyperSizer version 6.2 structural sizing and analysis software. The version includes new mod-eling capabilities for airframe wing box designs and laminate zone and ply-count optimization enhancements to improve manufacturing efficiency.

NC Market Growth


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computing

With a random-looking spat-ter of paint specks, a pair of cameras, and a whole lot of computer processing,

engineer Mark Iadicola of the National Institute of Standards and Technology has been helping the Federal Highway Administration, in cooperation with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, to assure the safety of hundreds of truss bridges across the United States.

Iadicola, a mechanical engineer at NIST, has been using a thoroughly modern version of an old technique called photographic measurement—or photogrammetry—to watch the failure of a key bridge component in detail.

The impetus for the project was the collapse of the Interstate 35W bridge in Minneapolis on August 1, 2007, when a thousand feet of the bridge’s main deck truss collapsed, part of it falling 108 feet into the Mississippi River. Thirteen people died, and 145 were injured.

An investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board assisted by the FHWA determined that the imme-diate culprit was a failed gusset plate, one of the flat, heavy pieces of steel that are bolted in pairs to join the ends of the steel members that form the bridge truss, according to Justin Ocel, an FHWA engineer.

As a result of a design error decades before, the gusset plates in the bridge were about half as thick as they should have been, Ocel said.

Although that design flaw was clearly a major factor in the disaster, the collapse highlighted the fact that gusset plates were not often considered by engi-neers during periodic reviews of bridge capacity, a process called load rating, Ocel added. It was generally assumed that gusset plates were properly sized to be stronger than the members they connect.

“One of the recommendations from the NTSB was that we include gusset plates in load ratings and until that point it hadn’t been done,” Ocel said. “To assist the states with this process we

developed a guidance document on how to load-rate gusset plates.”

In developing the guidance, the FHWA used the best available data on the failure modes of gusset plates in major bridges. But there wasn’t much, Ocel said.

So, at the FHWA’s Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, Va., team members began building full-scale models of bridge gusset plate joints and pulling them apart with a huge hydraulic test machine.

Iadicola was there to watch what hap-pened as the plates stretched and failed.

To find out exactly, he covered the plate with an irregular pattern of paint speckles and then trained a pair of care-fully calibrated, high-definition digital cameras on it. The cameras repeatedly imaged the plates, then sent the pictures to a computer that uses custom software to compare each image to the previous one and to calculate which paint spots have moved, in which direction, and by how much.

Using two cameras allows the comput-er to “see” the plate in three dimensions so it can tell if points on the surface move in or out as well as up, down, or sideways, Iadicola said.

“The NIST digital image correlation method is a good complement to the FHWA measurement methods,” he said. “Their techniques—strain gauges and photoelasticity—are very good for the normal range of stress in which the plate will stretch and spring right back to its original shape.

“Our method can tell you a little about that, but it really shines in showing you what happens past that point, when the plate starts permanently deforming and finally rips apart,” Iadicola added.

Currently, the FHWA is working with the American Association of State High-way and Transportation Officials to translate those findings into language that can be adopted into the AASHTO Bridge Design Specification and Manual for Bridge Evaluation, two documents used throughout the country for design-ing and load-rating bridges.

Stretching Exercises



Multibody models can generate largesystems of differential algebraicequations (DAEs). These equations cantake a significant amount of time tosolve numerically and often themodeller needs to make difficultdecisions between model fidelity andsimulation speed.

This webinar presents some of thebenefits of a general purpose symboliccomputation environment whenconstructing and generating simulationcode for multibody, multi-domain systems. Specifically, it considers how tools provided by theseenvironments can be harnessed to generate highly efficient simulation code through coordinateselection, symbolic manipulation, and expression optimization.

MapleSim™, a modeling and simulation platform that is based on theMaple™ symbolic computation engine and the Modelica® modeling language, is used as the investigative tool. As a case study, differentapproaches to an inverse dynamics solution of a Stewart-Gough platform are modeled and exported to C-code for simulation and timing.

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Maplesoft webinar ad August 2012:Layout 1 6/20/12 9:19 AM Page 1




Portuguese. This release can also read compressed versions of STEP and convert 2-D Catia version 5 drawings to the portable document format.Hardware: PC running Acrobat X Pro.Developer: Tetra4D LLC, 2211 Elliott Ave., Ste. 145, Seattle, WA 98121; 206-734-4490; fax 206-436-0638; www.tetra4d.com.Cost: $498 for those who already own Acrobat X Pro; $599 for those who need to upgrade from Acrobat 7, 8, or 9; $998 for those who don’t own Acrobat X Pro. www.me.hotims.com/43149-71 or circle 71

Drafting toolCapability: The 2-D mechanical draft-ing tool IronCAD Draft offers a3-D integration capability, enabling us-ers to work in 2-D but also to view, le-verage, analyze, render, and reference 3-D model data created by suppliers, customers, and colleagues. Users can open, edit, and save drawing files gen-erated by AutoCAD to share and com-municate with design team members. The interface has many commands commonly found in AutoCAD.Hardware: PC running Windows XP, Vista, or 7.Developer: IronCAD, 700 Galleria Parkway, Ste. 455, Atlanta, GA 30339; 800-339-7304; www.ironcad.com.Cost: $595; upgrade for existing users is $200.www.me.hotims.com/43149-72 or circle 72

SuStainable?Capability: As part of its Environment Sustainability Quotient Program, Underwriters Laboratories has estab-lished a web-based tool that provides manufacturers with a preliminary analysis of their sustainability initia-tives relative to the requirements of the standard UL 800: Sustainability for Manufacturing Organizations. The tool also aggregates responses from all survey respondents and provides an overall benchmark of

sustainability progress to date. Based on the criteria in UL 800, the assess-ment tool helps a manufacturer evalu-ate its sustainability profile based on key indicators, such as environmental purchasing policies, greenhouse gas reduction targets, and sustainable supply chain code of conduct. The assessment tool takes no more than 15 or 20 minutes to complete, according to UL. The Sustainability Quotient Program is a system of assessing, rating, and certifying the sustain-ability initiatives of corporations. The program addresses enterprise sustainability through five domains: environment, governance, workforce, customers and suppliers, and commu-nity engagement and human rights. Companies that participate in the SQ Program may pursue certification.Hardware: PC with Internet access.Developer: Underwriters Laborato-ries, 2600 N.W. Lake Road, Camas, WA 98607-8542; 877-854-3577; 360-817-6278; www.ul.com.Cost: Free, at sustainabilityquotient.questionpro.com.www.me.hotims.com/43149-73 or circle 73

Steel Simulation Capability: BuiltWorks is an integrat-ed structural steel design application working within the SolidWorks CAD environment. It allows for real-time steel design and provides tools for 3-D solid parametric modeling, design, analysis, connection detailing, and automatic generation of both draw-ings and reports. The application uses SolidWorks tools and is powered by embedded BuiltWorks add-ins to create an industry-specific steelwork model. The application also links to SolidWorks Simulation for the finite element analysis of steel structures.Hardware: PC running SolidWorks 2010 or later.Developer: SolidACE, Lukiškių Str. 3, 6th floor, LT-01108 Vilnius, Lithuania; +370-5-212-46-60; www.solidace.com.Cost: $2,995, starting.www.me.hotims.com/43149-70 or circle 70 3-D PDfCapability: The 3-D technology part-ner for Adobe Acrobat has released an update to its 3D PDF Converter, to version 3.4. This is the 3-D solution authorized by Adobe to run as an Ac-robat plug-in. The converter enables enterprise-wide data exchange and collaboration in 3-D. The upgrade provides support for the most recent versions of several CAD formats and includes support for three new languages: Spanish, Korean, and

software exchange

Describe the software program in detail, following the format shown here. You may include artwork. Send your submissions to:

Software ExchangeMechanical EngineeringThree Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5990fax: 212-591-7841e-mail: [email protected]

ME does not test or endorse any software program described in this section.

+submissions for software exchange


So

lid

AC

E

p Buildworks links to solidworks, so engineers can create and analyze industry-specific steelwork models and designs.

software0812.indd 24 7/2/12 10:18 AM


Interested inbecoming amentor? ASME’s Mentoring Program providesthe opportunity to:

• Give back to your profession

• Share your experiences and skills

• Connect with a younger generation

• Benefit from your mentee’s insights

ASME Mentoring Program

“…The primary benefit from this mentoring program for me is the

realization that I still have much to offer,and interacting with early career engineersenriches my career and my life due to their

energy and enthusiasm.”

– Jill L. Alvarez, P.E.Oncor Electric Delivery Company ASME Mentor

“… it has been very rewarding to watch my mentee expand his thought processes

and gain confidence in himself. Being partnered with a mentee that had separate and distinct

work demands freed me from dictating concepts and ideas and allowed me to observe

my mentee learning on his own. That in turnhas made me a better manager.”

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Join the ASME Mentoring Program atgo.asme.org/mentoring

mentoringADme_Layout 1 6/20/12 2:17 PM Page 1

m Phone resists liquids and dust.

Safe and SecureA phone designed to send an alert when it senses that something is wrong—say, that the person carrying it hasn’t moved for an unusual interval of time—can save lives. But to be truly useful it has to stand up to extreme conditions, which may involve exposure to water, dust, chemicals, and impacts.

That was the intention of Sonim Technologies in its XP3340 Sentinel phone. The company markets the phone as a lifeline for workers in potentially hazardous environments. They could be emergency responders, firefighters, pipeline inspectors, or workers in agri-culture, forestry, or anywhere terrain and conditions are often unpredictable. Workers are moving through those unpredictable spaces often out of sight and hearing of anyone else. They may

pass through dust or smoke. Some may be wading in water.

A user in distress can send a call for help. If an accident renders a worker unable to operate the device, the Sentinel has sensors that detect events such as impact, free-fall, pro-longed tilt, and no movement, at various thresholds to match the user’s work scenario. The devices are configured to work with an over-the-air monitor-ing service to detect accidents and minimize false alarms.

But these are telephones, after all, and people will use them most often to carry on conventional conversations. The phones have micro-phones, speakers, and electronic parts that all need to be protected from dust, water, and chemicals. To protect the

sensitive internal parts and still have them function as phones, Sonim used

Portable Electronic Vents made by W. L. Gore & Associates.

According to Gore, the vents are low-resistance acoustic materials that offer minimal transmission loss while they present a barrier to particles and liquids. They use robust adhesives for a reliable seal.

Sonim says the Sentinel can function after lying under a meter of water for as long as

half an hour.The phone can be tracked

by GPS or by an emergency response call center. It can run for 20 to 24 hours of talk time and operate in standby mode for 800 hours. It can withstand shock up to 4 g and is rated for temperatures from -5 to 130 °F.


techfocus This section was edited by Executive Editor Harry Hutchinson

Fluid Handling & Fluid Power

When Ashcroft Inc. sent out a short press release about its free on-site inspection offer, we thought: That’s nice, but how can they make that work?

It’s a program that the company has

conducted for a while now. Sometimes Ashcroft calls it the Instrument Doctor, represented by a grand-fatherly guy in matching white coat and mustache who makes house calls. The visits are also called On-Site Safety Assurance Reviews. The company sends experts to a plant, and they spend a day there reviewing the gauges in service to make sure they are safe and reliable.

We spoke to Lou Altieri, Ashcroft’s product manager for process and industrial gauges, who told us that, yes, the pro-gram is open to anyone, is conducted at no charge, and does not require an agreement to buy anything. In order to make it practical, though, the company has its territory managers evalu-ate requests, which can be made by various means including through the company’s website, or by way of distributors or the territory managers themselves.

According to Altieri, the company is trying to review facilities that offer an opportunity for

mutual return. A recent visit to a pharmaceu-ticals plant in New Jersey is a case in point.

Ashcroft sent Altieri, a materials engineer, and a territory manager, who met representatives of the plant to hear their concerns and explain how the

plant survey works, and then spent the rest of the day reviewing applications.Generally, reviewers try to look at as many

instruments as they can. The average is about 20 percent of those at a plant, Altieri said.

What they are looking for are misapplied gauges and other instruments, which could be subject to excessive pressure, temperature, or vibration, for instance. In some plants, that could be as many as one-fifth of the gauges and instruments examined, he said.

Ashcroft’s representatives summarize their findings and requests in a PowerPoint presentation. The report is sometimes made the day of the visit or the day following. It also includes tips telling plant personnel what to look for so they can conduct their own reviews in the future.

House Calls

So

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no

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tech0812B.indd 26 7/2/12 2:02 PM

August 2012 | MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 27


Engineering Success...

Simulation Software for a New Frontier in Engineering Innovation.

Follow us online.For more information: [email protected] www.cd-adapco.com/aerospace

cdadapcov7ad0212.indd 1 2/28/12 2:23 PM

An Ontario company says it is building Canada’s largest biodiesel plant. When it is fi nished, the plant will have the capacity to produce 170 mil-lion liters of biodiesel a year.

The company, Great Lakes Biodiesel, is build-ing the plant in Welland, Ontario. TWD Technolo-gies of Burlington, Vt., is in charge of engineering, procurement, and con-struction management.

The processing plant is scheduled to become operational this fall. It will turn out biodiesel of ASTM 6751 quality made from Canadian vegetable oils, derived primarily from canola and soybeans. The plant will produce the fuel through the continuous transesterifi cation process, using technology from the Desmet Ballestra Group, an interna-

tional company headquartered in Paris. According to Great Lakes Biodiesel, the process operates

under mild operating conditions with constant quality and minimizes specifi c consumption of raw materials and

energy. The technology converts agriculture based oils into methyl esters, which constitute biodiesel.

The production building will occupy 1,236 square meters and will include storage capacity for 8.5 million liters.

The company says the plant has received approv-als from the Natural Resources Canada ecoEn-ergy for Biofuels Program and the Ontario Ministry

of the Environment. It has also passed an environmental assessment carried out in accordance with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act.

Ontario Biodiesel Plant Aims for 170M Liters/Year

m The Great Lakes Biodiesel plant under construction in Welland.

tech0812B.indd 27 7/2/12 2:02 PM

63526 ASME Design Conference Ad (8/12)Full Size: 8.375”W X 11.125”HLive Area: 7”W x 10”WColor: 4-color (CMYK)Misc: N/A

MARSH

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LLIN

G

m Melling's polymer pump bushing.

When an automotive components manufacturer was developing an electric water pump for an engine, it needed a small sliding bushing that would support the pump’s impeller and hold up in the cooling system. The part would have to bear high temperatures and operate in a solution of water and antifreeze.

The manufacturer, Melling, chose a thermoplastic polymer for the job because it was rated to withstand mechanical stresses in a high-heat environment where metals had previ-ously failed. It used Victrex WG poly-etheretherketone polymer. The WG stands for “wear grade.”

According to Victrex, the mate-rial o� ers good hydrolysis, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability. Its coe� cient of thermal expansion is similar to that of steel. It has high abrasion resistance for loads at 4,500

rpm and a low coe� cient of friction. It weighs about 70 percent less than metals.

The material is recyclable and complies with the European Union’s Restric-tion of Hazardous Sub-stances Directive.

Gilberto Fanaro, director of sales and marketing at Melling in Brazil, said: “A failure of the system can lead to over-heating and the breakdown of internal components....Mechanical integrity and dimensional stability are, there-fore, essential material requirements.”

David Cislaghi, injection molded parts development manager at Ens-inger, the molder of the sliding bush-ings, said: “Traditionally, metal sleeve bearings, and in some cases, ball bearings, are used in these systems. However, when these components

are immersed in a 50/50 mix of water and ethylene glycol at 150 °C, corrosion can occur which can lead to failure of the cooling system. Using the PEEK-based Victrex WG polymer for the sliding bushing has eliminated the possibility of that corrosion.”

Fanaro said that injec-tion molding “has made it possible to create a single bearing system leading to the miniaturization of the cooling pump components.”

Victrex pointed out that reducing frictional losses led to a reduction in the power consumption of the pump, and the energy e� ciency improvement would mean lower vehicle emissions. The company said that reduced stress on the component could extend the lifetime of the bushing.

Polymer for the Pump

Shale gas extraction and water reuse for power plants are among the leading growth markets in the air, energy, and water fi elds, according to a market research fi rm. The fi rm, McIlvaine Co., has created

a list of the 10 most promising markets and says they include some with double-digit growth opportunities.

So this is one company’s best bets in order of potential market size.1. Shale gas: According to McIlvaine, the requirement for hydraulic fracturing increases the investment in fl ow con-trol and treatment products in this industry. The U.S. has reserves which could make it self-suffi cient for 30 years. China’s reserves are greater but deeper and are in areas short of water where it will be needed. China plans 60 billion cubic meters of capacity by 2020.2. Vessel air and water treatment: McIlvaine estimates an investment of $70 billion will be needed to supply 70,000 ships with systems to treat ballast water to avoid discharges of inva-sive species. Large investments will also be needed to reduce sulfur and NOx emissions from ships.3. Water Reuse: Power plants and other large water users will accelerate the treatment and use of wastewater. McIl-vaine expects that investments in systems and chemicals “will be substantial.” (ASME has identifi ed this area as the “Energy-Water Nexus,” and the need for sustainability tech-nologies to support it was the subject of an article, “Energy

Meets Water,” in the July 2011 issue.)4. NOx control: McIlvaine sees demand from coal-fi red power plants in China and regulation of vehicle emissions in the U.S. and Europe spurring double-digit growth in NOx control tech-nologies, especially for suppliers of urea and ammonia. 5. Aquaculture: Recirculating tanks and effi cient fi ltration are improving fi sh farming, which is growing in importance, McIl-vaine says, with the depletion of wild fi sh populations.6. Improvements in fossil plants: Resistance to new construc-tion and the aging of plants in the U.S. and Europe are forcing operators of existing coal-fi red power plants to modernize. Many will replace outdated instrumentation and controls.7. Remediation: McIlvaine predicts that remediation of soil and groundwater in developing countries will generate $36 billion in revenue this year.8. Fine particulate reductions: McIlvaine expects legislation will stimulate markets for particulate reduction technology and also predicts that fabric fi lters will replace electrostatic precipitators in many cement and power plants.9. Management of solid waste: Waste-to-energy through combustion of solid wastes or generation of biogas will replace landfi ll as a disposal method in developing countries. 10. Renewables: Although the short-term outlook for wind and solar has been dimmed by interest in shale gas and solar cell manufacturers have been shaken up, McIlvaine predicts that the renewables market will bounce back.

Growth Markets Include Shale Gas, Water-Energy Nexus

TECHFOCUS


tech0812B.indd 28 7/2/12 2:02 PM

63526 ASME Design Conference Ad (8/12)Full Size: 8.375”W X 11.125”HLive Area: 7”W x 10”WColor: 4-color (CMYK)Misc: N/A

MARSH

63526 (8/12) ©Seabury & Smith, Inc. 2012

1-800-289-ASME (2763)AR Ins. Lic. #245544 • CA Ins. Lic. #0633005

d/b/a CA Seabury & Smith Insurance Program Management

To learn more, visit www.asmeinsurance.com

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tech0812B.indd 29 7/2/12 2:03 PM


Several years ago, an electronics company decided what the world really needed

was an MP3 music player designed specifi cally for athletes. Sure, Apple iPods were already popular. Yet the company’s market researchers thought some people might want an inexpensive device to take to a sweaty gym.

So they did what marketers usually do when they want to specify a product’s design: They gathered dozens of prospective customers in focus groups and asked them what they wanted in a music player.

The answers were almost predictable. The athletes wanted something small, cheap, and mobile, with a cluster of slick features. The researchers took notes. Then they gave their list to the engineers, who designed an MP3 player to meet those specifi cations.

Only the athletes did not use it. To fi nd out why, the company hired

anthropologist Christina Keibler, founder of People Path, a fi rm in Lawrence, Kans., o� ering “ethnography and qualitative research.” She set out to stalk athletes in their native habitat.

Keibler observed them in gyms, with the same perspective that anthropologists bring to the study of

Designing for

Alan S. Brown is associate editor of

Mechanical Engineering magazine.

Design anthropology

seeks to understand

people we don’t know—and those we think we do.

by Alan S. Brown

Anthropology2.indd 30 7/6/12 1:26 PM


Gym members were social. Just as villagers might gather at

the water pump in the square, athletes would meet friends in the gym and pull out their

earphones to talk.

Technology’sUnknown Tribes



distant cultures and isolated tribes. She quickly discovered why the MP3 player had failed. The ath-letes’ hands were too sweaty to manipulate the tiny function buttons on the small device, so they could not use its features.

That might have been enough to fi x the player’s fatal design fl aw. But as Keibler watched, she learned something else: Gym members were social. Just as vil-lagers might gather at the water pump in the square, athletes would meet friends in the gym and pull out their earphones to talk.

Based on Keibler’s insights, the design team made some changes. They made the device larger and easier to con-trol, and eliminated many functions that few wanted to use. They also added a quick kill button, which stopped the music so athletes could talk with friends without having to take out their earphones.

“A lot of times, what we end up doing is fi xing a design created in a focus group that doesn’t work in real life at all,” Keibler said.

For Keibler, nothing can replace watching people use products in everyday settings.

“In focus groups, people want to tell researchers what they want to hear,” she said. “So when someone asks if they want an MP3 or a feature, they say, ‘Great.’ People say things o� the top of their heads regardless of how they would really use the product. There’s a huge di� erence between what we say and what we do.”

Observing and videotaping how people used the MP3 player in a hot, sweaty gym showed what was really impor-tant. In this case, it was not just the design of the product, but also the way people interacted with their friends.

Those observations redefi ned how designers looked at their product. This is just one of the ways anthropology is reframing questions and opening new design opportuni-ties in everything from consumer products and computer interfaces to mechatronics systems and industrial design.

People FirstBefore designers begin to work on a product, they need to

understand the potential user. There are many ways to do it. Some designers create a mental image, or persona, of a potential user. Others go with their own gut prefer-

ences. In the corporate world, many tap into detailed data accumulated from mouse-clicks on the Web.

Yet these methods all have something in common: They start with what we know.

Even data-driven studies constrain the type of questions we ask. They leave market researchers and designers in the same position as the drunk at midnight who lost his keys on one side of the street but searches on the other because that is where the streetlight is. Similarly, researchers often look for answers only where their data illuminate the ground.

So who better to search the dark, unexplored side of the street than anthropologists? After all, they go through rigorous academic training to banish preconceptions so they can look at groups of people—tribes—and their shared cultures with fresh eyes.

Moreover, unlike market researchers and designers, anthropologists start with people rather than products.

Swinburne University of Technology in Australia has a program devoted to design anthropology. As Dori Tunstall, who heads the program, describes the discipline, “We’re a fi eld that takes on the larger questions: Nature and nur-ture. How did things change over time? The evolution of products and people. What is in our heads and what is out there in the world. How do new proper-ties, things, cultures emerge, not from individuals, but from groups?”

According to Keibler, the result is very di� erent from the type of information others might report back after watching people use their prototypes.

“They might miss how information is passed on, or what e� ect technology has on the culture in terms of generation gaps or other factors,” Keibler said. “If you don’t have basic understanding of the culture as a whole, you won’t understand what’s going on in front of you. It’s like trying to understand Shakespeare without learning to read.”

In the case of the MP3 player, designers would certainly have caught the form and function issue of sweaty hands and device size. But they might have missed the gym’s social role, something that would have jumped out at any trained anthropologist. They would have missed the meaning of the MP3 player in the gym’s social environment.

Understanding the meaning of objects in a culture opens new ways of thinking for many designers.

The most obvious is understanding how di� erent coun-tries and cultures use technology, said Jan Chipchase, cre-ative director with international consultant frog Design. Chipchase started out with a graduate degree in human-

The van was a little messy. Kids played in it. People ate their French fries in it. It was like a casual living room.



machine interfaces, but became a leader in design anthropology during his eight years with Nokia. There, he was known for his studies of mobile phone use in de-veloping nations. His work spanned how Afghanis used mobile phones for banking, and how workers in the maze of slums of Mumbai used cellphones to help fi nd lo-cal landmarks so they could run errands faster.

Anthropology can also reframe our un-derstanding of familiar places and behav-ior. Several years ago, for example, Chrys-ler asked Keibler and her partner, Gavin Johnston, to contribute to the redesign of the Dodge Caravan minivan.

“It came down to spending hours tooling around with families using minivans to get around,” Keibler recounted. “We real-ized that the van was actually like a mobile living room. It was a little messy. Kids played in it. People ate their French fries in it. It was like a casual living room.

“So we did parallel fi eld work to look at how people used their living rooms. Dodge then redesigned the van’s seats, folding tables, video screens, gaming and video controls, and storage compartments to incorporate what we learned.”

Design anthropologist Simon Roberts’s work at Intel Corp. also reframes a familiar experience, ag-ing. Roberts, who recently joined innovation strat-egy fi rm ReD Associates in Copenhagen, undertook the studies as part of a larger Intel research program in digital health.

When Roberts talked with older adults, he found they talk-ed about aging in place. “They said they didn’t want to end up in a care home. They wanted to be at home,” he explained.Roberts’s team started thinking about what the elderly meant by “place.” If they were talking about their apartments only, builders could place rails along the corridors and rooms to make it easier to get around. Instead, Roberts found that they had more in mind.

“They were really talking about values,” Roberts said. “No one wants to look at the wall all day. They wanted to get out. Being out is about being social, interacting with people, talk-ing with shopkeepers. This was what people really wanted when they talked about aging in place.”

Intel never commercialized a specifi c product for aging adults, Roberts said. “But our research did inform products that later did get onto the market, products that helped build social connection among aging adults,” Roberts said.

“One of the things design anthropologists have to accept is that our work may spotlight huge opportunities or routes of engagement, but businesses cannot do everything. Even if our fi ndings don’t hit the road as a product, at least we’ve sen-sitized the designers and executives to what the real issues are and why they are important.”

Techno AnthroIt is no accident that Roberts worked for Intel, the world’s leading microprocessor company. Design anthropology has become a fi xture in the tech world. Citrix, Claro, Facebook, Fujitsu, Google, IBM, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia, and Sapient all employ anthropologists. Even anthropologists

employed by non-tech fi rms, such as JCPenney and Target, often work on the tech side.

Today’s understanding of design anthropology really be-gan 30 years ago, at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Xerox PARC was ground zero for the development of the computer graphical user interface, which made computers, smart-phones, pads, and even industrial equipment far more acces-sible to the casual user.

There, anthropologists provided valuable input into devel-opment of the graphical user interface now found on PCs and Macs. It was also the home of Lucy Suchman, who helped transform the fi eld of human-machine interaction.

Suchman joined Xerox PARC as a graduate student in 1979 and stayed for 22 years. A landmark early project focused on the Xerox 8200 copier. The copier came with instructions that were di� cult to follow. Xerox executives said this was a user problem.

Suchman wanted to probe deeper and understand what made the 8200 so di� cult to use. She installed one near her o� ce with a time-lapse camera to tape people using it.

One of those videos made it into the executive suite. In it, two men in jeans struggled for nearly an hour to make dou-ble-sided copies. Finally, they gave up.

After viewing the video, one manager asked if those guys came from the loading dock. Not exactly. The technological “incompetents” were Ron Kaplan, a computational linguist,

Tunstall found participants organized products by place and gender. Men’s products went in the garage and outside; women’s, inside the home and kitchen.



In the mid-1980s, an ambitious mechatronics engineer in Den-mark went off to learn how the Japanese designed products. Ultimately, his research helped popularize design anthropology

in Europe.Japan had a well-earned reputation for creating new products.

Jacob Buur decided that was the best place to write his Ph.D. the-sis on industrial design, and spent 18 months learning Japanese before jetting off to Tokyo.

Initially, Buur struggled. The design process mystified him. In no way did it resemble the boxes with arrows between them that he had learned about in Denmark.

He asked his mentor for more time with one company. “I got a week,” he recounted. “They gave me a desk and let me walk around and talk with people and figure out how they worked.

“I realized things I never would have found out in interviews. One morning, a guy with an armband with Japanese signs on it came in. He was on vacation, but working. Another one’s armband said he was on strike, but he came to work anyway.”

The work culture was not the only thing different. “I kept looking for those boxes and arrows. They nodded and smiled, but they didn’t know what I meant,” he chuckled.

Instead, he discovered the KJ Method, a field technique popular-ized in business by anthropologist Jiro Kawakita. Kawakita would write all his field observations on small index cards, spread them on a large table, and group them together.

He named the groups with words used by the people he had observed to try to see things through their eyes. Then he sorted the groups into larger groups. Each sort uncovered new relation-ships between many different ideas and observations.

The KJ Method was very popular among product development teams in Japan. When Buur tried it with his own observations, new patterns emerged. “From this experience, I learned to construct meaning from bits and pieces, from the bottom up,” Buur said.

When he returned to Denmark, he joined Danfoss Group to cre-ate a world-class research team in mechatronics and the type of human-machine interfaces the Japanese were so good at building into consumer products.

Buur brought in experts to learn new techniques. One of them

was Alison Black of IDEO, a design firm that used anthropological methods to understand potential customers. At the time, Buur’s team was exploring joysticks to control backhoe loaders.

Black suggested they try videotaping users. Buur’s team liked getting out with real people, and the videos helped them under-stand how much functionality each class of joystick should have.

They also showed that people who worked with heavy machines wanted industrial-size joysticks, even though smaller devices would work equally well.

Buur later brought in Melissa Cefkin, an anthropologist at the Institute for Research on Learning, a Xerox PARC spinoff, who lat-er joined IBM. She set up time-lapse cameras in a factory to help Buur analyze how repair technicians interacted with the machines in a newly digitized plant.

They quickly uncovered a culture clash. The technicians had well-defined maintenance rituals. First, they dressed for action, strapping on hard hats and tool belts. Then they carried their toolbox to the machine, where they set up camp. Only then did they start running experiments to isolate any problems.

The plant’s digital control system, however, made testing diffi-cult. The plant operators, who relied on data and charts to run the facility, liked it that way.

“We faced a dilemma,” Buur said. “Who was in control? The plant operators believed that the digital system controlled the plant and the people were slaves to the system. But it was really the other way around. The people could see problems faster.”

Danfoss developed a handheld device and protocols that made it easier for technicians to run their tests. Eventually the plant operators realized they had to give up some control to the techni-cians if they wanted to run the plant more efficiently.

Since 2000, Burr has run the Sønderborg Participatory Innova-tion Research Center, or SPIRE, at the University of Southern Den-mark. There, he teaches engineers to broaden their understanding of what they do.

“We like surprises and contradictions because they help us generate theory rather than problems,” he said. “Theory gives you an opportunity to do more than find a quick fix. It lets you create things that make people happier in the long run.”

and Allen Newell, a pioneer in artificial intelligence.Suchman’s observations led her to realize that no machine

is ever truly self-explanatory. “Whoever we are, however sophisticated, we need time to make unfamiliar devices our familiars,” she wrote about her conclusions 25 years later.

In any event, Xerox management got the message. It added an expert system to the 8200 copier that helped guide users through each operation. It also replaced its failure codes with a display that that showed which part of the copier needed attention. The display reduced the time needed to clear paper jams to one minute, from an average of 28 minutes before.

As technology has grown more pervasive, the interaction between humans and computers has proven a fertile field for anthropologists, said Tracey Lovejoy, who heads an experi-

mental team at Microsoft’s Office Lab. “Microsoft wants to understand more about how people are

using their products, and develop new products for the real-ity of how people act and fit those products into their lives,” Lovejoy said. “If you think about where the computing world started, the technology was not sophisticated and it didn’t have the luxury of molding its products to users’ needs. To-day, it’s such a competitive market, and consumers have so much to choose from, you really have to think about how your products engage them.”

Lovejoy’s work has led in unusual directions. Her group investigated how Millennials—the generation now in middle school through early career—think about productivity, and how individuals represent their digital identity. One of her

The accidenTal anThropologisT



key conclusions is that the Microsoft all-business approach to software might have to yield to greater blending of work and home. This has already shown up as personalized tiles on Windows Phone.

The Internet provided an opportunity for anthropolo-gists. Tunstall recalls an early project for a large retailer who wanted to fi nd the most intuitive way to organize its products on the Web.

Tunstall invited consumers to sort index cards, each with a di� erent product on it, into groups. She then asked them to label the group and sort them into larger groups. Ulti-mately, she asked them to lay out the groups on an imagi-nary Web page.

Psychologists, sociologists, and other social scientists might have used the same methodol-ogy to see how people intuitively think about products. What set Tunstall’s work apart were the questions she asked as the participants cre-ated columns, grids, and radiating circles. Why did these products go together? How would they use this product?

These questions are second nature to anthro-pologists studying other cultures. Yet the answers Tunstall received from people who shared her own culture were surprising.

Tunstall found participants organized products by place and gender. Men’s products went in the garage and outside; women’s, inside the home and kitchen.

Yet even though her respondents grouped products by gender, they were quick to state that their own lives did not refl ect such clear divisions.

“A woman might say the tools all go in the garage, but she would say, ‘I’m the one who makes repairs.’ A man might place the blender in the kitchen, but would say, ‘I use it all the time.’

“Asking those questions is where anthropology brought something di� erent to the project,” Tunstall said.

Based on those insights, the retailer modifi ed its website to show products in the space where they were used. Users found the pages more intuitive to understand and navigate.

“In technology, it is all about maintaining an individual’s engagement,” Tunstall said.

Contradictions and ConnectionsThat engagement is happening everywhere, from our computers, the Internet, and smartphones to our cars, televisions, and smart vending machines that recognize the

di� erence between men and women and pitch them di� erent products.

“As products and services become more con-nected and have more social elements in them,

increasingly the decision of whether to opt into or out of a service is becoming one of whether to opt into or out of soci-ety,” Chipchase of frog Design told a conference sponsored by the innovation network PopTech in November 2011.

“As designers,” he added, “we’re confronted with moving

from designing for consumers to designing for constituents, people who may or may not know they are using our design or service. As a profession, we need to change our skill set and how we think about how we design.”

Design anthropology is the kind of lens that enables design-ers to see things in a new light. They can see the people who use a product and how they use it. Or they can understand what the product means to the person who buys it and takes into her everyday life.

Design anthropology takes designers closer to their world, and nowhere is it more powerful than when it unearths contradictions, Timothy de Waal Malefyt said. Malefyt now teaches at Fordham University’s Center for Positive Market-

ing, but he previously worked at global adver-tising giant BBDO Worldwide, where he did

research for many of the world’s leading brands. “Anthropologists often look for contradictions, the dif-

ference between what people say and what they do,” he ex-plained. “That’s where market researchers fl ip out, because they like clean data.”

Malefyt recalled a project for Proctor & Gamble: “We were looking at moderate to heavy uses of green products. I went to a woman’s house in Chicago to see what kinds of green products she had in her home. She had everything. Green soaps and detergents, three di� erent recycling bins, solar panels, and a rainwater collector. She drove a Prius.

“While she was talking about why conservation was impor-tant to her, her husband came home driving a big Suburban SUV. So I interrupted and said, ‘Sorry to contradict you, but why do you drive this big SUV?’

“She answered, ‘I have to drive my kids and other kids around, and I feel safe in this car.’ “

It seemed like a contradiction between what she said and what she did. Then Malefyt pulled back and saw the connec-tion: “It was all about her sense of protecting her family and the planet. I could see a connection between them,” he said.

Those types of connections are essential to understanding a world in which contradictions are clearly visible on every street corner.

According to Roberts at ReD Associates, it is a world where understanding technology is not enough.

“We have enough technology smarts to address the prob-lems that face us, whether they are climate change, obesity, or compliance with drug prescriptions,” he said.

“But unless we understand people, we really can’t do very much. We have to hoe the fi eld, prepare the ground for our technologies, ideas, and innovations, and fi nd what makes them come alive in the world.”

The job of the designer, he added, is to transform our under-standing of the experiences people have or want, and create products and services around them. ■

“We’re a fi eld that takes on the larger questions: Nature and nurture.

How did things change over time?”



Electrically powered cars have a reputation for being quiet, sometimes too quiet. But as electric-drive vehicles, in hybrid, plug-in hybrid,

and pure electric form, become more mainstream, engineers are discovering that these cars are not as soundless as first thought. There may not always be an internal-combustion engine rumbling under the hood, but there are plenty of parts in motion, and this provides an opportunity for unwanted noise.

One ongoing challenge “is muting the high-pitched noise of the power-control electronics as the electric motor changes torque,” said Kevin Dietrich, hybrid control systems integration manager for the Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in hybrid car introduced by General Motors in 2010.

“Hybrids and EVs have all sorts of considerations in noise, vibration, acoustics that go all the way into the vehicle’s structure, and these differ with each vehicle model,” Dietrich said.

Understanding the way noise travels differently though an electric-drive vehicle is just one of the challenges for engineers as they design a new generation of vehicles—a generation that represents the dawn of a new technological era in the transportation system. The upheaval goes beyond replacing the venerable ICE in some cases with all-electric powertrains. Bodies and chassis are evolving away from traditional sheet metal to more exotic materials, and con-sequently, the whole production process is being re-engineered. There are also new supply chains and carefully monitored demonstration programs.

The result is that the industry’s longstanding paradigms are being overturned. Making a car will never be the same.

Some people have argued that cars have been at least partly hybrid-electric since Charles Kettering’s electric starter motor, first installed on 1912 Cadillacs, became more or less stan-dard. (Those first starter motors actually worked as generators, similar to the regenerative braking systems on modern hybrids.) But in the popular concept of the term, hybrid-electric

chargingForward

Jack Thornton is a technology consultant in Santa Fe, N.M., and a frequent contributor to Mechanical Engineering.

By Jack Thornton

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Electric Vehicle 2.indd 36 7/2/12 2:06 PM


vehicles, which combine a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with a battery-powered electric propulsion system, hit the market in 1997 with the Toyota Prius. Toyota has sold more than 3 million Priuses worldwide since then.

While today there are dozens of hybrids, car companies are making vehicles with a larger and larger share of the propul-sion being performed by the electrical drive. The Chevrolet Volt is a plug-in hybrid, which enables motorists to top off their batteries with grid current in addition to being re-charged by the gasoline motor. The Nissan Leaf and the Ford Focus EV are powered solely by batteries.

Compared to the Prius, however, these more electric-oriented cars are still niche products. GM sold 7,700 Volts in the U.S. in 2011, and that same year Nissan sold nearly 10,000 Leaf EVs.

The differences in design complexity between hybrid-elec-trics and full electric vehicles are stark. Hybrids, with their dual powertrains—both mechanical and electrical—have auto industry mechanical and electrical engineers working together as never before to integrate the two systems. The result is a powertrain that is more complicated than that of any type of conventional vehicle, gasoline-powered, diesel, even natural-gas-powered.

EVs are noteworthy for their relative simplicity. Chuck Gray, chief engineer for core electrification engineering at Ford Motor Co. and a veteran of its powertrain operations, points out that not only do EVs not have internal combustion engines, they don’t have the things that go with them. The

list of redundant parts includes mechanical transmissions, starter motors, spark plugs and their wires, fuel injectors, fuel pumps, fuel filters, radiators, water pumps, hoses, and tim-ing belts. Also, Gray said, EVs weigh less than ICE-powered cars and require far less maintenance. All that means EVs should be much simpler to engineer and assemble than ICE-powered vehicles.

But electrics and plug-in hybrids (which can conceivably go days without running their engines) have their own chal-

As automobiles become more and more electric, some of the design challenges

are taking engineers by surprise.

The Ford Focus eV (top) and the chevy Spark (left) have replaced internal combustion

engines with batteries and electric motors. Plug-in hybrids such as the chevy Volt

(below) need both systems to operate.



lenges. The biggest is batteries. The power density of even the best battery is small when compared to the chemical energy in an identical volume of gasoline. That’s why EVs can at most eke out only around 100 miles per charge. Overcoming that challenge is the subject of decades-long research projects.

Power density, however, is not the only challenge for auto-makers. The lithium ion batteries found in most EVs gener-ate so much heat in use that they require their own cooling systems. Temperatures of all cells within the battery pack also must be held within a few degrees of each other, lest internal current loops form that may slash battery life.

Engineers at GM have found that the operating range of bat-teries varies so much due to temperature that they are cooling the packs with liquid. The extra cooling and thermal di� usion mean big engineering challenges in heat exchangers, and extra valving and plumbing, plus lots of thermodynamics and analy-sis with computational fl uid dynamics.

Other issues include cost, service life, and safety. Industry engineers note that the best of today’s lithium-ion batteries account for $10,000 to $15,000 of an EV’s sticker price, which is three to fi ve times the cost of an ICE and its mechanical transmission. As a result, EVs and hybrids cost roughly twice as much as comparable conventional vehicles. Owners look-ing to replace the EV battery packs after only three or four years—a consequence of the batteries’ short service life—face costs exceeding the expected Kelley Blue Book value of the vehicles. And if the lithium-ion batteries are punctured in an accident, dangerous materials may leak into the pas-senger compartment.

Batteries may have gotten the most attention in the press, but automakers are taking other factors just as seriously. “In hybrids you are adding an

engine to the mix of all the variabilities of an EV,” said GM’s Kevin Dietrich. “From an engineering standpoint, it is a big balancing game—motors, controls, engine, power electronics, and battery—across a wide spectrum of services, driver demands, and outside temperatures.”

Power electronics carry power back and forth between battery packs and motor/generators and control the power transfers, constantly adapting the powertrain to driving con-ditions. This requires precise control of voltage and current in all parts of the system. Hybrid and EV applications for power-control electronics “are huge and varied,” Dietrich said, “and an evolution is under way. What we think of as the second generation is in production now and work is well under way on the third.”

Optimizing these systems is a constant challenge. “There are many combinations of energy paths—electrical, mechanical, and thermal—to account for and analyze as part of maintain-ing drive quality,” Dietrich said.

But GM sees the quality of their power electronics as a com-petitive advantage. Controls, traction motors and batteries, and their integration “are very core technologies,” he said, “and GM is keeping these developments in-house.”

The charging system for electric-drive cars is also in need

The Volt’s Burning Issues

Lost amid the reporting of the Chevy Volt fi res last year was the fact that after putting over 6 million miles on hybrids and EVs, not one has

caught fi re outside of a lab. In contrast, the National Fire Protection Association reports there were roughly 184,000 highway vehicle fi res in 2010, nearly all of them in gasoline-powered vehicles; 285 deaths resulted.

Almost as overlooked was the fact that widely report-ed Volt fi re at a National Highway Transportation Safety Administration testing facility in Wisconsin occurred weeks after the lithium ion battery was compromised. On May 12, 2011, a side-impact crash test poked a hole in the battery pack, breaking open some of the battery cells and puncturing coolant lines. That caused the explosion and fi re—but not until June 4. The Volt was in the lab’s parking lot; the fi re destroyed that car and four nearby vehicles.

The NHTSA cleared GM and the Volt by stating that it did not identify a safety defect and concluding that the car does not pose any unusual risk of fi re. The agency also said it “remains unaware of any real-world crashes that have resulted in a battery-related fi re involving the Chevy Volt or any other electric vehicle.” Further tests by GM and the NHTSA failed to reproduce the explosion and fi re.

In any event, GM is retrofi tting the roughly 8,000 Volts it has already sold and modifi ed the battery packs in new vehicles coming off the assembly line. The new structural reinforcement better protects the battery pack from punctures or a coolant leak in a severe side-impact crash.

That’s not the end of GM’s battery woes. At the end of 2011, GM switched the Volt’s battery supplier from LG Chem Ltd. of South Korea to A123 Systems in Waltham, Mass. On April 11, 2012, gases from a prototype A123 bat-tery pack exploded and burned briefl y in an enclosed test cell at GM’s Alternative Energy Center in Warren, Mich.

It took a crash and weeks of neglect before this Volt caught fi re.



of optimization. The electric motors that propel the car do double duty as generators which recharge the car with energy harvested from regenerative breaking. Adding complication, plug-in vehicles need to accept grid electricity as well as that from their own generators.

Engineers at Chrysler are working on a new system for re-charging the batteries of its demonstration fleet of 165 plug-in hybrid-electric pickup trucks and minivans. Unlike the Pri-uses and Volts, the Ram truck and Town and Country minivan are plug-in workhorses. A Ram pickup can carry up to half a ton in the back, tow a 6,000-pound trailer, and handle 30 percent grades. One Ram 1500 PHEV was driven to the top of Pike’s Peak in Colorado.

The centerpiece of the PHEV system is an on-board 6.6-kilo-watt ac battery charger that can switch between 240- and 110-volt power. The system can reverse itself so that, powered by the 5.7-liter gasoline engine, the Ram 1500 pickup can act as a generator and supply electricity to the power grid. “With a full tank of gas,” said Abdullah Bazzi, senior manager of Chrysler Group’s advanced hybrid vehicle project, “a Ram 1500 PHEV can generate 6.6 kW continuous power for five days.”

That ability may seem a curiosity at best, but it has gotten the attention of the U.S. military. The Army is testing the sys-tem at Fort Carson in Colorado to see whether several Ram pickups could constitute a micro-power grid for battlefield medical installations. “The gasoline engine powers its own micro-grid,” Bazzi said, noting that several electric utilities are testing a related system.

While Chrysler’s Town and Country PHEV minivans have essentially the same mechanical and electrical integration

as the Ram 1500, “The anticipated uses of the minivans and their component packaging are quite different,” Bazzi said. The minivans use a smaller, 3.6-liter gasoline engine and won’t have the grid connectivity or the reverse power flow capability of the pickups.

Ford is also developing plug-in chargers for its EVs that com-municate with the electric power grid. “It turns out that there are many new things involved for our engineers writing the software for the grid interface to validate,” Ford’s Chuck Gray said. “Among them was the charger’s response to fluctuating line voltages.”

But Ford is also working on another variable element: the driver. The company is offering instrument panel enhance-ments designed to coach motorists into improving their driv-ing. New gauges and readouts keep the driver aware of the state of the vehicle’s electrical systems, the condition of its battery, the electric motor, and the ICE.

One innovation is the Brake Coach: It helps drivers over-come any urge to delay braking so they won’t have they have to “stab the brakes” to slow or stop. “By starting to brake soon-er and braking more slowly, the regeneration systems extract more kinetic energy for recharging,” Gray said.

Until all these engineering issues are resolved, U.S.-built EVs and plug-in hybrids will appear only in a few dealer showrooms in a handful of markets.

We may love the idea of clean and quiet electric vehicles, but when it comes to the cars we drive, we want something we can rely on to take us as far as we want to go. n

The emergence of electric-drive vehicles is creating con-flicting design and engineer-

ing requirements and the way forward will be bumpy and occasionally unclear. That lack of clarity extends to the impact on the number—and type—of engineering jobs in the automotive industry.

Opportunities in the auto industry have several large unknowns, from the impact of outsourcing work abroad to the number of newly minted engineers entering the workforce. But one thing seems clear: The role of computer-aided engineering will only get larger.

Al Houtman, vehicle performance manager for the Chevy Volt, explained that “balance” in the vehicle [or any complex product] requires extensive analysis to get the systems engineering

and the systems integration right. “We have so much to balance on hybrids and EVs that the modeling and simula-tion never end. Some of the analyses have hundreds of variables to quantify and weight against each other.”

The more analysis GM does, Houtman added, “the more we are able to reduce the num-ber of potential solutions and, beyond that, reduce the pos-sible variations in the vehicle itself.”

Kevin Dietrich, a hybrid control systems integration manager for the Chevy Volt, said, “Any new engineer

here needs CAE skills in modeling and simulation. Most of the new engineers have Matlab and Simulink on their lap-

tops and those laptops go every-where they go. Today’s

young engineers do far more analyses

than we ever did when I was new on the job, back in the 1980s.”In EVs, model-

ing and simulation “begin with picking

the right basic components and matching them to get the most

efficient mix,” Dietrich added. “I would advise MEs not to shy away from the electrical side of the profession. For MEs, avoiding electronics completely is a risky career choice.”

re-engineering the engineers

This electric generator was designed in caD.



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Young people do stupid things for fun. Suburban garages are stu� ed with the detritus

of what were, in retrospect, dumb things that seemed like fun at the

time. Paddle balls, Hula-Hoops, lawn darts—what were we thinking?

The pogo stick was once such a toy. You bounced up a few inches, you

came down again, then repeated the cycle till boredom set in. A

small subsection of pogo owners, however, found that bouncing for

minutes, or even hours, on end, was a thrill. In the early 1980s, for

instance, the world record (in the Guinness book thereof) for most

consecutive hops was held, briefl y, by one Je� Kane, who pogoed

120,715 times in just over 16 hours. The pleasure was simple enough

that the pogo stick’s design has sur-vived the better part of a century with

virtually no change. Why optimize when up and down is accomplished

so e� ciently? But recently, there has been a renaissance, a veritable

punctuated equilibrium in stick design where engineers have looked

for new ways to store and release the kinetic energy of a bouncing person.

For decades, the humble pogo stick

was built from the same basic design.

Recently, however, three entrepreneurs

have followed different paths to

create sticks that can launch people to dizzying heights.

BY MICHAEL ABRAMS

Michael Abrams is a freelance writer in New York City, and a frequent contributor to Mechanical Engineering.

Pogo3.indd 41 7/2/12 3:13 PM


And with those new designs, there has been a revolution in the way people use pogo sticks. Thanks to technology that stores and releases energy more efficiently than ever be-fore, pogoing is now recognized as a sport, of sorts, as wild, dangerous, and breathtaking as anything you’d see at the X-games. At this year’s Pogopalooza last month, you might have seen someone launch himself five, six, eight feet in the air. Or do back flips, or land with one foot, or bounce per-pendicularly off a wall.

The new technology has turned pogoing from a joy of the stupid sort, to one a lot closer to crazy.

E xtreme pogo, as it is called, got its first national ex-posure ten years ago at the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Entrepreneur Brian Spencer trucked a few prototypes of a new, pneumatically powered pogo

stick in from Orange County, California. Spencer convinced Olympic organizers to give him enough space for an extreme pogo demonstration.

The sight of Spencer and his compatriots rocketing around the demonstration grounds and into the air drew some gasps and all sorts of attention, including that of a television reporter. Would it be possible, the reporter asked, for Spen-cer to launch himself over the reporter during a segment on the pogo exhibition?

“I’m thinking there’s probably a 50/50 risk of cracking him in the head,” Spencer recalled.

But the stunt went smoothly and Spencer—who had wanted the Salt Lake City event to promote his pogo stick—got his national exposure. Though it was great publicity, there was a downside: Spencer still only had prototypes. “We let the cat out of the bag on national television,” he said.

Spencer’s pogo, which he called a Vurtego, was a radical rethinking of the basic pogo stick of childhood memory. That stick had changed little since Max Pohlig and Ernst Gott-schall—the po and go of pogo—patented their federnd wirk-ende Hüpfstelze in 1920. An outer frame is kept from crashing

into an inner piston by an internal coiled spring. Near the base of the outer frame are two footrests, much like that of a stilt. When the pogoer steps onto the foot-rests, his weight com-presses the spring.

That in itself won’t do much. But press-ing down hard or

jumping onto the footrests stores more energy in the spring than is needed to support the pogoer’s weight; when that energy is released, the extra energy accelerates the rider just a bit into the air. Repeat that action again and again and again, and the pogoer can achieve the promise of

Pohlig and Gottschall’s spring-action hopping stilt.Although venerable, the coil spring-loaded pogo stick has

its limitations. You want the spring to have some give, but not too much or you’ll bottom out and waste the energy of the bounce with a bone-rattling jolt. Similarly, a stiff spring can be heavy, and if it’s too stiff it becomes difficult to deflect it enough to get any height.

But there are other materials that can replicate the com-pression and expansion of a coiled spring, and Spencer was using one of them: compressed air. Spencer and his father, Bruce, began sketching out a bold new direction in pogo-ing in the late 1990s, after a random discussion at a family gathering. On the suggestion of Bruce Spencer, an aerospace engineer, the father and son designed a tube using air com-pression rather than a spring. In the garage, papa Spencer cobbled together a first prototype from PVC tubing and other plastic parts.

And it worked. The air spring lifted Spencer well off the ground. Unfortunately, he also kept bottoming out. Through a series of refinements and trials, Spencer dis-covered that the key factor was the compression ratio. In fact, in addition to patenting the design of their stick, the Spencers also patented a range of maximum compression ratios, between 2.5 to 1 and 4.5 to 1.

While Brian Spencer could put on amazing demonstrations with prototypes, at first he couldn’t get an investor interested in producing his pogo stick for the masses. In the meantime, SBI—the oldest and largest maker of pogo sticks worldwide—was heading to market with a design of its own. The stick was as much a departure from the traditional pogo as Spencer’s Vurtego, and yet it was a distinct design of its own.

S BI Enterprises traces its heritage back to George Hans-burg, who is credited with popularizing pogo sticks in America. And the company has been making the tra-ditional spring-in-cylinder pogo sticks for decades. It

was a steady if not spectacular business.One day in 2000, however, an MIT-trained physicist named

Bruce Middleton approached the company with a different idea: instead of coiled springs, why not use thick rubber bands to store and release the energy from each bounce? Such bands are capable of stretching as much as 400 percent and then snapping back to their original size, and the amount of recoil can be tuned by adding or removing bands.

“It was a tremendously unique concept,” said Irwin Argin-sky, owner and president of SBI, “which we proved to be cor-rect at enormous cost. It was easier to conceptualize than to implement it.”

Unlike spring-based sticks (or pneumatic ones such as the Vurtego) which involve compression, Middleton’s concept required pulling on elastic loops. Those loops were eventually replaced by cords, much like thick bungees, that hung from the top of the internal piston and attached to the footrests. Step on, and the cords stretch to accommodate your weight.

The system of cords allows for some customization. Pogo-

An air spring enables the

Vurtego to launch pogoers to dizzying heights.

Vu

rteg

o

Pogo3.indd 42 7/2/12 3:09 PM


ers can engage or disengage the 12 cords as needed, enabling either a smoother ride—or a more propulsive one.

But the design, though innovative, was indeed not easy to implement. Anchoring the cords without causing them to tear, split, or snap under stress was a challenge. The cords themselves had to be specialty molded.

Another hurdle was an interminable patent process. Though Middleton “is probably the brightest, smartest, most intelligent person I’ve even met,” Arginsky said, “he has zero social skills. But the patent attorneys had to deal directly with Bruce, because he’s the inventor.

“It was one of the most expensive things.”Large R&D costs and the comparatively massive size of

the new stick set the price point over $200—far higher than the conventional, coil spring-loaded pogo sticks SBI made. Though the burgeoning extreme pogoing community went gaga over the stick, dubbed the Flybar 1200, it was hard for SBI to sell enough of them to recoup the investment. “If I were to delve into it carefully, I’d say we break even,” Arginsky said. “But it gets us, literally, I don’t know how many dollars’ worth of publicity.”

Publicity can bring competition. The stunts of extreme pogoers launching to new heights on their Flybars or proto-type Vurtegos got the attention of at least one inventor. Ben Brown, a project scientist at Carnegie Mellon’s Robotics In-stitute, had been tinkering with hopping sticks for more than a decade before he saw his first extreme pogo demonstration.

“We got a foot off the ground and thought that was pretty good,” Brown said. “We thought we had the greatest thing in the world and then we saw the Vurtego guys. Brian Spencer broke the record at six feet. I found it hard to believe.”

Brown had been working to make robotic legs more ef-ficient. The hydraulic pistons that supported the legs were great consumers of energy. A bow spring, on the other hand, could store and return 90 percent of energy with each step, and it could be scaled so that it “worked well for itty bitty ro-bots,” Brown said.

The obvious next step was to scale up to human size. Af-ter trying a steel wire, Brown settled on fiberglass, with its high specific energy. Then, seeing extreme pogoers in action spurred Brown to develop something that could be more than a means for engineers to blow off steam in the lab. By 2009, he was ready to hand out a few of his prototype Bowgos at Pogo-palooza, the annual gathering of pogo enthusiasts.

Other extreme sticks made headlines—Dan Mahoney set a new record, 8 feet 6 inches, with his Vurtego—but the Bowgo was wowing the cognoscenti. The stick looks different in ac-tion from traditional pogos: the bow, mounted in front, flexes

outward during every landing. But while other kinds of sticks required effort to build up enough force to bound six feet in the air, the extreme efficiency of the bow spring enabled people to quickly launch themselves to height. Within a year of its public introduction, Mahoney’s mark had been bested by Curt Markwardt on a Bowgo.

The bow spring wasn’t Brown’s only innovation. Instead of the bushings that keep the inner piston aligned in other pogo sticks, Brown used roller bearings. According to Fred Grzybowski, the twenty-something considered to be the world’s foremost pogoer, “Bearings reduce the friction when jumping. It’s super smooth, smoother than a Flybar. It’s also a death trap—slightly.”

The altitude that even a novice can attain on a Bowgo—height that he might not be ready to handle—is just one of the safety problems. The bows are not indestructible; one fiber-glass bow broke and lodged itself in Markwardt’s knee. After that, Brown stopped offering his sticks to interested parties. Brown eventually licensed the design to Razor, the

company famous for cornering the children’s scooter market. Their BoGo stick features both an inter-nal steel coil assisted by an external fiberglass bow

spring. Right now you can head to any Toys-R-Us and buy one for your seven-year-old. He’ll be able to launch himself a foot or so off the ground.

The Flybar remains on sale, but its reputation has been plagued by the rapid disintegration of its all-important elastic cords.

In spite of its garage-built heritage, the initial difficulty in finding a fabricator, and a price that’s far, far above the typical teenage allowance, Vurtego appears to have become the stick of choice for extreme pogoers. The company’s lat-est products, made from aluminum in order to withstand greater maximum air pressures, allow for greater altitude. The most recent height record for a pogo stick bounce was set on a Vurtego: nine and a half feet.

Engineers can design better machines, but it takes young men to make them do crazy things for fun. n

The Bowgo’s flexing fiberglass strap stores and

releases energy from each bounce. Bearings helped

increase the pogo stick’s efficiency.

Car

neg

ie M

ell

on

Pogo3.indd 43 7/2/12 3:12 PM


SOMETIMES, A PARTICULAR TECHNOLOGY becomes the subject of a large number of pat-ents covering di� erent uses of the technology. One example is the Internet. Another is aerogel (a.k.a. “solid smoke”)—a synthetic porous mate-rial about as dense as air. Patent No. 2,093,454

(1934) by aerogel inventor Samuel S. Kistler states: “This invention relates to improvements in the art and process of producing dry gels from colloidal solutions, and the pres-ent specifi cation is particularly directed to the production of a gel, one continuous phase of which is a gas, and which I therefore defi ne as an aerogel.” The result was the world’s lightest solid.

The United States Patent Trademark O� ce website reveals numerous later patents covering uses of aero-gel. Examples include using aerogel in a fi re extinguishing powder (patent No. 2,472,539), as cladding for an optical fi ber (5,684,907), as an acoustic back-ing layer for an ultrasound transducer (6,475,151), in a tire tread (6,527,022), in a fuel cell (6,809,060), as fi ller for a blanket (8,021,583), and as an antirefl ective mem-brane (8,088,475).

Other aerogel patents cover new types of aerogels and new ways to produce aerogels. Kistler himself later patented (No. 2,589,705) a way to make aerogels waterproof. A more recent example is No. 8,080,591 wherein several professors at Union College in Schenectady, N.Y., dis-close a fast supercritical extraction tech-nique for fabricating aerogels.

The aerogel patents lead us to a di� cult question in the law surrounding patents: to what extent can a person pat-ent a new use of a known product? One court tried to ex-plain it like this:

“Inventor A invents a shoe polish for shining shoes (which for the sake of example is novel, useful, and non-obvious). Inventor A receives a patent having composition claims for shoe polish. Clearly Inventor B could not later secure a patent with composition claims on the same composition because it would not be novel. Likewise, Inventor B could not secure claims on the method of using the composition for shining shoes, because the use is not a ‘new use’ of the composition, but rather the same use—shining shoes.

“Suppose Inventor B discovers that the polish also repels

water when rubbed onto shoes. Inventor B could not likely claim a method of using polish to repel water on shoes be-cause repelling water is inherent in the normal use of the polish to shine shoes. If a previously patented device, in its normal and usual operation, will perform the function claimed in a subsequent process patent, then such process patent is anticipated by the former patented device. In other words, Inventor B has not invented a ‘new’ use by rubbing polish on shoes to repel water. Upon discovering, however, that the polish composition grows hair when rubbed on bare human skin, Inventor B can likely obtain method claims directed to the new use of the composition to grow hair.”

This all sounds good but time and time again I’ve seen the Patent O� ce issue patents more like the repel water

example than the growing hair example. Also, what if no one knew the shoe pol-ish repels water? What does it mean that repelling water is “inherent”? If the shoe polish grows hair, isn’t that inherent too? Thus, the court’s parable raises more ques-tions than it answers.

I leave it to you to ascertain on which side of the fence each of the numerous aerogel patents fall. It is clear in the law that new uses of known things are patent-able. What may always be unclear is how new the new use must be.

The aerogel patents also highlight an-other patent lesson: winning a patent gives you no rights to work your own invention. So, if A patents aerogel (We know A is Mr.

Kistler, but let’s use the legal way of talk-ing in hypotheticals) and B later patents using aerogel as chicken feed (Chickens will eat anything, trust me), then until A’s patent expires, B cannot produce aerogel and feed it to chickens (because of A’s patent) nor can A feed aero-gel to chickens (because of B’s patent). B could buy the aerogel from A and then B could feed his chickens. Also, A could feed his chickens aerogel if he licenses B’s patent. Thus, a patent, say the patent attorneys, gives you the right to exclude not the right to produce.■

Kirk Teska is the author of two books, Patent Project Management and Patent Savvy for Managers. He is an adjunct law professor at Suffolk University Law School, and is the managing partner of Iandiorio Teska & Coleman, LLP, an intellectual property law firm in Waltham, Mass.

PATENT WATCH

What’s the Use?

IT IS CLEAR IN THE LAW THAT NEW USES OF KNOWN THINGS ARE PATENTABLE.

WHAT MAY ALWAYS BE UNCLEAR IS HOW NEW THE NEW USE MUST BE.

By Kirk Teska

Aerogels3.indd 44 7/5/12 2:37 PM

August 2012 Global Gas Turbine News 45

ATLANTA, GEORGIA USA /// ASME INTERNATIONAL GAS TURBINE INSTITUTE

Volume 52, No. 3 • August 2012

In this issueTurbo Expo 2013 &

Call For Papers

45View From the Chair

46Calendar of Events

47Turbo Expo 2012 Recap

48-49As the Turbine Turns...

Cogeneration: GasTurbine Multitasking

50Professional &

Member Developmentand Young Engineer

Travel Awards

51Challenges & Rewards

for Engineers in Wind

52-53Call for Nominations

IGT & AET Awards

54Performance

Optimization of WindTurbine Rotors withActive Flow Control

(Part 2)

55Gas Turbine India

Conference, New TC Officers and

In Memoriam: George Opdyke, Jr.

56

Get Ready for ASME TurboExpo 2013 in San Antonio!

Call for PapersASME Turbo Expo 2013Abstracts are due by August 27, 2012, and must besubmitted online (plain text, 400 word limit) via theIGTI Conference Web site at www.turboexpo.org.

The 2013 Publication Schedule:

n Abstract Submission - August 27, 2012n Draft Paper Due Date - October 29, 2012n Paper Reviews Complete – December 10, 2012n Author Notification of Paper Acceptance -

January 7, 2013n Submission of Final Paper – February 18, 2013n Final Paper Approval by Review Chair -

March 18, 2013

Seung Jin Song

Turbo Expo attendees celebrated the launch of ASME Turbo Expo 2013during the closing ceremony of the 2012 exposition in Copenhagen.Conference Chair Seung Jin Song spotlighted other members of the 2013 leadershipteam, including Executive Conference Chair Bernhard Winkelmann, Solar Turbines, andTechnical Program Chair Timothy Lieuwen, Georgia Institute of Technology.

Bernhard Winkelmann worked in Design Engineering at MAN Turbo for five years untilhe decided to join European Gas Turbines in Germany – initially in ApplicationEngineering and later as the Sales Manager for the Middle East. In 1998 Winkelmannrelocated to Belgium to join Solar Turbines Europe, where he held various positions withincreasing responsibilities including Director of Sales, Application Engineering and ProjectManagement for Europe, Africa and the Middle East. In 2004 Winkelmann relocated toSolar’s offices in San Diego, CA, in order to provide leadership to various strategic businessinitiatives in the Oil and Gas Organization, as well as in Customer Services. Since 2011 hehas been the Director of Solar's Gas Compressor Business, including Engineering,Manufacturing and Testing of all Solar Gas Compressors.

Dr. Tim Lieuwen is a professor at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, GA. Hehas a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering and is a licensed professional engineer in the stateof Georgia. He leads a diverse research group investigating a range of problems associatedwith clean power, energy, and combustion, including such issues as emissions, efficiency,and alternative fuels. Lieuwen has edited/written four books, written 7 book chapters andover 200 papers, and received 3 patents. He is an active member of IGTI, having served ascommittee point contact, vice chair, and chairman of the Combustion, Fuels & Emissionscommittee from 2004 to 2010. Lieuwen is an ASME Fellow as well as a recipient of theASME Westinghouse Silver Medal.

Visit www.turboexpo.org today for the latest details. Timothy Lieuwen

BernhardWinkelmann

ExpositionASME Turbo Expo is known for its high-quality

exhibition of leading companies in the turbomachineryindustry, attracting a key audience from aerospace, powergeneration and other prime mover-related industries.Exhibiting at Turbo Expo 2013 is your chance to attractnew clients, visit with current ones, learn more about thechanging needs of the international turbomachineryindustry – and ultimately, increase your sales.

Exciting brand-enhancing sponsorship packages for the2013 exposition are now available! Packages are designedaround your particular corporate goals and are anextremely effective way for your company to really standout from the crowd – before, during and after the Show.

To insure your company’s participation in the 2013exposition, contact IGTI at +1-404-847-0072 x1646 orvia e-mail at [email protected].

...continued on page 53

ME-Vol52-3-Aug2012_ME-Vol52-3-Aug2012 6/27/12 2:39 PM Page 45

GGTN0812.indd 45 7/6/12 1:59 PM

46 Global Gas Turbine News August 2012

A SUPPLEMENT TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MAGAZINE

View From The ChairBy Dr.-Ing. Thomas Sattelmayer, Chair, IGTI Board

Dr.-Ing. Thomas Sattelmayer, is the Chair of Thermodynamics at the Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany.

Welcome back to the Global Gas Turbine News(GGTN), the quarterly newsletter of the InternationalGas Turbine Institute (IGTI) of the ASME.

My first contact with IGTI goes back as far as 1985,to the time when I was a doctoral student and was giventhe opportunity to present the results of my doctoralproject at the Turbo Expo. That proved to be the startingpoint for my long-standing and very fruitful relationshipwith this unique organisation, which is supported by amultitude of volunteers and assisted by professional staff.In the years that followed IGTI has accompanied methroughout my professional career, initially in the gasturbine industry and later on as professor at the TechnicalUniversity Munich. I have not profited in such a wayfrom any organisation, whether professionally or in theform of the friendships, which have developed, and so Ihave always been happy to be involved with IGTI in thehope that I myself can give something back. So that iswhy I am particularly happy to be allowed to chair theboard for the coming twelve months. I take this task onfrom Klaus Brun whom I would like to thank for hisextraordinary commitment during the past year.

Why am I going into all this detail about my historywith IGTI? As I know from my experience with R&Din other areas, the excellent quality of the interactionbetween the participating professionals IGTI has beenproviding for over 50 years, along with a linking ofresearch with the industrial world, is not to be found inmost other industries. The same is true for theinternational orienta tion of the IGTI; although it is asection of the ASME, the authors and volunteers at alllevels come from 50 other countries. Therefore the IGTIreally does offer an international environment. That iswhy I would like to appeal to all of those who findthemselves at the start of their career, or who are stillworking towards their university degree, not to see theIGTI merely as a forum for the publication of papers butto commit themselves early on as reviewers and ascommittee members and so, later on, to possibly take onresponsibilities in the organisation in order to help it tocontinue to improve and to help it to further adapt to thedynamically changing environment it finds itself in.

This last point I consider to be particularly importantfor the future of the IGTI. Four years ago Reza Abhariinitiated a discussion on the future content focusing ofthe IGTI which then led to IGTI+. The label, IGTI+, issupposed to express the idea that, in the future, the mainfocus of the IGTI will continue to be gas turbines. But,however, that simultaneously new trends in the energysector should be accepted so that there can be a relevantopening towards other types of turbomachinery and theirperipheral topics. The program of the last Turbo Expo inCopenhagen with its numerous sessions on wind energy,new power cycles, concentrating solar plants, steam

turbines, industrial fans and blowers and so on, gives an idea of the initial success of thisstrategy which we should continue to pursue, though without broadening the focus anyfurther: obviously rotating blades must be involved in order to meet the extendedIGTI+ focus!

The fact that the IGTI can look back on a series of very successful Turbo Expos isnot only because of the + in IGTI+ but in particular because of the growth of researchand technological development in the area of gas turbines; as, for example, the situationin my own country clearly shows more and more: the increase in the share of wind andsolar energy aimed at requires highly flexible power stations and further additionalcapacity will be needed to replace nuclear power stations, the closing of which hasalready been ruled in Germany. Taking into account the reduction of greenhouse gasemission and concurrently the discovery of huge natural gas resources, the gas turbinehas an outstanding future in the production of electricity. This positive perspective is, ofcourse, also true for the transport sector as it is highly unlikely that aircraft engines canbe replaced by other forms of propulsion. So it is of foremost importance for the IGTIto encourage gas turbine technologies to strive towards higher efficiency, flexibility andenvironmental acceptability. Looked at technologically gas turbines will retain theircentral relevance for IGTI and any ‘watering down’ of the content due to IGTI+expansion is not to be expected.

It is the custom for the new chair to present his/her priorities for his/her twelvemonth term of office in the August edition of the GGTN. Do we actually need newpriorities every twelve months? The medium term strategy for IGTI’s futuredevelopment is already to hand and in earlier newsletters my very committedpredecessors discussed such plans, which I personally consider correct, at a concrete leveland actually set some of them in motion. In the coming year it will be an importantconsideration to continue their implementation.

For me in particular, the extension of the support program for young professionalswill be a special matter. At the moment the IGTI only begins to become important at apersonal level during the establishing of one’s own technical and scientific expertise, asmy own example shows. For the freshman with a limited specific knowledge ofturbomachinery more should be offered in the way of support for the development ofhis career. To assist young professionals in the structuring of their expertise is a furtherarea, which offers a lot of possibilities. The current program of further training courses,which have been carried out by a small number of very dedicated volunteers, shouldtherefore be significantly expanded and intensified. Let me take the opportunity tothank all of our volunteers who committed their time to IGTI’s educational program.

The continued growth of the Turbo Expo in Copenhagen with its roughly 1,150papers shows that the IGTI topics and material provide more than enough fodder forfurther smaller and more narrowly focused conferences or workshops. And IGTI shouldoffer regional events outside of the United States, which relate more closely to the localsituation. Here it is necessary to develop new constellations which would not put quiteso much additional strain on the volunteer community but which would furtherstrengthen IGTI’s international community of volunteers. The ASME 2012 Gas TurbineIndia Conference in December (http://www.asmeconferences.org/GTIndia2012/)will be a first step in this direction.

A third important point will be the future evolution of the exhibition at the TurboExpo in order to offer an even wider coverage in those areas which are of interest to theconference participants.

Above all IGTI is a community of volunteers. And their suggestions on developmentare of utmost import to the board. I am always open for ideas so please just drop me aline at [email protected]. R




NOVEMBER 2012Gas Turbine Short CoursesCranfield University | Bedfordshire, UKhttp://www.cranfield.ac.uk/soe/shortcourses/gas-turbine/

Nov. 5-9: Axial Compressor Design and PerformanceNov 26-30: Gas Turbine Technology for Operations & Maintenance Engineers

DECEMBER 1, 2012ASME Gas Turbine India Conference Indian Institute of Technology Bombay | Mumbai, Indiahttp://www.asmeconferences.org/GTIndia2012/

This conference will give you the unique opportunity to interact with experts in the gas turbine industry, as well asfind out the latest methods and cutting-edge technology that can improve how gas turbines operate in the future.

FEBRUARY 25-MARCH 1, 2013IGTI & SwRI Gas Turbine Training WeekSouthwest Research Institute | San Antonio, Texas

Registration coming soon.

MARCH 17-21, 2013Middle East Turbomachinery SymposiumThe program consists of Short Courses, which last all day, while the rest of the days feature alternating Lectures,Tutorials, Discussion Groups, and Case Studies. The daily schedule is set to maximize learning and networkingopportunities. For more details, visit: http://middleeastturbo.tamu.edu/

JUNE 3-7, 2013ASME Turbo Expo 2013San Antonio Convention Center | San Antonio, Texas

IGTI’s flagship event comprises a major turbine conference and exhibition.

OCTOBER 7-10, 2013ASME Turbine Blade Tip Symposium & Course WeekHilton Prague Old Town | Prague, Czech Republic

This technical symposium and course week will address the current state-of-the-art in the design, analysis, andimprovement of turbine blade tips. A two-day course of lectures will precede the technical symposium toprovide background, state-of-the-art design, and operability issues surrounding the topic. A two-day symposiumwill build upon the lecture series with current proposed or enacted solutions, studies to gain insight to thephysics, and an industry panel session for open discussion. The course and symposium is aimed atturbomachinery designers, as well as experimental and CFD aero-thermal scientists.

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

The International Gas Turbine Institute is pleased to announce the appointment of two new Board members. Starting July 1, Dr. Geoff Sheardbecame Incoming Member and Dr. Philip Andrew was appointed Member-at-Large.

Sheard is Vice President – Fan Technology for the Fläkt Woods Group. He is responsible for all strategic, operational and statutoryresearch, development and design engineering activities associated with rotating machinery. The Fläkt Woods Group is a worldleader in air movement technology and has design and manufacturing facilities in 23 countries.

Prior to joining Fläkt Woods, Sheard amassed a significant amount of industry experience, serving as Chief of TurbomachineryEngineering for the Rolls-Royce plc industrial business and Chief Engineer – Steam Turbines for Allen Steam Turbines (a businessunit within Rolls-Royce plc). He has extensive academic achievements, with approximately 100 published papers, two monographs,

three books and five patents published. In 2002 he served as Technical Program Chair for the ASME Turbo Expo in Amsterdam, and in 2004, he won anIGTI Outstanding Service Award. He is a fellow of ASME, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and Royal Aeronautical Society. He is also a Directorand Treasurer of the Air Movement & Control Association.

Andrew is a Licensed Professional Engineer in New York and South Carolina and the inventor of 13 US Patents relating to fluid-dynamic design of rotating power-generation equipment. His career during nearly 22 years at GE includes positions in aircraftengine gas turbine compressor operability, generator design, and power generation gas turbine compressor aerodynamics. Hiscareer to date also includes an assignment as a Design-for-Six-Sigma Quality Black Belt, an assignment as a Technical Leader forthe conceptual design of gas turbine products for power generation and mechanical drive applications, and as manager of turbinecomponent aerodynamic design. Currently, Andrews is an Engineering Manager within the Thermal Systems Conceptual Designgroup within the Advanced Technology Operation of GE Energy.

Andrew has held a number of positions within the ASME Electric Power Committee, where he most recently served as chair through June 2012. Histechnical interests lie in the area of fluid mechanics, where he has several publications on topics such as turbine aerodynamics, CFD validation, andexperimental turbulence measurements. R

IGTI Welcomes New Board Members

AUGUST 20-22, 2012Asian Congress on Gas Turbines 2012 (ACGT 2012)Shanghai Jiao Tong University | Shanghai, China http://acgt2012.csp.escience.cn/dct/page/1

The ACGT 2012 will aim to provide an international forum forexchange of information related to gas turbine technology, especiallyamong researchers in the Asian Region.

SEPTEMBER 10-14, 2012IGTI & SwRI European Training WeekTechnische Universität München | Munich, GermanyRegister now at: http://igti.asme.org

• Introduction to Gas Turbines & Centrifugal Compressors• Machinery Performance Testing & Troubleshooting• Root Cause Failure Analysis of Gas Turbines• Rotor and Blade Dynamics

SEPTEMBER 24-27, 201241st Turbomachinery Symposium & the 28thInternational Pump Users SymposiumGeorge R. Brown Convention Center | Houston, TX USA

Promotes professional development, technology transfer, peernetworking, and information exchange among industry professionals.Visit IGTI in Booth #502!

OCTOBER 17-18, 20126th International Gas Turbine Conference (IGTC-12)Brussels, Belgiumhttp://www.etn-gasturbine.eu/igtc.aspx

The International Gas Turbine Conference is organized by the EuropeanTurbine Network. It takes place biennially, bringing together the wholevalue chain of gas turbine technology and research. Representatives fromthe European and international gas turbine community and policy-makersmeet to discuss recent developments and future outlook on the market.


GGTN0812.indd 46 7/6/12 1:59 PM



View From The ChairBy Dr.-Ing. Thomas Sattelmayer, Chair, IGTI Board

Dr.-Ing. Thomas Sattelmayer, is the Chair of Thermodynamics at the Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany.

Welcome back to the Global Gas Turbine News(GGTN), the quarterly newsletter of the InternationalGas Turbine Institute (IGTI) of the ASME.

My first contact with IGTI goes back as far as 1985,to the time when I was a doctoral student and was giventhe opportunity to present the results of my doctoralproject at the Turbo Expo. That proved to be the startingpoint for my long-standing and very fruitful relationshipwith this unique organisation, which is supported by amultitude of volunteers and assisted by professional staff.In the years that followed IGTI has accompanied methroughout my professional career, initially in the gasturbine industry and later on as professor at the TechnicalUniversity Munich. I have not profited in such a wayfrom any organisation, whether professionally or in theform of the friendships, which have developed, and so Ihave always been happy to be involved with IGTI in thehope that I myself can give something back. So that iswhy I am particularly happy to be allowed to chair theboard for the coming twelve months. I take this task onfrom Klaus Brun whom I would like to thank for hisextraordinary commitment during the past year.

Why am I going into all this detail about my historywith IGTI? As I know from my experience with R&Din other areas, the excellent quality of the interactionbetween the participating professionals IGTI has beenproviding for over 50 years, along with a linking ofresearch with the industrial world, is not to be found inmost other industries. The same is true for theinternational orienta tion of the IGTI; although it is asection of the ASME, the authors and volunteers at alllevels come from 50 other countries. Therefore the IGTIreally does offer an international environment. That iswhy I would like to appeal to all of those who findthemselves at the start of their career, or who are stillworking towards their university degree, not to see theIGTI merely as a forum for the publication of papers butto commit themselves early on as reviewers and ascommittee members and so, later on, to possibly take onresponsibilities in the organisation in order to help it tocontinue to improve and to help it to further adapt to thedynamically changing environment it finds itself in.

This last point I consider to be particularly importantfor the future of the IGTI. Four years ago Reza Abhariinitiated a discussion on the future content focusing ofthe IGTI which then led to IGTI+. The label, IGTI+, issupposed to express the idea that, in the future, the mainfocus of the IGTI will continue to be gas turbines. But,however, that simultaneously new trends in the energysector should be accepted so that there can be a relevantopening towards other types of turbomachinery and theirperipheral topics. The program of the last Turbo Expo inCopenhagen with its numerous sessions on wind energy,new power cycles, concentrating solar plants, steam

turbines, industrial fans and blowers and so on, gives an idea of the initial success of thisstrategy which we should continue to pursue, though without broadening the focus anyfurther: obviously rotating blades must be involved in order to meet the extendedIGTI+ focus!

The fact that the IGTI can look back on a series of very successful Turbo Expos isnot only because of the + in IGTI+ but in particular because of the growth of researchand technological development in the area of gas turbines; as, for example, the situationin my own country clearly shows more and more: the increase in the share of wind andsolar energy aimed at requires highly flexible power stations and further additionalcapacity will be needed to replace nuclear power stations, the closing of which hasalready been ruled in Germany. Taking into account the reduction of greenhouse gasemission and concurrently the discovery of huge natural gas resources, the gas turbinehas an outstanding future in the production of electricity. This positive perspective is, ofcourse, also true for the transport sector as it is highly unlikely that aircraft engines canbe replaced by other forms of propulsion. So it is of foremost importance for the IGTIto encourage gas turbine technologies to strive towards higher efficiency, flexibility andenvironmental acceptability. Looked at technologically gas turbines will retain theircentral relevance for IGTI and any ‘watering down’ of the content due to IGTI+expansion is not to be expected.

It is the custom for the new chair to present his/her priorities for his/her twelvemonth term of office in the August edition of the GGTN. Do we actually need newpriorities every twelve months? The medium term strategy for IGTI’s futuredevelopment is already to hand and in earlier newsletters my very committedpredecessors discussed such plans, which I personally consider correct, at a concrete leveland actually set some of them in motion. In the coming year it will be an importantconsideration to continue their implementation.

For me in particular, the extension of the support program for young professionalswill be a special matter. At the moment the IGTI only begins to become important at apersonal level during the establishing of one’s own technical and scientific expertise, asmy own example shows. For the freshman with a limited specific knowledge ofturbomachinery more should be offered in the way of support for the development ofhis career. To assist young professionals in the structuring of their expertise is a furtherarea, which offers a lot of possibilities. The current program of further training courses,which have been carried out by a small number of very dedicated volunteers, shouldtherefore be significantly expanded and intensified. Let me take the opportunity tothank all of our volunteers who committed their time to IGTI’s educational program.

The continued growth of the Turbo Expo in Copenhagen with its roughly 1,150papers shows that the IGTI topics and material provide more than enough fodder forfurther smaller and more narrowly focused conferences or workshops. And IGTI shouldoffer regional events outside of the United States, which relate more closely to the localsituation. Here it is necessary to develop new constellations which would not put quiteso much additional strain on the volunteer community but which would furtherstrengthen IGTI’s international community of volunteers. The ASME 2012 Gas TurbineIndia Conference in December (http://www.asmeconferences.org/GTIndia2012/)will be a first step in this direction.

A third important point will be the future evolution of the exhibition at the TurboExpo in order to offer an even wider coverage in those areas which are of interest to theconference participants.

Above all IGTI is a community of volunteers. And their suggestions on developmentare of utmost import to the board. I am always open for ideas so please just drop me aline at [email protected]. R




NOVEMBER 2012Gas Turbine Short CoursesCranfield University | Bedfordshire, UKhttp://www.cranfield.ac.uk/soe/shortcourses/gas-turbine/

Nov. 5-9: Axial Compressor Design and PerformanceNov 26-30: Gas Turbine Technology for Operations & Maintenance Engineers

DECEMBER 1, 2012ASME Gas Turbine India Conference Indian Institute of Technology Bombay | Mumbai, Indiahttp://www.asmeconferences.org/GTIndia2012/

This conference will give you the unique opportunity to interact with experts in the gas turbine industry, as well asfind out the latest methods and cutting-edge technology that can improve how gas turbines operate in the future.

FEBRUARY 25-MARCH 1, 2013IGTI & SwRI Gas Turbine Training WeekSouthwest Research Institute | San Antonio, Texas

Registration coming soon.

MARCH 17-21, 2013Middle East Turbomachinery SymposiumThe program consists of Short Courses, which last all day, while the rest of the days feature alternating Lectures,Tutorials, Discussion Groups, and Case Studies. The daily schedule is set to maximize learning and networkingopportunities. For more details, visit: http://middleeastturbo.tamu.edu/

JUNE 3-7, 2013ASME Turbo Expo 2013San Antonio Convention Center | San Antonio, Texas

IGTI’s flagship event comprises a major turbine conference and exhibition.

OCTOBER 7-10, 2013ASME Turbine Blade Tip Symposium & Course WeekHilton Prague Old Town | Prague, Czech Republic

This technical symposium and course week will address the current state-of-the-art in the design, analysis, andimprovement of turbine blade tips. A two-day course of lectures will precede the technical symposium toprovide background, state-of-the-art design, and operability issues surrounding the topic. A two-day symposiumwill build upon the lecture series with current proposed or enacted solutions, studies to gain insight to thephysics, and an industry panel session for open discussion. The course and symposium is aimed atturbomachinery designers, as well as experimental and CFD aero-thermal scientists.

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

The International Gas Turbine Institute is pleased to announce the appointment of two new Board members. Starting July 1, Dr. Geoff Sheardbecame Incoming Member and Dr. Philip Andrew was appointed Member-at-Large.

Sheard is Vice President – Fan Technology for the Fläkt Woods Group. He is responsible for all strategic, operational and statutoryresearch, development and design engineering activities associated with rotating machinery. The Fläkt Woods Group is a worldleader in air movement technology and has design and manufacturing facilities in 23 countries.

Prior to joining Fläkt Woods, Sheard amassed a significant amount of industry experience, serving as Chief of TurbomachineryEngineering for the Rolls-Royce plc industrial business and Chief Engineer – Steam Turbines for Allen Steam Turbines (a businessunit within Rolls-Royce plc). He has extensive academic achievements, with approximately 100 published papers, two monographs,

three books and five patents published. In 2002 he served as Technical Program Chair for the ASME Turbo Expo in Amsterdam, and in 2004, he won anIGTI Outstanding Service Award. He is a fellow of ASME, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and Royal Aeronautical Society. He is also a Directorand Treasurer of the Air Movement & Control Association.

Andrew is a Licensed Professional Engineer in New York and South Carolina and the inventor of 13 US Patents relating to fluid-dynamic design of rotating power-generation equipment. His career during nearly 22 years at GE includes positions in aircraftengine gas turbine compressor operability, generator design, and power generation gas turbine compressor aerodynamics. Hiscareer to date also includes an assignment as a Design-for-Six-Sigma Quality Black Belt, an assignment as a Technical Leader forthe conceptual design of gas turbine products for power generation and mechanical drive applications, and as manager of turbinecomponent aerodynamic design. Currently, Andrews is an Engineering Manager within the Thermal Systems Conceptual Designgroup within the Advanced Technology Operation of GE Energy.

Andrew has held a number of positions within the ASME Electric Power Committee, where he most recently served as chair through June 2012. Histechnical interests lie in the area of fluid mechanics, where he has several publications on topics such as turbine aerodynamics, CFD validation, andexperimental turbulence measurements. R

IGTI Welcomes New Board Members

AUGUST 20-22, 2012Asian Congress on Gas Turbines 2012 (ACGT 2012)Shanghai Jiao Tong University | Shanghai, China http://acgt2012.csp.escience.cn/dct/page/1

The ACGT 2012 will aim to provide an international forum forexchange of information related to gas turbine technology, especiallyamong researchers in the Asian Region.

SEPTEMBER 10-14, 2012IGTI & SwRI European Training WeekTechnische Universität München | Munich, GermanyRegister now at: http://igti.asme.org

• Introduction to Gas Turbines & Centrifugal Compressors• Machinery Performance Testing & Troubleshooting• Root Cause Failure Analysis of Gas Turbines• Rotor and Blade Dynamics

SEPTEMBER 24-27, 201241st Turbomachinery Symposium & the 28thInternational Pump Users SymposiumGeorge R. Brown Convention Center | Houston, TX USA

Promotes professional development, technology transfer, peernetworking, and information exchange among industry professionals.Visit IGTI in Booth #502!

OCTOBER 17-18, 20126th International Gas Turbine Conference (IGTC-12)Brussels, Belgiumhttp://www.etn-gasturbine.eu/igtc.aspx

The International Gas Turbine Conference is organized by the EuropeanTurbine Network. It takes place biennially, bringing together the wholevalue chain of gas turbine technology and research. Representatives fromthe European and international gas turbine community and policy-makersmeet to discuss recent developments and future outlook on the market.


GGTN0812.indd 47 7/6/12 2:00 PM



Thank YouTurbo Expo

2012 Sponsors

GE

Siemens

Rolls-Royce

Pratt & Whitney

ANSYS

CD-adapco

Solar Turbines

NUMECA

Parker Hannifin

Dresser-Rand

Mentor Graphics

Southwest ResearchInstitute

ALSTOM

Cambridge FlowSolutions

WonderfulCopenhagen

The annual women's dinner was held atMOLTKE’S PALACE, which was built in 1702.

People’s Choice Award, Pratt & Whitney – Best Large Display

Nathalie von Siemens fromSiemens (top) and MaureenNormoyle from GE Aviation (left)shared their experiences at theWomen's Dinner.

Turbo Expo 2012 HighlightsASME Turbo Expo 2012 in Copenhagen maintainedits reputation as the world’s premier gathering ofturbomachinery professionals. Throughout theweek, delegates shared practical experiences,knowledge and ideas on the latest gas turbinetechnology trends and challenges, as well as on relatedtopics in fans and blowers; solar power, and wind andsteam turbine technologies.

If turbomachinery is part of your professional life,you cannot afford to miss the annual ASME TurboExpo! To plan for 2013, see page 45 of this issue andkeep informed throughout the year by visiting TurboExpo online at www.turboexpo.org. R

People’s Choice Award, TurboCam – Best Small Display

Conference Chair Karen Thole, Mark Pearson, Ex. Conference ChairLennart Nilsson, Henrik Steisdahl, Al Brockett - TE12 keynote

Attendees enjoy the Welcome Reception at the Bella Center.

Dick Tuthill of Pratt & Whitney speaks with young engineers atthe networking reception. Pratt & Whitney sponsored the event.




IGTI Honors Individuals forAchievements in the Gas TurbineIndustry during Turbo Expo 2012Each year during Turbo Expo, IGTI hosts an awards program to honor individuals who have made significantcontributions to the gas turbine industry. This year the awards program was held in conjunction with the grandopening keynote on Monday, June 11.

Throughout the conference IGTI also honored more than 100 authors with “Best Paper Awards” for papers presented during Turbo Expo 2012 inCopenhagen, Denmark. Plaques were given to these individuals at their respective technical committee meetings.R

Dr. David Wisler received the 2012 R. Tom Sawyer Award, which is given to anindividual who has made important contributions to advance the purpose of the gas turbineindustry and the International Gas Turbine Institute over a substantial period of time. Wislerretired from GE Aviation after a career spanning 38 years. During his tenure at GE, Wislerheld positions of increasing responsibility for conducting and managing advanced technologyprograms. His work to improve airfoil shapes and understand the complex flow fields in therotating components of gas turbine engines has been instrumental in reducing losses(reducing fuel burn) and improving performance. Wisler is a member of the US NationalAcademy of Engineering and has won numerous ASME awards, including the MelvilleMedal (three times), Gas Turbine Award (twice) and IGTI Aircraft Engine Technology Award.

Dr. Walter O’Brien received the 2012IGTI Aircraft Engine Tech no logyAward for outstanding contri bu tions tothe field of air breathing propulsionthrough inspiring leader ship, education andresearch, having major impacts on opera -tional capability, performance, and design.He is presently J. Bernard Jones Professor ofMechanical Engineering at Virginia Techand a Life Fellow of the American Societyof Mechanical Engineers.

Dr.-Ing. Jaan Hellat received the IGTI IndustrialGas Turbine Technology 2012 Award for outstandingcontributions and industry leadership in low emissionscombustion system research, design, development anddeployment. He is currently a Consultant for AlstomPower and serves on various European commissions andworking groups for R&D and emissions.

The IGTI John P. Davis Award was shared by fiveindividuals, Kivanc Ekici, Robert E. Kielb, Josef Panovsky,Rakesh Srivastava, and Lawrie Virgin for their 2010 ASMETurbo Expo technical paper, Non-Linear Flutter in Fan StatorVanes with Time Dependent Fixity. Panovsky and Srivastava workfor Honeywell. Kielb and Virgin work for Duke University.Ekici works for the University of Tennessee.

The ASME Gas Turbine Award wasawarded to Martin Goodhand and RobertMiller for their paper presented at TurboExpo 2010, The Impact of Real Geometries onThree-Dimensional Separations in Compressors.Goodhand and Miller are both affiliated withthe University of Cambridge.

left to right: David Wisler and ASME PresidentMarc Goldsmith - R. Tom Sawyer Award

left to right: Robert Miller, ASME President MarcGoldsmith, Martin Goodhand - Gas Turbine Award

left to right: IGTIChair Klaus Brun,ASME PresidentMarc Goldsmith,Rakesh Srivastava &Robert Kielb. Otherauthors not present- JP Davis Award

left to right: BillCousins, Walter

O'Brien, JaanHellat, Dick

Tuthill - AircraftEngine Award &

Industrial GasTurbine Award


GGTN0812.indd 48 7/6/12 2:01 PM



Thank YouTurbo Expo

2012 Sponsors

GE

Siemens

Rolls-Royce

Pratt & Whitney

ANSYS

CD-adapco

Solar Turbines

NUMECA

Parker Hannifin

Dresser-Rand

Mentor Graphics

Southwest ResearchInstitute

ALSTOM

Cambridge FlowSolutions

WonderfulCopenhagen

The annual women's dinner was held atMOLTKE’S PALACE, which was built in 1702.

People’s Choice Award, Pratt & Whitney – Best Large Display

Nathalie von Siemens fromSiemens (top) and MaureenNormoyle from GE Aviation (left)shared their experiences at theWomen's Dinner.

Turbo Expo 2012 HighlightsASME Turbo Expo 2012 in Copenhagen maintainedits reputation as the world’s premier gathering ofturbomachinery professionals. Throughout theweek, delegates shared practical experiences,knowledge and ideas on the latest gas turbinetechnology trends and challenges, as well as on relatedtopics in fans and blowers; solar power, and wind andsteam turbine technologies.

If turbomachinery is part of your professional life,you cannot afford to miss the annual ASME TurboExpo! To plan for 2013, see page 45 of this issue andkeep informed throughout the year by visiting TurboExpo online at www.turboexpo.org. R

People’s Choice Award, TurboCam – Best Small Display

Conference Chair Karen Thole, Mark Pearson, Ex. Conference ChairLennart Nilsson, Henrik Steisdahl, Al Brockett - TE12 keynote

Attendees enjoy the Welcome Reception at the Bella Center.

Dick Tuthill of Pratt & Whitney speaks with young engineers atthe networking reception. Pratt & Whitney sponsored the event.




IGTI Honors Individuals forAchievements in the Gas TurbineIndustry during Turbo Expo 2012Each year during Turbo Expo, IGTI hosts an awards program to honor individuals who have made significantcontributions to the gas turbine industry. This year the awards program was held in conjunction with the grandopening keynote on Monday, June 11.

Throughout the conference IGTI also honored more than 100 authors with “Best Paper Awards” for papers presented during Turbo Expo 2012 inCopenhagen, Denmark. Plaques were given to these individuals at their respective technical committee meetings.R

Dr. David Wisler received the 2012 R. Tom Sawyer Award, which is given to anindividual who has made important contributions to advance the purpose of the gas turbineindustry and the International Gas Turbine Institute over a substantial period of time. Wislerretired from GE Aviation after a career spanning 38 years. During his tenure at GE, Wislerheld positions of increasing responsibility for conducting and managing advanced technologyprograms. His work to improve airfoil shapes and understand the complex flow fields in therotating components of gas turbine engines has been instrumental in reducing losses(reducing fuel burn) and improving performance. Wisler is a member of the US NationalAcademy of Engineering and has won numerous ASME awards, including the MelvilleMedal (three times), Gas Turbine Award (twice) and IGTI Aircraft Engine Technology Award.

Dr. Walter O’Brien received the 2012IGTI Aircraft Engine Tech no logyAward for outstanding contri bu tions tothe field of air breathing propulsionthrough inspiring leader ship, education andresearch, having major impacts on opera -tional capability, performance, and design.He is presently J. Bernard Jones Professor ofMechanical Engineering at Virginia Techand a Life Fellow of the American Societyof Mechanical Engineers.

Dr.-Ing. Jaan Hellat received the IGTI IndustrialGas Turbine Technology 2012 Award for outstandingcontributions and industry leadership in low emissionscombustion system research, design, development anddeployment. He is currently a Consultant for AlstomPower and serves on various European commissions andworking groups for R&D and emissions.

The IGTI John P. Davis Award was shared by fiveindividuals, Kivanc Ekici, Robert E. Kielb, Josef Panovsky,Rakesh Srivastava, and Lawrie Virgin for their 2010 ASMETurbo Expo technical paper, Non-Linear Flutter in Fan StatorVanes with Time Dependent Fixity. Panovsky and Srivastava workfor Honeywell. Kielb and Virgin work for Duke University.Ekici works for the University of Tennessee.

The ASME Gas Turbine Award wasawarded to Martin Goodhand and RobertMiller for their paper presented at TurboExpo 2010, The Impact of Real Geometries onThree-Dimensional Separations in Compressors.Goodhand and Miller are both affiliated withthe University of Cambridge.

left to right: David Wisler and ASME PresidentMarc Goldsmith - R. Tom Sawyer Award

left to right: Robert Miller, ASME President MarcGoldsmith, Martin Goodhand - Gas Turbine Award

left to right: IGTIChair Klaus Brun,ASME PresidentMarc Goldsmith,Rakesh Srivastava &Robert Kielb. Otherauthors not present- JP Davis Award

left to right: BillCousins, Walter

O'Brien, JaanHellat, Dick

Tuthill - AircraftEngine Award &

Industrial GasTurbine Award


GGTN0812.indd 49 7/6/12 2:01 PM



Here, at the University of Connecticut in Storrs wehave a gas turbine powered 25MW cogenerationpower plant that serves the 18,000 studentcampus. It has been in operation since 2006 and isexpected to save the University $180M in energy costsover its forty-year design life.

In a conventional power plant about one-third ofthe input energy is converted to useful electricalpower, while two-thirds is thrown away as waste heatto rivers, the sea or the atmosphere. Cogeneration –also called combined heat and power (CHP) – is thesimultaneous conversion of chemical energy of a singlefuel source (e.g. natural gas) to produce useful energy(e.g. electricity) and propitious heat (e.g. boil a liquidfor heating/cooling). Cogeneration in the form ofmunicipal power and district heating has been utilizedin Europe for many years[1]. In more recent times, as itsefficiencies and operating temperatures have risenthrough research and technology, the gas turbine hasbecome the prime mover for cogeneration.

The heart of the UConn cogeneration plantconsists of three 7 MW Solar Taurus gas turbinesburning natural gas, with fuel oil as a backup. Thesedrive water-cooled generators to produce up to 20-24MW of electrical power distributed throughout thecampus. All three have been run in a base load mode,since 2006. In 2011, each, with about 41,000 hours ofreliable operation, were removed for refurbishmentand replaced with rebuilt Taurus gas turbines.

Gas turbine exhaust heat (at about 900 deg F) isused to generate up to 200,000 pounds per hour ofsteam in heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs).The HRSGs provide high pressure steam (600 psi) topower a 4.6 MW steam turbine generator set for moreelectrical power, and low pressure steam (125 psi) forcampus heating.

Featured Column: As the Turbine Turns...

Cogeneration: Gas Turbine Multitasking

By Dr. Lee S. Langston, Professor Emeritus of Engineering, University of Connecticut

Langston is a former editor of the ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power and hasserved on the IGTI Board of Directors as both Chair and Treasurer.

The waste heat from the steam turbine contained in low pressure turbineexhaust steam is combined with the HRSG low pressure steam output, for campusheating. Thus, careful waste heat engineering and management allows three energyusages (gas turbines, steam turbine and campus heating) for only one unit of gasturbine fuel.

During the warmer months, when heatingis only needed for some campus kitchens andlaboratories, the low pressure steam (from boththe steam turbine and the HRSGs) is used topower low pressure steam turbines which drivethree refrigeration compressors to supply up to6300 refrigeration tons of chilled water. Thechilled water is distributed to campus buildingsfor air conditioning. A small part of the chilledwater output can also be used to cool hot dayinlet air to the gas turbines, thereby maintaining high gas turbine efficiency (nominally34% at 59 deg F inlet) and electrical power output. Thus careful waste heatmanagement provides campus cooling and the maintenance of high electrical powerneeds during hot summer months.

The plant, described in more detail in [2], [3] and [4], cost $81M, a figure whichincluded modifications to existing utility facilities. An estimate of its true cost isabout $50M, or $2000/kW. It includes a class room which is used for instruction fornot only engineering students, but also students from other university disciplines.Thus far, two engineering graduate students (one PhD [5], one Masters [6]) havecarried out research on the plant’s many interacting control systems.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics requires that a power plant must reject heat,no matter how efficient. Roof mounted cooling towers provide UConn’s means ofheat rejection, but use substantial amounts of the University’s fresh water supply.Facilities are now being put in place to use the University’s treated waste water(currently being pumped to the local Willimantic River) in the cooling towers.

UConn’s cogeneration thermal efficiency is about 80%. A cogeneration plant’sthermal efficiency (more accurately called an energy utilization factor) is calculatedas the sum of the electrical power output and the useful heat produced divided bythe fuel energy supplied. Other measures show that under a demand rate of 25MW of electricity and 200,000 pounds/hr of steam, UConn’s cogen plant usesonly 52% of the fuel consumed by conventional non-cogeneration means. Carefulutilization of gas turbine power plant waste heat yields a large payoff for the user,and for the environment. R

References1. Horlock, J.H., 1997, Cogeneration - Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Krieger.2. Langston, Lee, 2006, “Campus Heat and Power,” Mechanical Engineering Magazine,

December, pp. 28-31.3. “Conservative Design Assures Top Operational Flexibility, Reliability”, 2007, Combined Cycle

Journal, Fourth Quarter, pp. 71-74.4. “Cogeneration: Clean Power at UConn”, 2011, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSeSG7qQK-0>,

December 4.5. Howard, Rachelle R., 2009, ”Automated Autocorrelation Function Analysis for Detection, Diagnosis

and Correction of Underperforming Controllers”, PhD Dissertation, University of Connecticut.6. Burns, Joseph W., 2011, “Applied Control Strategies at a Cogeneration Plant”, Masters Thesis,

University of Connecticut.




IGTI Student ScholarshipIGTI will award 20 scholarships of $2,000 each, to students who submit all the requireddocumentation and meet the qualifications. Applications will be accepted from February15, 2013 through May 15, 2013. For application and requirements, please visit thefollowing web page: http://igti.asme.org/Honors/.

Professional Development:n New! IGTI is proud to partner with the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

for the ASME International Gas Turbine Institute European Training Week,September 10-14, 2012. Hosted by: University of Munich, Southwest ResearchInstitute and Solar Turbines Incorporated.

n IGTI is proud to partner once again for the 4th year with Southwest ResearchInstitute to offer four hands-on training workshops the week of February 25 -March 1, 2013 at the SwRI facility in San Antonio.

For detailed information on up-coming training events for the gas turbine industry, please visit the IGTI web site at:http://igti.asme.org/Education/Short_Courses_2.cfm

2012 Turbo Expo WorkshopsIGTI would like to thank all of the following Instructors for their time and for sharingtheir knowledge to all the young engineers who attended the pre-conference workshops!

Rakesh Bhargava, Ph.D., Hess CorporationDr. Ron Bunker, GE Global Research CenterDr. John Clark, Air Force Research LaboratoryLloyd Cooke, Liburdi Turbine ServicesDr. John Coull, University of CambridgeRaul Vazquez Diaz, Industria De Turbopropulsores Frank Hasselbach, Rolls-RoyceProfessor Li He, Oxford UniversityDr. Michael B. Henderson, Quest Reliability Dr. Howard Hodson, University of CambridgeSteve Ingistov, BP/WCC

Please contact Shirley Barton ([email protected]) regarding information on:n IGTI Technical Committee & Leadership n IGTI Awards and Scholarshipsn Directory & Member Information n Training & Developmentn Volunteer Opportunities

If you have a topic you think will be of value to the turbine industry andwould like to present it in a webinar format or a “face-to-face” format, pleasecontact Shirley at [email protected]. R

Member Services:Updated! Young Engineer Travel Award

Attending Turbo Expo to present research findingsis an effective strategy for encouraging students andearly career engineers to work in the turbomachineryarea and to become engaged in IGTI activities. Fundsfor travel and registration are not always available and,as such, the IGTI Board of Directors has institutedtravel awards for attending Turbo Expo. Annually,IGTI will now set aside $30K for providing amaximum $2K for travel awards to selectedapplicants. The nominee must have completed theresearch to be presented at the Turbo Expo whileseeking a degree at a university. At the time which theapplication for the travel award is made, the applicantmay be a student, post-doc, or practicing engineer. Ifthe applicant is a post-doc or practicing engineer, theymust be within two years of having completed theirdegree at the time their paper is presented at TurboExpo. The research to be presented must have beencompleted while seeking a degree. Nominations forTurbo Expo 2013 are due by March 1, 2013. Forcomplete details, visit http://igti.asme.org/Honors/.

New! ASME – IGTI Early Career AwardEarly Career Awards are intended to honor

individuals who have outstanding accomplishmentsduring the beginning of their careers. Historically, therehas been no such award to recognize early careerengineers working in the area of turbomachinery.

An early career award is intended for those starting aprofessional career, which is typically after a relevantterminal degree: BS, MS, or PhD. A criterion of seven-years-from-degree will be used to define the nominee’seligibility. The nominee must receive the award prior tothe completion of the seventh year beyond the terminaldegree. To be eligible for this award, the nominee mustbe an active member of the ASME.

The recipient of the ASME-IGTI Early CareerAward will be presented with the award at Turbo Expo.The award will be accompanied with a plaque, funds tosupport the travel and registration costs to the TurboExpo, free ASME membership registration for fiveyears, and a $2000 (USD) honorarium. Nominationsfor the 2013 award are due by September 1, 2012. Forcomplete details, visit http://igti.asme.org/Honors/.

ASME IGTI Professional & Member Development

By Shirley Barton, IGTI Professional & Member Development Manager

IGTI offered several travel awards to students and youngengineers employed in industry or government to attendASME Turbo Expo to present papers on which they wereauthors. Six individuals were selected for the Copenhagen conference.We congratulate them all for their efforts! R

Young Engineer Travel AwardsPresented at Turbo Expo

Manfred Klein, Gas Turbine Laboratory, NRCCCyrus Meher-Homji, Bechtel CorporationWarren Miglietti, Power Systems Mfg., LLC.Doug Nagy, Liburdi Turbine ServicesDr. Guillermo Paniagua, von Karman Institute Purush Sahoo, American Surface ModificationsDr. Eric Seinturier, TurbomecaDr. Shahrokh Shahpar, Rolls-RoyceDr. Tom Verstraete, von Karman Institute Dr. Maxine Watson, Quest Integrity Group

Jason Wilkes, Southwest Research Institute

Lisa Branchini, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna

Thomas Dyson, University of Texas at Austin

Todd Letcher, Ohio State University

F. Todd Davidson, University of Texas at Austin

Seth Lawson, ORISE, NETL


GGTN0812.indd 50 7/6/12 2:02 PM



Here, at the University of Connecticut in Storrs wehave a gas turbine powered 25MW cogenerationpower plant that serves the 18,000 studentcampus. It has been in operation since 2006 and isexpected to save the University $180M in energy costsover its forty-year design life.

In a conventional power plant about one-third ofthe input energy is converted to useful electricalpower, while two-thirds is thrown away as waste heatto rivers, the sea or the atmosphere. Cogeneration –also called combined heat and power (CHP) – is thesimultaneous conversion of chemical energy of a singlefuel source (e.g. natural gas) to produce useful energy(e.g. electricity) and propitious heat (e.g. boil a liquidfor heating/cooling). Cogeneration in the form ofmunicipal power and district heating has been utilizedin Europe for many years[1]. In more recent times, as itsefficiencies and operating temperatures have risenthrough research and technology, the gas turbine hasbecome the prime mover for cogeneration.

The heart of the UConn cogeneration plantconsists of three 7 MW Solar Taurus gas turbinesburning natural gas, with fuel oil as a backup. Thesedrive water-cooled generators to produce up to 20-24MW of electrical power distributed throughout thecampus. All three have been run in a base load mode,since 2006. In 2011, each, with about 41,000 hours ofreliable operation, were removed for refurbishmentand replaced with rebuilt Taurus gas turbines.

Gas turbine exhaust heat (at about 900 deg F) isused to generate up to 200,000 pounds per hour ofsteam in heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs).The HRSGs provide high pressure steam (600 psi) topower a 4.6 MW steam turbine generator set for moreelectrical power, and low pressure steam (125 psi) forcampus heating.

Featured Column: As the Turbine Turns...

Cogeneration: Gas Turbine Multitasking

By Dr. Lee S. Langston, Professor Emeritus of Engineering, University of Connecticut

Langston is a former editor of the ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power and hasserved on the IGTI Board of Directors as both Chair and Treasurer.

The waste heat from the steam turbine contained in low pressure turbineexhaust steam is combined with the HRSG low pressure steam output, for campusheating. Thus, careful waste heat engineering and management allows three energyusages (gas turbines, steam turbine and campus heating) for only one unit of gasturbine fuel.

During the warmer months, when heatingis only needed for some campus kitchens andlaboratories, the low pressure steam (from boththe steam turbine and the HRSGs) is used topower low pressure steam turbines which drivethree refrigeration compressors to supply up to6300 refrigeration tons of chilled water. Thechilled water is distributed to campus buildingsfor air conditioning. A small part of the chilledwater output can also be used to cool hot dayinlet air to the gas turbines, thereby maintaining high gas turbine efficiency (nominally34% at 59 deg F inlet) and electrical power output. Thus careful waste heatmanagement provides campus cooling and the maintenance of high electrical powerneeds during hot summer months.

The plant, described in more detail in [2], [3] and [4], cost $81M, a figure whichincluded modifications to existing utility facilities. An estimate of its true cost isabout $50M, or $2000/kW. It includes a class room which is used for instruction fornot only engineering students, but also students from other university disciplines.Thus far, two engineering graduate students (one PhD [5], one Masters [6]) havecarried out research on the plant’s many interacting control systems.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics requires that a power plant must reject heat,no matter how efficient. Roof mounted cooling towers provide UConn’s means ofheat rejection, but use substantial amounts of the University’s fresh water supply.Facilities are now being put in place to use the University’s treated waste water(currently being pumped to the local Willimantic River) in the cooling towers.

UConn’s cogeneration thermal efficiency is about 80%. A cogeneration plant’sthermal efficiency (more accurately called an energy utilization factor) is calculatedas the sum of the electrical power output and the useful heat produced divided bythe fuel energy supplied. Other measures show that under a demand rate of 25MW of electricity and 200,000 pounds/hr of steam, UConn’s cogen plant usesonly 52% of the fuel consumed by conventional non-cogeneration means. Carefulutilization of gas turbine power plant waste heat yields a large payoff for the user,and for the environment. R

References1. Horlock, J.H., 1997, Cogeneration - Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Krieger.2. Langston, Lee, 2006, “Campus Heat and Power,” Mechanical Engineering Magazine,

December, pp. 28-31.3. “Conservative Design Assures Top Operational Flexibility, Reliability”, 2007, Combined Cycle

Journal, Fourth Quarter, pp. 71-74.4. “Cogeneration: Clean Power at UConn”, 2011, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSeSG7qQK-0>,

December 4.5. Howard, Rachelle R., 2009, ”Automated Autocorrelation Function Analysis for Detection, Diagnosis

and Correction of Underperforming Controllers”, PhD Dissertation, University of Connecticut.6. Burns, Joseph W., 2011, “Applied Control Strategies at a Cogeneration Plant”, Masters Thesis,

University of Connecticut.




IGTI Student ScholarshipIGTI will award 20 scholarships of $2,000 each, to students who submit all the requireddocumentation and meet the qualifications. Applications will be accepted from February15, 2013 through May 15, 2013. For application and requirements, please visit thefollowing web page: http://igti.asme.org/Honors/.

Professional Development:n New! IGTI is proud to partner with the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

for the ASME International Gas Turbine Institute European Training Week,September 10-14, 2012. Hosted by: University of Munich, Southwest ResearchInstitute and Solar Turbines Incorporated.

n IGTI is proud to partner once again for the 4th year with Southwest ResearchInstitute to offer four hands-on training workshops the week of February 25 -March 1, 2013 at the SwRI facility in San Antonio.

For detailed information on up-coming training events for the gas turbine industry, please visit the IGTI web site at:http://igti.asme.org/Education/Short_Courses_2.cfm

2012 Turbo Expo WorkshopsIGTI would like to thank all of the following Instructors for their time and for sharingtheir knowledge to all the young engineers who attended the pre-conference workshops!

Rakesh Bhargava, Ph.D., Hess CorporationDr. Ron Bunker, GE Global Research CenterDr. John Clark, Air Force Research LaboratoryLloyd Cooke, Liburdi Turbine ServicesDr. John Coull, University of CambridgeRaul Vazquez Diaz, Industria De Turbopropulsores Frank Hasselbach, Rolls-RoyceProfessor Li He, Oxford UniversityDr. Michael B. Henderson, Quest Reliability Dr. Howard Hodson, University of CambridgeSteve Ingistov, BP/WCC

Please contact Shirley Barton ([email protected]) regarding information on:n IGTI Technical Committee & Leadership n IGTI Awards and Scholarshipsn Directory & Member Information n Training & Developmentn Volunteer Opportunities

If you have a topic you think will be of value to the turbine industry andwould like to present it in a webinar format or a “face-to-face” format, pleasecontact Shirley at [email protected]. R

Member Services:Updated! Young Engineer Travel Award

Attending Turbo Expo to present research findingsis an effective strategy for encouraging students andearly career engineers to work in the turbomachineryarea and to become engaged in IGTI activities. Fundsfor travel and registration are not always available and,as such, the IGTI Board of Directors has institutedtravel awards for attending Turbo Expo. Annually,IGTI will now set aside $30K for providing amaximum $2K for travel awards to selectedapplicants. The nominee must have completed theresearch to be presented at the Turbo Expo whileseeking a degree at a university. At the time which theapplication for the travel award is made, the applicantmay be a student, post-doc, or practicing engineer. Ifthe applicant is a post-doc or practicing engineer, theymust be within two years of having completed theirdegree at the time their paper is presented at TurboExpo. The research to be presented must have beencompleted while seeking a degree. Nominations forTurbo Expo 2013 are due by March 1, 2013. Forcomplete details, visit http://igti.asme.org/Honors/.

New! ASME – IGTI Early Career AwardEarly Career Awards are intended to honor

individuals who have outstanding accomplishmentsduring the beginning of their careers. Historically, therehas been no such award to recognize early careerengineers working in the area of turbomachinery.

An early career award is intended for those starting aprofessional career, which is typically after a relevantterminal degree: BS, MS, or PhD. A criterion of seven-years-from-degree will be used to define the nominee’seligibility. The nominee must receive the award prior tothe completion of the seventh year beyond the terminaldegree. To be eligible for this award, the nominee mustbe an active member of the ASME.

The recipient of the ASME-IGTI Early CareerAward will be presented with the award at Turbo Expo.The award will be accompanied with a plaque, funds tosupport the travel and registration costs to the TurboExpo, free ASME membership registration for fiveyears, and a $2000 (USD) honorarium. Nominationsfor the 2013 award are due by September 1, 2012. Forcomplete details, visit http://igti.asme.org/Honors/.

ASME IGTI Professional & Member Development

By Shirley Barton, IGTI Professional & Member Development Manager

IGTI offered several travel awards to students and youngengineers employed in industry or government to attendASME Turbo Expo to present papers on which they wereauthors. Six individuals were selected for the Copenhagen conference.We congratulate them all for their efforts! R

Young Engineer Travel AwardsPresented at Turbo Expo

Manfred Klein, Gas Turbine Laboratory, NRCCCyrus Meher-Homji, Bechtel CorporationWarren Miglietti, Power Systems Mfg., LLC.Doug Nagy, Liburdi Turbine ServicesDr. Guillermo Paniagua, von Karman Institute Purush Sahoo, American Surface ModificationsDr. Eric Seinturier, TurbomecaDr. Shahrokh Shahpar, Rolls-RoyceDr. Tom Verstraete, von Karman Institute Dr. Maxine Watson, Quest Integrity Group

Jason Wilkes, Southwest Research Institute

Lisa Branchini, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna

Thomas Dyson, University of Texas at Austin

Todd Letcher, Ohio State University

F. Todd Davidson, University of Texas at Austin

Seth Lawson, ORISE, NETL


GGTN0812.indd 51 7/6/12 2:02 PM



Notwithstanding the sluggish pace of theeconomic recovery and the cost of nearlyeverything seemingly on the rise, renewableenergy production continues to be an importantsector of the global economy. The adverseconsequences of climate change, together with theshared global reality of governments, businesses, andindividuals feeling a collective pain at the pump due tohigh oil prices, are spurring society to find ways toreduce fossil fuel consumption and develop alternativeenergy sources. While advances in traditional andalternative energy production are occurring, large utilityscale wind energy is currently the most viable renewablesolution available. Today, engineers looking to make animpact in the world need look no further than thechallenges and rewards facing the wind energy sector.

There are many advantages that wind brings to theenergy mix. For one, wind turbines do not producecombustion byproducts and can generate electricity forcomparatively low costs, in many cases comparable tosome of the lowest cost traditional methods such asnatural gas fired combined cycle power plants. Someadditional advantages for large utility scale wind energyinclude revitalization of rural communities, fewergovernment subsidies, free fuel, price stability, costeffective electricity production, and significant jobcreation. Wind energy projects create new short- andlong-term jobs. Employment includes developers,surveyors, meteorologists, structural engineers, assemblyworkers, lawyers, bankers, and technicians to name just afew. Per unit of electricity generated, wind creates nearly1/3 more jobs than a coal plant and nearly 2/3 morethan a nuclear power plant.

Wind energy can diversify the economies of ruralcommunities, adding to the tax base and providing newincome. All energy systems are subsidized, and wind isno exception. However, wind receives considerably lessthan other forms of energy. The GovernmentAccountability Office determined that fossil fuelsreceived nearly five times as much in tax incentives asrenewable energy did between fiscal years 2002-2007,with $13.7 billion going to fossil fuels compared to $2.8billion for renewables.[1

Unlike other forms of electrical generation, windgenerates electricity at the source of fuel. Wind does notneed to be mined or transported, removing expensiveelements from energy costs. The cost of wind-generatedelectricity has fallen from nearly 40¢ per kWh in theearly 1980s to 2.5-6¢ per kWh today depending onwind speed and project size.

Modern land based utility scale wind turbines are inthe 1.5-3.0 MW range. They consist of large structuresdesigned to handle extremely high loads, and unusuallyhigh fatigue cycles. They must also operate over a widerange of environmental conditions, have a low main -tenance requirement, and most importantly – they must

be low cost. Comparison of the estimated cost of a helicopter and wind turbine bladehighlights the difference in cost requirements; helicopter blades are about $1000 perpound compared to $5 to $20 for a wind turbine blade.

A model by Electric Power Research Institute, Technical Advisory Group (EPRI –TAG), is commonly used to calculate cost of energy (CoE) of utility scale windturbines.

Where: FCR = Fixed charge rate, CostCapital = Total capital cost of the project, andCostO&M = Operations and maintenance cost per unit of energy.

From this relationship, FCR, Capital Cost, and O&M must be as low as possible,and at the same time the AEP should be as high as possible. Using 9% cost of moneyand assuming installed 2.5MW turbine example levels of Capital Cost, O&M, and AEPof $1.43M/MW, $25/MWh, and 8300 MWh respectively, the resulting CoE is about$64/MWh. If this example turbine was in an area where retail electricity costconsumers $80-90/MWh, the wind turbine owner would stand to make a healthyprofit, even without government subsidies.

Many opponents of windenergy try to point to theintermittency of wind and theneed to provide backup poweror storage. Fortunately, with aholistic systems level view of thegrid, this argument doesn’t standup. In fact, large and abruptchanges in demand for electricitycan and do adversely affect theoutput of conventional electricgeneration sources - such as gridoperators facing the sudden lossof a large power plant - whereaswind output changes are

typically more gradual and predictable. This is easily understood by thinking of thecontinuous parade of storm fronts day to day, moving generally west to east in manyregions, with wind plant after wind plant in the path of these storms taking their turnto spin up and generate electricity.

Designing and maintaining a wind turbine is a challenging task, requiring closeinteraction between engineers of many different disciplines. The fundamental challengein designing a wind turbine is for it to operate reliably and safely for twenty years ormore; produce as much power as possible, and with the lowest possible initial and lifecycle costs.

Wind turbines are often referred to as three blades on a stick. “I can understand whyengineers have that perception. The reason is usually a lack of understanding ofcomplexities and challenges involved in wind turbine design” says Clipper’s SandeepGupta. He relates this perception to this own personal experience. “As an engineerwith aerospace background, I was in the same boat once. When I joined the Universityof Maryland for my doctorate program, my advisor offered me a research project onwind turbine aerodynamics. My first reaction was disappointment. However, I decidedto give it a shot and that was one of the best decisions I ever made. As I got tounderstand the complexities of wind turbine technology and the challenges involved, Ifell more and more in love with the technology.”

Figure 1 shows major components of a wind turbine design and the associatedengineering skills required. As can be seen, the engineering skills required cover a widerange of engineering disciplines, including mechanical, electrical, aeronautical, civil,controls and software, to name just a few.

Challenges & Rewards for Engineers in Wind By Lawrence Willey, Robert Budny, and Sandeep Gupta – Clipper Windpower LLC

Figure 1: Engineering Skills &Wind Turbine Design

FCR * CostCapital

Annual Energy ProductionCost of Energy = + CostO&M


GGTN0812.indd 52 7/6/12 2:04 PM



Notwithstanding the sluggish pace of theeconomic recovery and the cost of nearlyeverything seemingly on the rise, renewableenergy production continues to be an importantsector of the global economy. The adverseconsequences of climate change, together with theshared global reality of governments, businesses, andindividuals feeling a collective pain at the pump due tohigh oil prices, are spurring society to find ways toreduce fossil fuel consumption and develop alternativeenergy sources. While advances in traditional andalternative energy production are occurring, large utilityscale wind energy is currently the most viable renewablesolution available. Today, engineers looking to make animpact in the world need look no further than thechallenges and rewards facing the wind energy sector.

There are many advantages that wind brings to theenergy mix. For one, wind turbines do not producecombustion byproducts and can generate electricity forcomparatively low costs, in many cases comparable tosome of the lowest cost traditional methods such asnatural gas fired combined cycle power plants. Someadditional advantages for large utility scale wind energyinclude revitalization of rural communities, fewergovernment subsidies, free fuel, price stability, costeffective electricity production, and significant jobcreation. Wind energy projects create new short- andlong-term jobs. Employment includes developers,surveyors, meteorologists, structural engineers, assemblyworkers, lawyers, bankers, and technicians to name just afew. Per unit of electricity generated, wind creates nearly1/3 more jobs than a coal plant and nearly 2/3 morethan a nuclear power plant.

Wind energy can diversify the economies of ruralcommunities, adding to the tax base and providing newincome. All energy systems are subsidized, and wind isno exception. However, wind receives considerably lessthan other forms of energy. The GovernmentAccountability Office determined that fossil fuelsreceived nearly five times as much in tax incentives asrenewable energy did between fiscal years 2002-2007,with $13.7 billion going to fossil fuels compared to $2.8billion for renewables.[1

Unlike other forms of electrical generation, windgenerates electricity at the source of fuel. Wind does notneed to be mined or transported, removing expensiveelements from energy costs. The cost of wind-generatedelectricity has fallen from nearly 40¢ per kWh in theearly 1980s to 2.5-6¢ per kWh today depending onwind speed and project size.

Modern land based utility scale wind turbines are inthe 1.5-3.0 MW range. They consist of large structuresdesigned to handle extremely high loads, and unusuallyhigh fatigue cycles. They must also operate over a widerange of environmental conditions, have a low main -tenance requirement, and most importantly – they must

be low cost. Comparison of the estimated cost of a helicopter and wind turbine bladehighlights the difference in cost requirements; helicopter blades are about $1000 perpound compared to $5 to $20 for a wind turbine blade.

A model by Electric Power Research Institute, Technical Advisory Group (EPRI –TAG), is commonly used to calculate cost of energy (CoE) of utility scale windturbines.

Where: FCR = Fixed charge rate, CostCapital = Total capital cost of the project, andCostO&M = Operations and maintenance cost per unit of energy.

From this relationship, FCR, Capital Cost, and O&M must be as low as possible,and at the same time the AEP should be as high as possible. Using 9% cost of moneyand assuming installed 2.5MW turbine example levels of Capital Cost, O&M, and AEPof $1.43M/MW, $25/MWh, and 8300 MWh respectively, the resulting CoE is about$64/MWh. If this example turbine was in an area where retail electricity costconsumers $80-90/MWh, the wind turbine owner would stand to make a healthyprofit, even without government subsidies.

Many opponents of windenergy try to point to theintermittency of wind and theneed to provide backup poweror storage. Fortunately, with aholistic systems level view of thegrid, this argument doesn’t standup. In fact, large and abruptchanges in demand for electricitycan and do adversely affect theoutput of conventional electricgeneration sources - such as gridoperators facing the sudden lossof a large power plant - whereaswind output changes are

typically more gradual and predictable. This is easily understood by thinking of thecontinuous parade of storm fronts day to day, moving generally west to east in manyregions, with wind plant after wind plant in the path of these storms taking their turnto spin up and generate electricity.

Designing and maintaining a wind turbine is a challenging task, requiring closeinteraction between engineers of many different disciplines. The fundamental challengein designing a wind turbine is for it to operate reliably and safely for twenty years ormore; produce as much power as possible, and with the lowest possible initial and lifecycle costs.

Wind turbines are often referred to as three blades on a stick. “I can understand whyengineers have that perception. The reason is usually a lack of understanding ofcomplexities and challenges involved in wind turbine design” says Clipper’s SandeepGupta. He relates this perception to this own personal experience. “As an engineerwith aerospace background, I was in the same boat once. When I joined the Universityof Maryland for my doctorate program, my advisor offered me a research project onwind turbine aerodynamics. My first reaction was disappointment. However, I decidedto give it a shot and that was one of the best decisions I ever made. As I got tounderstand the complexities of wind turbine technology and the challenges involved, Ifell more and more in love with the technology.”

Figure 1 shows major components of a wind turbine design and the associatedengineering skills required. As can be seen, the engineering skills required cover a widerange of engineering disciplines, including mechanical, electrical, aeronautical, civil,controls and software, to name just a few.

Challenges & Rewards for Engineers in Wind By Lawrence Willey, Robert Budny, and Sandeep Gupta – Clipper Windpower LLC

Figure 1: Engineering Skills &Wind Turbine Design

FCR * CostCapital

Annual Energy ProductionCost of Energy = + CostO&M




If we begin considering a wind turbine from theground up, we start with the turbine foundation. Windturbines are exposed to massive over turning moments,requiring a well designed foundation, containingthousands of yards of concrete and hundreds of tons ofsteel. Figure 2 shows a few of these design considerations.

The tower, which transmits the turbine loads to thefoundation, must meet the extreme loads and fatigue liferequirements of the turbine, as well as stabilityrequirements. The tower comprises a large portion of thecost of the wind turbine due to the large amount of steelrequired for fabrication, and due to the high costsrequired to transport the tower to the site. These costs aredriving innovation in wind turbine towers, which haveevolved from lattice type construction in the early days ofwind, to the tubular steel construction which is mostcommon today. Examples of newer tower tech nologiesinclude concrete pre-tensioned segments; lattice towerswith architectural covers, which lower transportationcosts; towers with vibration damping systems thatincrease the fatigue life of the tower and reduce materialscosts; and self-erecting tower tech nologies to reduceconstruction costs. Towers are also growing taller to accesshigher speed wind, which will require additionalinnovation in order to meet the load carrying and liferequirements while not increasing CoE.

Figure 2: Sample of DesignConsiderations

As we continue to move up the turbine, we come to the bedplate, typically a ductileiron casting that supports the turbine drivetrain and rotor. The bedplate is also exposed tolarge extreme loads and to a challenging fatigue load environment, and often must berelatively stiff to ensure the correct alignment of drivetrain components. The bedplatesupports the drivetrain, which typically consists of a gearbox and a generator.

The purpose of the gearbox is to increase the speed at which the generator turns inorder to reduce the cost of the generator. It is here that we begin to see the collaborationrequired between the mechanical engineers who design the gearbox and the electricalengineers who design the generator, as the design of each component affects the other.The higher the gearbox ratio, the higher the cost of the gearbox (with lower thereliability due to increased part count) and lower the cost of the generator.

The challenge for the design team is to produce a drivetrain system that has the lowestoverall costs and highest reliability, and to recognize the effect that each component hason the balance of the system. Wind turbine drivetrain reliability has been an issue in thepast, and is spurring a large amount of innovation in drivetrain topologies. Some of thelatest drivetrain technologies include direct drive generators, low speed generators with asimple gearbox (a compromise between current high speed technology and direct drivetechnology) and hydraulic speed increasers as an alternative to a gearbox.

From the drivetrain, we move to the rotor blades, the most visible part of the turbine,and perhaps the component requiring the most interaction between engineeringdisciplines. A rotor blade must be as efficient as possible, quiet, and relatively insensitive tofouling from insects and dust. It must have at least a 20 year fatigue life, withstandhurricane force winds and lightning strikes, and have sufficient stiffness to avoid strikingthe tower under any operating condition.

Meeting these requirements requires the participation of aerodynamicists, structuralanalysts, materials engineers, process engineers, and controls engineers, each of whosedesign decisions affect those of other members of the rotor, turbine, and Wind PowerPlant (WPP) design teams.

A formal coursework in wind turbine engineering in the United States has beenrelatively scarce until recently. University of Massachusetts, Amherst has a long history ofproviding formal education in wind energy. In addition to this, Texas Tech University,University of Colorado at Boulder and University of California, Davis also offer focusedprograms for wind energy research. With the increase in funding for basic research inwind energy and the rapid growth of wind energy, the last few years have seen a sub -stantial increase in the number of universities offering courses focused on wind energy,making it easier for engineers to meet the challenges and reap the rewards in wind.

The growth of large utility scale wind power is fast paced and generatingunprecedented demand for engineers and technicians. For those heeding the call – Thetechnical challenges and rewards are second to none. R

References1. “Federal Electricity Subsidies: Information on Research Funding, Tax Expenditures, and Other

Activities That Support Electricity Production,” GAO, October 26, 2007.

Turbo Expo 2013 . . . CONTINUED FROM PAGE 45

Welcome to San Antonio!As the 7th largest city in the United States, San Antonio, Texas, has much to

offer! From affordability to food and fun, San Antonio promises to be an excitinglocation for Turbo Expo 2013. The city was recently named to the “Top 10 BudgetDestinations for 2012” (Budget Travel, Dec. 2011) as well as “America’s Best Citiesfor Foodies” (Travel & Leisure, Sept. 2011) for its barbecue.

In addition, Forbes magazine also listed San Antonio among “America’s BestDowntowns”: “The city is more than just home to one of the most famoushistorical sites in the West [the Alamo]. The San Antonio River Walk is perhaps themost beautiful part of the city, creating a verdant pathway lined with colorful caféumbrellas that winds its way through downtown, offering up a bevy of shops,restaurants, and bars on the way.” (October 2011)

With so much to see and do, and with Southern hospitality “to boot,” you won’twant to miss ASME Turbo Expo 2013, June 3-7, 2013, in San Antonio! R


GGTN0812.indd 53 7/6/12 2:04 PM



The Industrial Gas Turbine Award recognizes sustainedpersonal creative scientific or technological contributionsunique to electric power or mechanical drive industrial gasturbine technology. Eligible areas of accomplishment are gasturbine design, application, operations/maintenance, andresearch/development/deployment, performed in an industrial,academic or research laboratory environment in one or more of thefollowing fields:

• Combustion, Fuels, & Emissions Abatement• Controls• Diagnostics• Electric Power Plant Integration• Fluid Dynamics & Thermal Sciences• Operation, Maintenance, & Life Cycle Cost• Manufacturing, Materials, & Metallurgy• Structures & Dynamics• Thermodynamic Cycles• Turbomachinery

The Industrial Gas Turbine Technology Award will include anopportunity to deliver a lecture or present an invited technical paper onthe work for which the award is being bestowed, at ASME Turbo Expoin San Antonio, Texas in June 2013. The recipient of the award will verydesirably, but not necessarily, be a member of The American Society ofMechanical Engineers. The award will be made to a single individual.

Nominating and supporting letters for the Industrial GasTurbine Technology Award should be sent by October 15,2012 to:

Richard S. TuthillPratt & Whitney Power Systems

400 Main Street, MS 191-20East Hartford, CT 06108

[email protected]

Nominating letters should contain all information on thenominee’s relevant qualifications. The Award Committee will notsolicit, nor consider, materials other than those described below. Theselection committee will hold nominations active for a period ofthree years.

A minimum of two supporting letters from individuals, other thanthe nominator, must accompany the nominating letter. Supportingletters should reflect peer recognition of the nominee’s breadth ofexperience with various aspects of industrial gas turbine technology.

Industrial Gas TurbineTechnology Award...

Aircraft EngineTechnology Award...

Call for Nominations2013 IGTI Industrial Gas Turbine Technology& IGTI Aircraft Engine Technology AwardsNominations are being solicited for the Industrial Gas Turbine Technology Award and the Aircraft EngineTechnology Award for presentation at ASME Turbo Expo, to be held June 3-7, 2013, in San Antonio, Texas.

The Aircraft Engine Award recognizes sustained personalcreative contributions to aircraft gas turbine enginetechnology. Eligible areas of accomplishment are aircraft enginedesign, and/or research and development performed in an industrial,academic or research laboratory environment in one or more of thefollowing fields:

• Aircraft Engine Propulsion• Airframe-Propulsion Integration • Combustion & Fuels• Controls• Diagnostics• Heat Transfer• Manufacturing Materials & Metallurgy• Structures & Dynamics• Turbomachinery

The Aircraft Engine Technology Award will include anopportunity to deliver a lecture or present an invited technical paper onthe work for which the award is being bestowed, at ASME Turbo Expoin San Antonio, Texas in June 2013. The recipient of the award will verydesirably, but not necessarily, be a member of The American Society ofMechanical Engineers. The award will be made to a single individual.

Nominating and supporting letters for the Aircraft EngineTechnology Award should be sent by October 15, 2012 to:

Dr. William T. CousinsUnited Technologies Research Center

411 Silver Lane, MS 129-89East Hartford, CT 06108 USA

[email protected]


A minimum of two supporting letters from individuals, other thanthe nominator, must accompany the nominating letter. Supportingletters should reflect peer recognition of the nominee’s breadth ofexperience with various aspects of aircraft engine technology. R




Best Paper Award... The following is part 2 of a two-part article. This is the 2012 Wind Committee Best Paper Award Winner. Part I was featured in the April issue of the GGTN.

Performance Optimization of Wind TurbineRotors with Active Flow Control (Part 2)

By G. Pechlivanoglou, C.N. Nayeri, C.O. Paschereit

The Research MotivationAll wind turbine manufacturers struggle to keep the

aeroelastic loads of their turbines low since loads comein direct connection to wind turbine cost. Advancedblade pitch controller algorithms are being developed inorder to reduce the extreme and fatigue loads incombination with optimized blade designs which aretuned in a way that they combine high energy capturewith low aeroelastic loads. The latest generation ofextremely large blades span more then 60m and underextreme wind conditions their tips deflect more than 5mthus increasing the danger of tower impact. Furthermorethe large blade chords at the inner blade region incombination with high aerodynamic and aeroelasticloads increase the danger of local buckling effects. Thiscombination of fatigue and extreme load reduction aswell as deflection control is currently a headache forwind turbine blade designers. The design optimizationhowever is reaching its limits and new technicalsolutions are required for further improvement.

All the loads mentioned above have to be handled bythe blade structure and the rest of the wind turbinestructure for the entire 20-year design life-time of thesystem. This means that there is a unique combination ofheavily loaded components which have to withstandmore than 107 cycles with very scarce maintenancecycles (usually twice per year). Furthermore, modernwind turbines are expected to achieve very competitivecost of energy levels. The most promising solution forthe extreme and fatigue aeroelastic load issues of windturbines seems to be the introduction of cost effectiveactive flow control solutions. In the 1st part of thisarticle, the performance of a pneumatically actuatedflexible trailing edge flap and an electromechanicallyactuated micro flap was presented. These were some ofthe best performing aerodynamic flow control solutionsthat were selected through a rigorous selection process,which is presented below.

The Selection ProcessThere is a very wide range of aerodynamic flow

control devices that were and still are under investigationin various fields of engineering. Many of these are verypromising and perform exceptionally in certainindustrial and commercial applications, while others stillremain in the prototype phase. In order to identify themost suitable of these solutions for industrial-quality,short/mid term implementation on actual utility scalewind turbines, the authors have performed an extensivemulti-parameter investigation with a thorough matrix-grading system. A very wide selection of aerodynamicflow control solutions was analyzed (Fig. 1) based onextensive multi-disciplinary literature review andthrough aerodynamic and aeroelastic simulations. Theaerodynamic performance was compared withperformance results in several other operational fieldsand a selection matrix was generated. Through this

rational selection process the most promising solutions were selected for furtherexperimental and numerical investigations.

The development of the flowcontrol solution selection matrix wasbased on engineering performanceresults with respect to performanceparameters but also involved subjective,yet justified, performance and costestimations. This was necessary in orderto evaluate the performance of eachsolution under the diverse and adversewind turbine operational conditions.Figure 2 shows the various gradingparameters which were included in theflow control selection methodology. It isobvious that the pure aerodynamicperformance of each solution is only apart of the whole equation, while otherissues such as integration complexityand reliability are equally important.

The selection process was con -stantly correlated with other similarefforts of a few other research groupsaround the world that are active inthis field. The exact results andsolution selection of each group areslightly different mostly due to thefact that there are different parametersand weight factors involved but theoverall tendency is similar. Most of theresearch efforts focus on solutions thatare able to provide significant liftcontrol authority (a Cl variation of±0.3 to ±0.4). At the same time thetrailing edge devices have the mostfavorable performance in the field of system integration and mechanical designperformance. Compliant structures like the flexible flap keep the number of movingparts to a minimum while maintaining high performance and manufacturingsimplicity. The use of flexible and elastic materials based on polymers or rubbermaterial improves the lightning strike resistance of these solutions and allows for lowcost large scale production. The actuator principle, sensitivity and reliability are decisiveparameters and there pneumatic actuators seem to strike a good balance betweenperformance, cost and reliability.

ConclusionThe development of reliable and cost effective active flow control devices for wind

turbine rotorblades is an extremely demanding task. The unprecedented amountoperational cycles and the extremely harsh operational environment are some of themost critical success/failure factors. The need however of load alleviating elements forthe ever-larger rotorblades of the future is evident; therefore it is the aim of the authorsto contribute to the development of such solutions for the next generation of “smart”wind turbine rotorblades. The results presented by the authors cover the 1st researchphase of a large active flow control research effort at the Technical University of Berlin.Results from more detailed follow-up investigations on the aeroelastic performanceand the controller development of such “Smart Blade” solutions are presented by theauthors at the ASME IGTI Turbo Expo 2012. R

Figure 1: Schematic summary of the various activeflow control solutions included in thegrading and section process.

Figure 2: Schematic representation of the selectionmatrix and the main grading parameters.


GGTN0812.indd 54 7/6/12 2:06 PM



The Industrial Gas Turbine Award recognizes sustainedpersonal creative scientific or technological contributionsunique to electric power or mechanical drive industrial gasturbine technology. Eligible areas of accomplishment are gasturbine design, application, operations/maintenance, andresearch/development/deployment, performed in an industrial,academic or research laboratory environment in one or more of thefollowing fields:

• Combustion, Fuels, & Emissions Abatement• Controls• Diagnostics• Electric Power Plant Integration• Fluid Dynamics & Thermal Sciences• Operation, Maintenance, & Life Cycle Cost• Manufacturing, Materials, & Metallurgy• Structures & Dynamics• Thermodynamic Cycles• Turbomachinery

The Industrial Gas Turbine Technology Award will include anopportunity to deliver a lecture or present an invited technical paper onthe work for which the award is being bestowed, at ASME Turbo Expoin San Antonio, Texas in June 2013. The recipient of the award will verydesirably, but not necessarily, be a member of The American Society ofMechanical Engineers. The award will be made to a single individual.

Nominating and supporting letters for the Industrial GasTurbine Technology Award should be sent by October 15,2012 to:

Richard S. TuthillPratt & Whitney Power Systems

400 Main Street, MS 191-20East Hartford, CT 06108

[email protected]


A minimum of two supporting letters from individuals, other thanthe nominator, must accompany the nominating letter. Supportingletters should reflect peer recognition of the nominee’s breadth ofexperience with various aspects of industrial gas turbine technology.

Industrial Gas TurbineTechnology Award...

Aircraft EngineTechnology Award...

Call for Nominations2013 IGTI Industrial Gas Turbine Technology& IGTI Aircraft Engine Technology AwardsNominations are being solicited for the Industrial Gas Turbine Technology Award and the Aircraft EngineTechnology Award for presentation at ASME Turbo Expo, to be held June 3-7, 2013, in San Antonio, Texas.

The Aircraft Engine Award recognizes sustained personalcreative contributions to aircraft gas turbine enginetechnology. Eligible areas of accomplishment are aircraft enginedesign, and/or research and development performed in an industrial,academic or research laboratory environment in one or more of thefollowing fields:

• Aircraft Engine Propulsion• Airframe-Propulsion Integration • Combustion & Fuels• Controls• Diagnostics• Heat Transfer• Manufacturing Materials & Metallurgy• Structures & Dynamics• Turbomachinery

The Aircraft Engine Technology Award will include anopportunity to deliver a lecture or present an invited technical paper onthe work for which the award is being bestowed, at ASME Turbo Expoin San Antonio, Texas in June 2013. The recipient of the award will verydesirably, but not necessarily, be a member of The American Society ofMechanical Engineers. The award will be made to a single individual.

Nominating and supporting letters for the Aircraft EngineTechnology Award should be sent by October 15, 2012 to:

Dr. William T. CousinsUnited Technologies Research Center

411 Silver Lane, MS 129-89East Hartford, CT 06108 USA

[email protected]


A minimum of two supporting letters from individuals, other thanthe nominator, must accompany the nominating letter. Supportingletters should reflect peer recognition of the nominee’s breadth ofexperience with various aspects of aircraft engine technology. R




Best Paper Award... The following is part 2 of a two-part article. This is the 2012 Wind Committee Best Paper Award Winner. Part I was featured in the April issue of the GGTN.

Performance Optimization of Wind TurbineRotors with Active Flow Control (Part 2)

By G. Pechlivanoglou, C.N. Nayeri, C.O. Paschereit

The Research MotivationAll wind turbine manufacturers struggle to keep the

aeroelastic loads of their turbines low since loads comein direct connection to wind turbine cost. Advancedblade pitch controller algorithms are being developed inorder to reduce the extreme and fatigue loads incombination with optimized blade designs which aretuned in a way that they combine high energy capturewith low aeroelastic loads. The latest generation ofextremely large blades span more then 60m and underextreme wind conditions their tips deflect more than 5mthus increasing the danger of tower impact. Furthermorethe large blade chords at the inner blade region incombination with high aerodynamic and aeroelasticloads increase the danger of local buckling effects. Thiscombination of fatigue and extreme load reduction aswell as deflection control is currently a headache forwind turbine blade designers. The design optimizationhowever is reaching its limits and new technicalsolutions are required for further improvement.

All the loads mentioned above have to be handled bythe blade structure and the rest of the wind turbinestructure for the entire 20-year design life-time of thesystem. This means that there is a unique combination ofheavily loaded components which have to withstandmore than 107 cycles with very scarce maintenancecycles (usually twice per year). Furthermore, modernwind turbines are expected to achieve very competitivecost of energy levels. The most promising solution forthe extreme and fatigue aeroelastic load issues of windturbines seems to be the introduction of cost effectiveactive flow control solutions. In the 1st part of thisarticle, the performance of a pneumatically actuatedflexible trailing edge flap and an electromechanicallyactuated micro flap was presented. These were some ofthe best performing aerodynamic flow control solutionsthat were selected through a rigorous selection process,which is presented below.

The Selection ProcessThere is a very wide range of aerodynamic flow

control devices that were and still are under investigationin various fields of engineering. Many of these are verypromising and perform exceptionally in certainindustrial and commercial applications, while others stillremain in the prototype phase. In order to identify themost suitable of these solutions for industrial-quality,short/mid term implementation on actual utility scalewind turbines, the authors have performed an extensivemulti-parameter investigation with a thorough matrix-grading system. A very wide selection of aerodynamicflow control solutions was analyzed (Fig. 1) based onextensive multi-disciplinary literature review andthrough aerodynamic and aeroelastic simulations. Theaerodynamic performance was compared withperformance results in several other operational fieldsand a selection matrix was generated. Through this

rational selection process the most promising solutions were selected for furtherexperimental and numerical investigations.

The development of the flowcontrol solution selection matrix wasbased on engineering performanceresults with respect to performanceparameters but also involved subjective,yet justified, performance and costestimations. This was necessary in orderto evaluate the performance of eachsolution under the diverse and adversewind turbine operational conditions.Figure 2 shows the various gradingparameters which were included in theflow control selection methodology. It isobvious that the pure aerodynamicperformance of each solution is only apart of the whole equation, while otherissues such as integration complexityand reliability are equally important.

The selection process was con -stantly correlated with other similarefforts of a few other research groupsaround the world that are active inthis field. The exact results andsolution selection of each group areslightly different mostly due to thefact that there are different parametersand weight factors involved but theoverall tendency is similar. Most of theresearch efforts focus on solutions thatare able to provide significant liftcontrol authority (a Cl variation of±0.3 to ±0.4). At the same time thetrailing edge devices have the mostfavorable performance in the field of system integration and mechanical designperformance. Compliant structures like the flexible flap keep the number of movingparts to a minimum while maintaining high performance and manufacturingsimplicity. The use of flexible and elastic materials based on polymers or rubbermaterial improves the lightning strike resistance of these solutions and allows for lowcost large scale production. The actuator principle, sensitivity and reliability are decisiveparameters and there pneumatic actuators seem to strike a good balance betweenperformance, cost and reliability.

ConclusionThe development of reliable and cost effective active flow control devices for wind

turbine rotorblades is an extremely demanding task. The unprecedented amountoperational cycles and the extremely harsh operational environment are some of themost critical success/failure factors. The need however of load alleviating elements forthe ever-larger rotorblades of the future is evident; therefore it is the aim of the authorsto contribute to the development of such solutions for the next generation of “smart”wind turbine rotorblades. The results presented by the authors cover the 1st researchphase of a large active flow control research effort at the Technical University of Berlin.Results from more detailed follow-up investigations on the aeroelastic performanceand the controller development of such “Smart Blade” solutions are presented by theauthors at the ASME IGTI Turbo Expo 2012. R

Figure 1: Schematic summary of the various activeflow control solutions included in thegrading and section process.

Figure 2: Schematic representation of the selectionmatrix and the main grading parameters.


GGTN0812.indd 55 7/6/12 2:07 PM



Ceramics:Dr. Sung ChoiUS NavyNaval Air Systems CommandPatuxent River, MD USA Committee Chair

Gregory Morscher University of AkronAkron, OH USACommittee Vice Chair

Coal, Biomass & Alternative Fuels:Leiyong JiangNational Research Council CanadaOttawa, CanadaCommittee Chair

Kalyan Annamalai Texas A&M University College Station, TX USACommittee Vice Chair

Controls, Diagnostics & Instrumentation:Richard MeisnerPratt & WhitneyEast Hartford, CT USACommittee Chair

Donald L. Simon NASA Glenn Research CenterCleveland, OH USACommittee Vice Chair

Education:Mark TurnerUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnati, OH USACommittee Chair

Lt. Col. August J. Rolling United States Air ForceAcademyColorado Springs, CO USACommittee Vice Chair

Electric Power:Michael LadwigAlstomBaden, SwitzerlandCommittee Chair

Daniel Barpal Barpal ServicesLittleton, CO USACommittee Vice Chair

Heat Transfer:Ting Wang University of New OrleansNew Orleans, LA USACommittee Chair

Nirm NirmalanGE Global Research CenterNiskayuna, NY USACommittee Vice Chair

Manufacturing Materials & Metallurgy:Pontus SlottnerSiemens IndustrialTurbomachinery ABFinspang, SwedenCommittee Chair

Laurent CretegnyGE Global Research CenterNiskayuna, NY USACommittee Vice Chair

Structures & Dynamics:Damian VogtRoyal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, SwedenCommittee Chair

Michael EnrightSouthwest Research InstituteSan Antonio, TX USACommittee Vice Chair

Welcome New TechnicalCommittee Officers

We are pleased to announce the new technical committee officers for July 2012 through June 2014.

ASME 2012 Gas Turbine India Conferenceto be held in Mumbai, India

The ASME 2012 Gas Turbine India Conference, featuring presentations on the latest metho dologies to improve theefficiencies of gas turbines, will be held Dec. 1, at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.

Sponsored by the ASME Gas Turbine Chapter of India, the ASME 2012 Gas Turbine India Conference will provide attendees theopportunity to interact with experts in the gas turbine industry. The ASME International Gas Turbine Institute (IGTI) is supporting theconference, which will cover aerodynamics, thermal technologies, structures and dynamics, and system operations and performance.

Individuals who will be responsible for leadership, organization and arrangements at the ASME 2012 Gas Turbine India Conference are JosephMachnaim, GE Aviation, Bangalore, India (conference chair); Prof. Seung Jin Song, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (conference chair –IGTI); Prof. Amboor Madathil Pradeep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India (technical program chair); Prof. Bhamidi VSSPrasad, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India (review chair); and Prof. Howard Hodson, University of Cambridge WhittleLaboratory, Cambridge, UK (review chair - IGTI).

For information on the conference or to register, call IGTI at (1) 404-847-0072 or visit http://www.asmeconferences.org/GTIndia2012. R

In MemoriamGeorge Opdyke Jr.

George Opdyke Jr., 1986-87 Chair of IGTI’s Board ofDirectors, passed away at the age of 87 at Bridgeport, CTon January 8, 2011. He is survived by his wife, Daphne.

George had a long association with IGTI, going back towhen it was the ASME Gas Turbine Division. He was apioneer member and multiple-times Chair of Combustionand Fuels Committee. From 1989 to 2003 he was IGTI’streasurer and represented the Institute on ASME’sinfluential Committee of Finance, and on the ASMECommittee on Standards.

Born in Boston in 1923, his great-great grandfather,George Opdyke, was mayor of New York City, during theAmerican Civil War. In 1941 George enrolled in RhodeIsland State College and received a mechanicalEngineering bachelor’s degree in 1948, after serving in theUS Army in WWII, participating in the Battle of the Bulge,1944-45. Somewhat later, he earned an MSME from theUniversity of Bridgeport in 1964.

During his forty plus year gas turbine professionallife, George was involved with combustor design anddevelopment, starting in 1949 with the WestinghouseAviation Gas Turbine Division in Chester, PA. He joinedAVCO’s newly-formed Lycoming Gas Turbine Division inStratford, CT, in 1953, remaining with the firm until heretired in 1990. During his 37 year Lycoming career heworked on a wide variety of helicopter and airplane jetengines, and on the famous M1 Abrams battle tank 1500hp gas turbine engine. His Lycoming assignmentsincluded Director, Research and Development, andManager, Component Technology.

In retirement George and his wife Daphne traveledwidely on world cruises. George also earned a reputationas an accomplished landscape artist in both oils andwatercolors.




If we begin considering a wind turbine from theground up, we start with the turbine foundation. Windturbines are exposed to massive over turning moments,requiring a well designed foundation, containingthousands of yards of concrete and hundreds of tons ofsteel. Figure 2 shows a few of these design considerations.

The tower, which transmits the turbine loads to thefoundation, must meet the extreme loads and fatigue liferequirements of the turbine, as well as stabilityrequirements. The tower comprises a large portion of thecost of the wind turbine due to the large amount of steelrequired for fabrication, and due to the high costsrequired to transport the tower to the site. These costs aredriving innovation in wind turbine towers, which haveevolved from lattice type construction in the early days ofwind, to the tubular steel construction which is mostcommon today. Examples of newer tower tech nologiesinclude concrete pre-tensioned segments; lattice towerswith architectural covers, which lower transportationcosts; towers with vibration damping systems thatincrease the fatigue life of the tower and reduce materialscosts; and self-erecting tower tech nologies to reduceconstruction costs. Towers are also growing taller to accesshigher speed wind, which will require additionalinnovation in order to meet the load carrying and liferequirements while not increasing CoE.

Figure 2: Sample of DesignConsiderations

As we continue to move up the turbine, we come to the bedplate, typically a ductileiron casting that supports the turbine drivetrain and rotor. The bedplate is also exposed tolarge extreme loads and to a challenging fatigue load environment, and often must berelatively stiff to ensure the correct alignment of drivetrain components. The bedplatesupports the drivetrain, which typically consists of a gearbox and a generator.

The purpose of the gearbox is to increase the speed at which the generator turns inorder to reduce the cost of the generator. It is here that we begin to see the collaborationrequired between the mechanical engineers who design the gearbox and the electricalengineers who design the generator, as the design of each component affects the other.The higher the gearbox ratio, the higher the cost of the gearbox (with lower thereliability due to increased part count) and lower the cost of the generator.

The challenge for the design team is to produce a drivetrain system that has the lowestoverall costs and highest reliability, and to recognize the effect that each component hason the balance of the system. Wind turbine drivetrain reliability has been an issue in thepast, and is spurring a large amount of innovation in drivetrain topologies. Some of thelatest drivetrain technologies include direct drive generators, low speed generators with asimple gearbox (a compromise between current high speed technology and direct drivetechnology) and hydraulic speed increasers as an alternative to a gearbox.

From the drivetrain, we move to the rotor blades, the most visible part of the turbine,and perhaps the component requiring the most interaction between engineeringdisciplines. A rotor blade must be as efficient as possible, quiet, and relatively insensitive tofouling from insects and dust. It must have at least a 20 year fatigue life, withstandhurricane force winds and lightning strikes, and have sufficient stiffness to avoid strikingthe tower under any operating condition.

Meeting these requirements requires the participation of aerodynamicists, structuralanalysts, materials engineers, process engineers, and controls engineers, each of whosedesign decisions affect those of other members of the rotor, turbine, and Wind PowerPlant (WPP) design teams.

A formal coursework in wind turbine engineering in the United States has beenrelatively scarce until recently. University of Massachusetts, Amherst has a long history ofproviding formal education in wind energy. In addition to this, Texas Tech University,University of Colorado at Boulder and University of California, Davis also offer focusedprograms for wind energy research. With the increase in funding for basic research inwind energy and the rapid growth of wind energy, the last few years have seen a sub -stantial increase in the number of universities offering courses focused on wind energy,making it easier for engineers to meet the challenges and reap the rewards in wind.

The growth of large utility scale wind power is fast paced and generatingunprecedented demand for engineers and technicians. For those heeding the call – Thetechnical challenges and rewards are second to none. R

References1. “Federal Electricity Subsidies: Information on Research Funding, Tax Expenditures, and Other

Activities That Support Electricity Production,” GAO, October 26, 2007.

Turbo Expo 2013 . . . CONTINUED FROM PAGE 45

Welcome to San Antonio!As the 7th largest city in the United States, San Antonio, Texas, has much to

offer! From affordability to food and fun, San Antonio promises to be an excitinglocation for Turbo Expo 2013. The city was recently named to the “Top 10 BudgetDestinations for 2012” (Budget Travel, Dec. 2011) as well as “America’s Best Citiesfor Foodies” (Travel & Leisure, Sept. 2011) for its barbecue.

In addition, Forbes magazine also listed San Antonio among “America’s BestDowntowns”: “The city is more than just home to one of the most famoushistorical sites in the West [the Alamo]. The San Antonio River Walk is perhaps themost beautiful part of the city, creating a verdant pathway lined with colorful caféumbrellas that winds its way through downtown, offering up a bevy of shops,restaurants, and bars on the way.” (October 2011)

With so much to see and do, and with Southern hospitality “to boot,” you won’twant to miss ASME Turbo Expo 2013, June 3-7, 2013, in San Antonio! R


GGTN0812.indd 56 7/6/12 2:08 PM

This fl agship event will include more than 700 technical presentations and panel sessions, tutorials, keynote addresses and pre-conference workshops.

The exhibit and sponsorship program is expected to draw more than 60 vendors and representatives from utilities, industry, government and academia around the world.

For more information about this event, including a list of tracks and important deadlines, please visit the conference Web site at:

www.asmeconferences.org/Icone20Power2012For information regarding exhibits and sponsorship, contact

Nick Ferrari at 212-591-7534.

Media Sponsors

2012 Conference Sponsor Conference Co-Sponsors

20th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUCLEAR ENGINEERING co-located with the ASME 2012 POWER CONFERENCE“Energy Mix for a Sustainable and Bright Future”

July 30–August 3, 2012Disneyland HotelAnaheim, California, US

ASME Catalog.indd 57 7/6/12 2:21 PM

PD672 BPV Code, Section XI, Division 1: Inservice Inspection10-Year Program Undates for Nuclear Power Plan Components 8-12 Oct

PD673 Design and Selection of Heat Exchangers 9-10 Oct

PD523 Quality Assurance (QA) Considerations for New Nuclear Facility Construction 9-11 Oct

PD632 Design in Codes, Standards and Regulations for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 9-12 Oct

PD184 BPV Code Section III, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components 9-12 Oct

PD675 ASME NQA-1 Lead Auditor Training 9-12 Oct

PD680 Understanding the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 11-12 Oct

October 2012 - Houston, TexasPD387 Understanding Chiller Performance, Operation

and Economics 22 Oct

PD599 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1, Class 1 Piping Design 22-23 Oct

PD624 Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer 22-23 Oct

PD606 NQA-1 Requirements for Computer Software Used in Nuclear Facilities 22-23 Oct

PD344 Elevator Control Technology 22-23 Oct

PD615 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1: Class 1, 2 & 3 Piping Design Combo Course 22-24 Oct

PD268 Fracture Mechanics Approach to Life Predictions 22-24 Oct

PD395 API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Fitness for Service 22-24 Oct

PD631 Manufacturing, Fabrication and Examination Responsibilities in Codes, Standards and Regulations for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 22-24 Oct


PD349 Centrifugal Pump Design and Applications 22-24 Oct

PD359 Practical Welding Technology 22-24 Oct

PD597 Risk-Informed Inservice Testing 22-24 Oct

PD231 Shock and Vibration Analysis 22-24 Oct

PD410 Detail Engineering of Piping Systems 22-24 Oct

PD014 B31.3 Process Piping Design 22-25 Oct

PD657 HVAC Systems and Chiller Performance Combo Course 22-25 Oct

PD448 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 2: Pressure Vessels 22-25 Oct

PD192 BPV Code: Section XI: Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components 22-26 Oct

PD027 Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Systems: Sizing and Design 23-25 Oct

PD600 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1, Class 2 & 3 Piping Design 24 Oct

PD107 Elevator Maintenance Evaluation 24-25 Oct

PD571 Robust Product and Process Design 24-26 Oct

PD593 FRP Piping Fabrication and Installation Processes 25 Oct

PD313 Fundamentals of Fastening Systems 25-26 Oct

PD115 The Gas Turbine: Principles and Applications 25-26 Oct

PD623 Dynamic Loads in Industrial Facilities Due to Terror Blasts and Vapor Cloud Explosions 25-26 Oct

October 2012 - Salzburg, Austria (Courses presented in German)PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design

and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 15-17 Oct

PD658 Section VIII, Division 1 - Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels and Overview of Welding Under Section IX Combo Course 15-18 Oct

PD655 Overview of Welding Under Section IX 18 Oct

November 2012 - San Diego, CaliforniaPD617 Design of Buried High Density Polyethylene

(HDPE) Piping Systems 12-13 Nov

PD100 Introduction to Elevators and Escalators 12-13 Nov

PD382 How to Predict Thermal-Hydraulic Loads on Pressure Vessels and Piping 12-13 Nov

PD539 Bolted Joints and Gasket Behavior 12-13 Nov

PD619 Risk and Reliability Strategies for Effective Maintenance Management 12-14 Nov

PD596 Developing a 10-Year Valve Inservice Testing Program 12-14 Nov

PD584 Centrifugal Compressor Performance Analysis 12-14 Nov

PD394 Seismic Design & Retrofit of Equipment & Piping 12-15 Nov

PD171 Pump and Valve Selection for Optimum System Performance 12-15 Nov

PD620 Core Engineering Management 12-15 Nov

PD622 BPV Code: Plant Equipment Requirements 12-15 Nov

PD013 B31.1 Power Codes 12-16 Nov

PD602 Elevator and Escalator Combo Course 12-16 Nov

PD601 Bolting Combo Course 12-16 Nov

PD386 Design of Bolted Flange Joints 14 Nov

PD102 How to Perform Elevator Inspections Using ASME A17.2 14-16 Nov

PD515 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles for Gages and Fixtures 14-16 Nov

PD370 B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems 14-16 Nov

PD456 Tools and Methods of Finite Element Analysis 15-16 Nov

PD577 Bolted Joint Assembly Principles Per PCC-1-2010 15-16 Nov

PD595 Developing a 10-Year Pump Inservice Test Program 15-16 Nov

November 2012 - Prague, Czech RepublicPD606 NQA-1 Requirements for Computer Software

Used in Nuclear Facilities 12-13 Nov

PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 12-14 Nov

PD645 BPV Code: Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications 12-14 Nov

PD635 ASME NQA-1-2008/1A-2009 Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications 12-14 Nov

PD616 API 579 /ASME FFS-1 Fitness-for-Service Evaluation 12-15 Nov

PD643 ASME B31.3 Process Piping 12-15 Nov

PD184 BPV Code Section III, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components 12-16 Nov

PD443 BPV Code, Section VIII Division 1 Combo Course 12-16 Nov

PD441 Inspection, Repair and Alteration of Pressure Equipment 15-16 Nov

REGISTER NOW. 1.800.843.2763 or www.asme.org/education REGISTER NOW. 1.800.843.2763 or www.asme.org/education

August 2012 - Houston, TexasPD619 Risk and Reliability Strategies for Effective

Maintenance Management 22-24 Aug

September 2012 - Istanbul, TurkeyPD442 BPV Code: Section VIII, Division 1-Design

and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 10-12 Sep

PD448 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 2: Pressure Vessels 10-13 Sep

September 2012 - Las Vegas, NevadaPD570 GeometricTolerancing Fundamentals 1 24-25 Sep

PD539 Bolted Joints and Gasket Behavior 24-25 Sep

PD268 Fracture Mechanics Approach to Life Predictions 24-26 Sep

PD077 Failure Prevention, Repair and Life Extension of Piping, Vessels and Tanks 24-26 Sep

PD146 Flow Induced Vibration with Applications to Failure Analysis 24-26 Sep

PD389 Non-Destructive Examination-Applying ASME Code Requirements (BPV Code, Section V) 24-26 Sep

PD513 TRIZ:The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving 24-26 Sep

PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 24-26 Sep

PD370 B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems 24-26 Sep

PD633 Overview of Codes and Standards for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 24-26 Sep

PD190 BPV Code: Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications 24-26 Sep

PD171 Pump and Valve Selection for Optimum System Performance 24-27 Sep

PD184 BPV Code Section III, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components 24-27 Sep

PD010 ASME A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators 24-27 Sep

PD603 GD&T Combo Course 24-27 Sep

PD013 B31.1 Power Codes 24-28 Sep

PD665 BPV Code, Section 1: Power Boilers 24-28 Sep

PD443 BPV Code, Section VIII Division 1 Combo Course 24-28 Sep

PD601 Bolting Combo Course 24-28 Sep

PD432 Turbo Machinery Dynamics: Design & Operation 24-28 Sep

PD386 Design of Bolted Flange Joints 26 Sep

PD391 ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids 26-27 Sep

PD561 Geometric Tolerancing Advanced Applications with Stacks and Analysis 26-27 Sep

PD577 Bolted Joint Assembly Principles Per PCC-1-2010 27-28 Sep

PD583 Pressure Relief Devices: Design, Sizing, Construction, Inspection and Maintenance 27-28 Sep

PD441 Inspection, Repair and Alteration of Pressure Equipment 27-28 Sep

PD634 Comparison of Global Quality Assurance and Management System Standards Used for Nuclear Applications 27-28 Sep

October 2012 - Madrid, SpainPD670 The Selection of Pumps for Optimum

System Performance 1-2 Oct

PD077 Failure Prevention, Repair and Life Extension of Piping, Vessels and Tanks 1-3 Oct


PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 1-3 Oct

PD636 Basic Principles of Welding 1-3 Oct

PD644 Advanced Design and Construction of Nuclear Facility Components per BPV Code, Section III 1-4 Oct

PD643 ASME B31.3 Process Piping 1-4 Oct

PD665 BPV Code, Section 1: Power Boilers 1-5 Oct

PD443 BPV Code, Section VIII Division 1 Combo Course 1-5 Oct

PD581 B31.3 Process Piping Design, Materials, Fabrication, Examination and Testing Combo Course 1-5 Oct

PD445 B31 Piping Fabrication and Examination 3-4 Oct

PD441 Inspection, Repair and Alteration of Pressure Equipment 4-5 Oct

PD577 Bolted Joint Assembly Principles Per PCC-1-2010 4-5 Oct

PD583 Pressure Relief Devices: Design, Sizing, Construction, Inspection and Maintenance 4-5 Oct

PD457 B31.3 Process Piping Materials Fabrication, Examination and Testing 5 Oct

October 2012 - Bethesda, MarylandPD674 International Business Ethics and FCPA 8-10 Oct


PD681 International Business Ethics and FCPACombo Course 8-12 Oct

Fall 2012 Training Courses for Engineers and Technical Professionals

ad9d-T&D-4pgspread-june2012_Calendar-spread 6/22/12 11:25 AM Page 1


PD672 BPV Code, Section XI, Division 1: Inservice Inspection10-Year Program Undates for Nuclear Power Plan Components 8-12 Oct

PD673 Design and Selection of Heat Exchangers 9-10 Oct


PD632 Design in Codes, Standards and Regulations for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 9-12 Oct

PD184 BPV Code Section III, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components 9-12 Oct

PD675 ASME NQA-1 Lead Auditor Training 9-12 Oct

PD680 Understanding the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 11-12 Oct

October 2012 - Houston, TexasPD387 Understanding Chiller Performance, Operation

and Economics 22 Oct

PD599 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1, Class 1 Piping Design 22-23 Oct

PD624 Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer 22-23 Oct

PD606 NQA-1 Requirements for Computer Software Used in Nuclear Facilities 22-23 Oct

PD344 Elevator Control Technology 22-23 Oct


PD268 Fracture Mechanics Approach to Life Predictions 22-24 Oct

PD395 API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Fitness for Service 22-24 Oct



PD349 Centrifugal Pump Design and Applications 22-24 Oct

PD359 Practical Welding Technology 22-24 Oct

PD597 Risk-Informed Inservice Testing 22-24 Oct

PD231 Shock and Vibration Analysis 22-24 Oct

PD410 Detail Engineering of Piping Systems 22-24 Oct

PD014 B31.3 Process Piping Design 22-25 Oct

PD657 HVAC Systems and Chiller Performance Combo Course 22-25 Oct

PD448 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 2: Pressure Vessels 22-25 Oct

PD192 BPV Code: Section XI: Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components 22-26 Oct

PD027 Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Systems: Sizing and Design 23-25 Oct

PD600 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1, Class 2 & 3 Piping Design 24 Oct

PD107 Elevator Maintenance Evaluation 24-25 Oct

PD571 Robust Product and Process Design 24-26 Oct

PD593 FRP Piping Fabrication and Installation Processes 25 Oct

PD313 Fundamentals of Fastening Systems 25-26 Oct

PD115 The Gas Turbine: Principles and Applications 25-26 Oct

PD623 Dynamic Loads in Industrial Facilities Due to Terror Blasts and Vapor Cloud Explosions 25-26 Oct

October 2012 - Salzburg, Austria (Courses presented in German)PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design

and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 15-17 Oct

PD658 Section VIII, Division 1 - Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels and Overview of Welding Under Section IX Combo Course 15-18 Oct

PD655 Overview of Welding Under Section IX 18 Oct

November 2012 - San Diego, CaliforniaPD617 Design of Buried High Density Polyethylene

(HDPE) Piping Systems 12-13 Nov

PD100 Introduction to Elevators and Escalators 12-13 Nov

PD382 How to Predict Thermal-Hydraulic Loads on Pressure Vessels and Piping 12-13 Nov

PD539 Bolted Joints and Gasket Behavior 12-13 Nov

PD619 Risk and Reliability Strategies for Effective Maintenance Management 12-14 Nov

PD596 Developing a 10-Year Valve Inservice Testing Program 12-14 Nov

PD584 Centrifugal Compressor Performance Analysis 12-14 Nov

PD394 Seismic Design & Retrofit of Equipment & Piping 12-15 Nov

PD171 Pump and Valve Selection for Optimum System Performance 12-15 Nov

PD620 Core Engineering Management 12-15 Nov

PD622 BPV Code: Plant Equipment Requirements 12-15 Nov

PD013 B31.1 Power Codes 12-16 Nov

PD602 Elevator and Escalator Combo Course 12-16 Nov

PD601 Bolting Combo Course 12-16 Nov

PD386 Design of Bolted Flange Joints 14 Nov

PD102 How to Perform Elevator Inspections Using ASME A17.2 14-16 Nov

PD515 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles for Gages and Fixtures 14-16 Nov

PD370 B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems 14-16 Nov

PD456 Tools and Methods of Finite Element Analysis 15-16 Nov

PD577 Bolted Joint Assembly Principles Per PCC-1-2010 15-16 Nov

PD595 Developing a 10-Year Pump Inservice Test Program 15-16 Nov

November 2012 - Prague, Czech RepublicPD606 NQA-1 Requirements for Computer Software

Used in Nuclear Facilities 12-13 Nov


PD645 BPV Code: Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications 12-14 Nov

PD635 ASME NQA-1-2008/1A-2009 Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications 12-14 Nov

PD616 API 579 /ASME FFS-1 Fitness-for-Service Evaluation 12-15 Nov

PD643 ASME B31.3 Process Piping 12-15 Nov

PD184 BPV Code Section III, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components 12-16 Nov



REGISTER NOW. 1.800.843.2763 or www.asme.org/education REGISTER NOW. 1.800.843.2763 or www.asme.org/education

August 2012 - Houston, TexasPD619 Risk and Reliability Strategies for Effective

Maintenance Management 22-24 Aug

September 2012 - Istanbul, TurkeyPD442 BPV Code: Section VIII, Division 1-Design

and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 10-12 Sep

PD448 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 2: Pressure Vessels 10-13 Sep

September 2012 - Las Vegas, NevadaPD570 GeometricTolerancing Fundamentals 1 24-25 Sep

PD539 Bolted Joints and Gasket Behavior 24-25 Sep

PD268 Fracture Mechanics Approach to Life Predictions 24-26 Sep

PD077 Failure Prevention, Repair and Life Extension of Piping, Vessels and Tanks 24-26 Sep

PD146 Flow Induced Vibration with Applications to Failure Analysis 24-26 Sep

PD389 Non-Destructive Examination-Applying ASME Code Requirements (BPV Code, Section V) 24-26 Sep

PD513 TRIZ:The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving 24-26 Sep

PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 24-26 Sep

PD370 B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems 24-26 Sep

PD633 Overview of Codes and Standards for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 24-26 Sep

PD190 BPV Code: Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications 24-26 Sep

PD171 Pump and Valve Selection for Optimum System Performance 24-27 Sep

PD184 BPV Code Section III, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components 24-27 Sep

PD010 ASME A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators 24-27 Sep

PD603 GD&T Combo Course 24-27 Sep

PD013 B31.1 Power Codes 24-28 Sep

PD665 BPV Code, Section 1: Power Boilers 24-28 Sep

PD443 BPV Code, Section VIII Division 1 Combo Course 24-28 Sep

PD601 Bolting Combo Course 24-28 Sep

PD432 Turbo Machinery Dynamics: Design & Operation 24-28 Sep

PD386 Design of Bolted Flange Joints 26 Sep

PD391 ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids 26-27 Sep

PD561 Geometric Tolerancing Advanced Applications with Stacks and Analysis 26-27 Sep

PD577 Bolted Joint Assembly Principles Per PCC-1-2010 27-28 Sep

PD583 Pressure Relief Devices: Design, Sizing, Construction, Inspection and Maintenance 27-28 Sep

PD441 Inspection, Repair and Alteration of Pressure Equipment 27-28 Sep

PD634 Comparison of Global Quality Assurance and Management System Standards Used for Nuclear Applications 27-28 Sep

October 2012 - Madrid, SpainPD670 The Selection of Pumps for Optimum

System Performance 1-2 Oct

PD077 Failure Prevention, Repair and Life Extension of Piping, Vessels and Tanks 1-3 Oct


PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 1-3 Oct

PD636 Basic Principles of Welding 1-3 Oct

PD644 Advanced Design and Construction of Nuclear Facility Components per BPV Code, Section III 1-4 Oct

PD643 ASME B31.3 Process Piping 1-4 Oct

PD665 BPV Code, Section 1: Power Boilers 1-5 Oct

PD443 BPV Code, Section VIII Division 1 Combo Course 1-5 Oct

PD581 B31.3 Process Piping Design, Materials, Fabrication, Examination and Testing Combo Course 1-5 Oct

PD445 B31 Piping Fabrication and Examination 3-4 Oct

PD441 Inspection, Repair and Alteration of Pressure Equipment 4-5 Oct

PD577 Bolted Joint Assembly Principles Per PCC-1-2010 4-5 Oct

PD583 Pressure Relief Devices: Design, Sizing, Construction, Inspection and Maintenance 4-5 Oct

PD457 B31.3 Process Piping Materials Fabrication, Examination and Testing 5 Oct

October 2012 - Bethesda, MarylandPD674 International Business Ethics and FCPA 8-10 Oct


PD681 International Business Ethics and FCPACombo Course 8-12 Oct

Fall 2012 Training Courses for Engineers and Technical Professionals



REGISTER NOW. 1.800.843.2763 or www.asme.org/education

November 2012 - Miami, FloridaPD475 The New Engineering Manager: Moving from

Technical Professional to Manager 26-27 Nov

PD445 B31 Piping Fabrication and Examination 26-27 Nov

PD567 Design, Analysis, and Fabrication of Composite Structure, Energy, and Machine Applications 26-27 Nov

PD398 Operation, Maintenance And Repair of Plant Piping Systems 26-28 Nov

PD146 Flow Induced Vibration with Applications to Failure Analysis 26-28 Nov

PD467 Project Management for Engineers and Technical Professionals 26-28 Nov

PD506 Research and Development Management 26-28 Nov

PD618 Root Cause Analysis Fundamentals 26-28 Nov

PD389 Non-Destructive Examination-Applying ASME Code Requirements (BPV Code, Section V) 26-28 Nov


PD190 BPV Code, Section IX: Welding and Brazing Qualifications 26-28 Nov

PD401 The Layout of Piping Systems and Process Equipment 26-28 Nov

PD010 ASME A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators 26-29 Nov


PD629 Project Management Combo Course 26-30 Nov

PD598 Developing a New Inservice Testing Program 26-30 Nov

PD676 Strategic Thinking 28 Nov

PD115 The Gas Turbine: Principles and Applications 28-29 Nov

PD621 Grade 91 and Other Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels 28-30 Nov

PD496 Preparing for the Project Management Professional Certification Exam 29-30 Nov

PD449 Mechanical Tolerancing for Six Sigma 29-30 Nov

PD591 Developing Conflict Resolution Best Practices 29-30 Nov


November 2012 - Salzburg(Courses presented in German)PD654 B31.3: Introduction to ASME

Process Piping Code 26-27 Nov

PD659 B31.3 Introduction to ASME Process Piping Code and Overview of Welding Under Section IX Combo Course 26-28 Nov

PD655 Overview of Welding under Section IX 28 Nov

December 2012 - AmsterdamPD634 Comparison of Global Quality Assurance

and Management System Standards Used for Nuclear Applications 3-4 Dec

PD671 The Selection of Valves for Optimum System Performance 3-4 Dec

PD674 International Business Ethics and FCPA 3-5 Dec

PD389 Non-Destructive Examination-Applying ASME Code Requirements (BPV Code, Section V) 3-5 Dec

PD621 Grade 91 and Other Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels 3-5 Dec

PD448 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 2: Pressure Vessels 3-6 Dec

PD665 BPV Code, Section 1: Power Boilers 3-7 Dec

PD681 International Business Ethics & FCPA Combo Course 3-7 Dec

PD192 BPV Code: Section XI: Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components 3-7 Dec

PD013 B31.1 Power Codes 3-7 Dec

PD633 Overview of Codes and Standards for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 5-7 Dec

PD680 Understanding the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 6-7 Dec

December 2012 - Atlanta, GeorgiaPD387 Understanding Chiller Performance, Operation

and Economics 3 Dec

PD583 Pressure Relief Devices: Design, Sizing, Construction, Inspection and Maintenance 3-4 Dec

PD606 NQA-1 Requirements for Computer Software Used in Nuclear Facilities 3-4 Dec

PD570 GeometricTolerancing Fundamentals 1 3-4 Dec

PD631 Manufacturing, Fabrication and Examination Responsibilities in Codes, Standards and Regulations for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 3-5 Dec

PD523 Quality Assurance (QA) Considerations for New Nuclear Facility Construction 3-5 Dec

PD349 Centrifugal Pump Design and Applications 3-5 Dec

PD359 Practical Welding Technology 3-5 Dec


PD632 Design in Codes, Standards and Regulations for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 3-6 Dec

PD657 HVAC Systems and Chiller Performance Combo Course 3-6 Dec

PD184 BPV Code Section III, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components 3-6 Dec

PD644 Advanced Design and Construction of Nuclear Facility Components Per BPV Code, Section III 3-6 Dec


PD603 GD&T Combo Course 3-6 Dec

PD014 B31.3 Process Piping Design 3-6 Dec



PD581 B31.3 Process Piping Design, Materials, Fabrication, Examination and Testing Combo Course 3-7 Dec

PD027 Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Systems: Sizing and Design 4-6 Dec

PD391 ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids 5-6 Dec

PD561 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Advanced Applications with Stacks & Analysis 5-6 Dec

PD575 Comprehensive Negotiating Strategies: Engineers and Technical Professionals 6-7 Dec

PD634 Comparison of Global Quality Assurance and Management System Standards Usedfor Nuclear Applications 6-7 Dec

PD532 Professional Responsibilities for Engineers 6-7 Dec

PD457 B31.3 Process Piping Materials Fabrication, Examination and Testing 7 Dec


February 2013 - Memphis, TennesseePD599 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1, Class 1

Piping Design 4-5 Feb

PD615 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1: Class 1, 2 & 3 Piping Design Combo Course 4-6 Feb

PD395 API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Fitness for Service 4-6 Feb

PD349 Centrifugal Pump Design and Applications 4-6 Feb

PD389 Non-Destructive Examination-Applying ASME Code Requirements (BPV Code, Section V) 4-6 Feb

PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 4-6 Feb

PD359 Practical Welding Technology 4-6 Feb

PD443 BPV Code, Section VIII Division 1 Combo Course 4-8 Feb

PD600 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1, Class 2 & 3 Piping Design 6 Feb

PD624 Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer 7-8 Feb

PD313 Fundamentals of Fastening Systems 7-8 Feb

PD441 Inspection, Repair and Alteration of Pressure Equipment 7-8 Feb

PD531 Leadership and Organizational Management 7-8 Feb

March 2013 - Houston, TexasPD382 How to Predict Thermal-Hydraulic Loads

on Pressure Vessels and Piping 4-5 Mar

PD268 Fracture Mechanics Approach to Life Predictions 4-6 Mar

PD077 Failure Prevention, Repair and Life Extension of Piping, Vessels andTanks 4-6 Mar

PD619 Risk and Reliability Strategies for Effective Maintenance Management 4-6 Mar

PD467 Project Management for Engineers and Technical Professionals 4-6 Mar

PD631 Manufacturing, Fabrication and Examination Responsibilities in Codes, Standards and Regulations for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 4-6 Mar

PD190 BPV Code, Section IX: Welding and Brazing Qualifications 4-6 Mar

PD448 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 2: Pressure Vessels 4-7 Mar

PD622 BPV Code: Plant Equipment Requirements 4-7 Mar

PD013 B31.1 Power Codes 4-8 Mar

PD629 Project Management Combo Course 4-8 Mar

PD391 ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids 6-7 Mar

PD617 Design of Buried High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Piping Systems 7-8 Mar

PD496 Preparing for the Project Management Professional Certification Exam 7-8 Mar

March 2013 - Las Vegas, Nevada PD475 The New Engineering Manager: Moving

from Technical Professional to Manager 11-12 Mar

PD456 Tools & Methods of Finite Element Analysis 11-12 Mar

PD523 Quality Assurance (QA) Considerations for New Nuclear Facility Construction 11-13 Mar

PD571 Robust Product and Process Design 11-13 Mar

PD231 Shock and Vibration Analysis 11-13 Mar

PD410 Detail Engineering of Piping Systems 11-13 Mar

PD394 Seismic Design & Retrofit of Equipment & Piping 11-14 Mar

PD184 BPV Code Section III, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components 11-14 Mar

PD620 Core Engineering Management 11-14 Mar

PD014 B31.3 Process Piping Design 11-14 Mar

PD192 BPV Code: Section XI: Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components 11-15 Mar

PD581 B31.3 Process Piping Design, Materials, Fabrication, Examination and Testing Combo Course 11-15 Mar

PD676 Strategic Thinking 13 Mar

PD606 NQA-1 Requirements for Computer Software Used in Nuclear Facilities 13-14 Mar

PD623 Dynamic Loads in Industrial Facilities Due to Terror Blasts and Vapor Cloud Explosions 14-15 Mar

PD567 Design, Analysis, and Fabrication of Composite Structure, Energy, and Machine Applications 14-15 Mar

PD512 Engineer as Coach 14-15 Mar

PD457 B31.3 Process Piping Materials Fabrication, Examination and Testing 15 Mar

March 2013 - Copenhagen, DenmarkPD670 The Selection of Pumps for Optimum System

Performance 18-19 Mar

PD077 Failure Prevention, Repair and Life Extension of Piping, Vessels and Tanks 18-20 Mar

PD146 Flow Induced Vibration with Applications to Failure Analysis 18-20 Mar

PD615 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1: Class 1, 2 & 3 Piping Design Combo Course 18-20 Mar

PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 18-20 Mar

PD636 Basic Principles of Welding 18-20 Mar

PD635 ASME NQA-1-2008/1A-2009 Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications 18-20 Mar

PD616 API 579 /ASME FFS-1 Fitness-for-Service Evaluation 18-21 Mar

PD644 Advanced Design and Construction of Nuclear Facility Components per BPV Code, Section III 18-21 Mar

PD643 ASME B31.3 Process Piping 18-21 Mar


PD679 The Selection of Pumps and Valves for Optimum System Performance Combo Course 18-21 Mar

PD443 BPV Code, Section VIII Division 1 Combo Course 18-22 Mar


PD445 B31 Piping Fabrication and Examination 20-21 Mar

PD671 The Selection of Valves for Optimum System Performance 20-21 Mar

PD441 Inspection, Repair and Alteration of Pressure Equipment 21-22 Mar



Specia l Of fer to Non-ASME MembersAttendees of any ASME Training & Development Public Course or Seminar registered as non-ASME members and with no prior

ASME membership affiliation will receive a FREE one-year membership toASME - valued at up to $144 - following submission of an application form.

All ASME members will continue to enjoy special “Member Only” discounts off the List Price on most ASME Training & Development

Public Courses, eLearning Programs and Seminars.




November 2012 - Miami, FloridaPD475 The New Engineering Manager: Moving from

Technical Professional to Manager 26-27 Nov

PD445 B31 Piping Fabrication and Examination 26-27 Nov

PD567 Design, Analysis, and Fabrication of Composite Structure, Energy, and Machine Applications 26-27 Nov

PD398 Operation, Maintenance And Repair of Plant Piping Systems 26-28 Nov

PD146 Flow Induced Vibration with Applications to Failure Analysis 26-28 Nov

PD467 Project Management for Engineers and Technical Professionals 26-28 Nov

PD506 Research and Development Management 26-28 Nov

PD618 Root Cause Analysis Fundamentals 26-28 Nov

PD389 Non-Destructive Examination-Applying ASME Code Requirements (BPV Code, Section V) 26-28 Nov


PD190 BPV Code, Section IX: Welding and Brazing Qualifications 26-28 Nov

PD401 The Layout of Piping Systems and Process Equipment 26-28 Nov

PD010 ASME A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators 26-29 Nov


PD629 Project Management Combo Course 26-30 Nov

PD598 Developing a New Inservice Testing Program 26-30 Nov

PD676 Strategic Thinking 28 Nov

PD115 The Gas Turbine: Principles and Applications 28-29 Nov

PD621 Grade 91 and Other Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels 28-30 Nov

PD496 Preparing for the Project Management Professional Certification Exam 29-30 Nov

PD449 Mechanical Tolerancing for Six Sigma 29-30 Nov

PD591 Developing Conflict Resolution Best Practices 29-30 Nov


November 2012 - Salzburg(Courses presented in German)PD654 B31.3: Introduction to ASME

Process Piping Code 26-27 Nov

PD659 B31.3 Introduction to ASME Process Piping Code and Overview of Welding Under Section IX Combo Course 26-28 Nov

PD655 Overview of Welding under Section IX 28 Nov

December 2012 - AmsterdamPD634 Comparison of Global Quality Assurance

and Management System Standards Used for Nuclear Applications 3-4 Dec

PD671 The Selection of Valves for Optimum System Performance 3-4 Dec

PD674 International Business Ethics and FCPA 3-5 Dec

PD389 Non-Destructive Examination-Applying ASME Code Requirements (BPV Code, Section V) 3-5 Dec

PD621 Grade 91 and Other Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels 3-5 Dec



PD681 International Business Ethics & FCPA Combo Course 3-7 Dec


PD013 B31.1 Power Codes 3-7 Dec


PD680 Understanding the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 6-7 Dec

December 2012 - Atlanta, GeorgiaPD387 Understanding Chiller Performance, Operation

and Economics 3 Dec

PD583 Pressure Relief Devices: Design, Sizing, Construction, Inspection and Maintenance 3-4 Dec

PD606 NQA-1 Requirements for Computer Software Used in Nuclear Facilities 3-4 Dec

PD570 GeometricTolerancing Fundamentals 1 3-4 Dec

PD631 Manufacturing, Fabrication and Examination Responsibilities in Codes, Standards and Regulations for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 3-5 Dec

PD523 Quality Assurance (QA) Considerations for New Nuclear Facility Construction 3-5 Dec

PD349 Centrifugal Pump Design and Applications 3-5 Dec

PD359 Practical Welding Technology 3-5 Dec


PD632 Design in Codes, Standards and Regulations for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 3-6 Dec

PD657 HVAC Systems and Chiller Performance Combo Course 3-6 Dec

PD184 BPV Code Section III, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components 3-6 Dec

PD644 Advanced Design and Construction of Nuclear Facility Components Per BPV Code, Section III 3-6 Dec


PD603 GD&T Combo Course 3-6 Dec

PD014 B31.3 Process Piping Design 3-6 Dec



PD581 B31.3 Process Piping Design, Materials, Fabrication, Examination and Testing Combo Course 3-7 Dec

PD027 Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Systems: Sizing and Design 4-6 Dec

PD391 ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids 5-6 Dec

PD561 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Advanced Applications with Stacks & Analysis 5-6 Dec

PD575 Comprehensive Negotiating Strategies: Engineers and Technical Professionals 6-7 Dec

PD634 Comparison of Global Quality Assurance and Management System Standards Usedfor Nuclear Applications 6-7 Dec

PD532 Professional Responsibilities for Engineers 6-7 Dec

PD457 B31.3 Process Piping Materials Fabrication, Examination and Testing 7 Dec


February 2013 - Memphis, TennesseePD599 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1, Class 1

Piping Design 4-5 Feb

PD615 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1: Class 1, 2 & 3 Piping Design Combo Course 4-6 Feb

PD395 API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Fitness for Service 4-6 Feb

PD349 Centrifugal Pump Design and Applications 4-6 Feb

PD389 Non-Destructive Examination-Applying ASME Code Requirements (BPV Code, Section V) 4-6 Feb

PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 4-6 Feb

PD359 Practical Welding Technology 4-6 Feb

PD443 BPV Code, Section VIII Division 1 Combo Course 4-8 Feb

PD600 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1, Class 2 & 3 Piping Design 6 Feb

PD624 Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer 7-8 Feb

PD313 Fundamentals of Fastening Systems 7-8 Feb

PD441 Inspection, Repair and Alteration of Pressure Equipment 7-8 Feb

PD531 Leadership and Organizational Management 7-8 Feb

March 2013 - Houston, TexasPD382 How to Predict Thermal-Hydraulic Loads

on Pressure Vessels and Piping 4-5 Mar

PD268 Fracture Mechanics Approach to Life Predictions 4-6 Mar

PD077 Failure Prevention, Repair and Life Extension of Piping, Vessels andTanks 4-6 Mar

PD619 Risk and Reliability Strategies for Effective Maintenance Management 4-6 Mar

PD467 Project Management for Engineers and Technical Professionals 4-6 Mar

PD631 Manufacturing, Fabrication and Examination Responsibilities in Codes, Standards and Regulations for Nuclear Power Plant Construction 4-6 Mar

PD190 BPV Code, Section IX: Welding and Brazing Qualifications 4-6 Mar


PD622 BPV Code: Plant Equipment Requirements 4-7 Mar

PD013 B31.1 Power Codes 4-8 Mar

PD629 Project Management Combo Course 4-8 Mar

PD391 ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids 6-7 Mar

PD617 Design of Buried High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Piping Systems 7-8 Mar

PD496 Preparing for the Project Management Professional Certification Exam 7-8 Mar

March 2013 - Las Vegas, Nevada PD475 The New Engineering Manager: Moving

from Technical Professional to Manager 11-12 Mar

PD456 Tools & Methods of Finite Element Analysis 11-12 Mar

PD523 Quality Assurance (QA) Considerations for New Nuclear Facility Construction 11-13 Mar

PD571 Robust Product and Process Design 11-13 Mar

PD231 Shock and Vibration Analysis 11-13 Mar

PD410 Detail Engineering of Piping Systems 11-13 Mar

PD394 Seismic Design & Retrofit of Equipment & Piping 11-14 Mar

PD184 BPV Code Section III, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components 11-14 Mar

PD620 Core Engineering Management 11-14 Mar

PD014 B31.3 Process Piping Design 11-14 Mar

PD192 BPV Code: Section XI: Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components 11-15 Mar


PD676 Strategic Thinking 13 Mar

PD606 NQA-1 Requirements for Computer Software Used in Nuclear Facilities 13-14 Mar

PD623 Dynamic Loads in Industrial Facilities Due to Terror Blasts and Vapor Cloud Explosions 14-15 Mar

PD567 Design, Analysis, and Fabrication of Composite Structure, Energy, and Machine Applications 14-15 Mar

PD512 Engineer as Coach 14-15 Mar


March 2013 - Copenhagen, DenmarkPD670 The Selection of Pumps for Optimum System

Performance 18-19 Mar

PD077 Failure Prevention, Repair and Life Extension of Piping, Vessels and Tanks 18-20 Mar

PD146 Flow Induced Vibration with Applications to Failure Analysis 18-20 Mar

PD615 BPV Code, Section III, Division 1: Class 1, 2 & 3 Piping Design Combo Course 18-20 Mar

PD442 BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels 18-20 Mar

PD636 Basic Principles of Welding 18-20 Mar

PD635 ASME NQA-1-2008/1A-2009 Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications 18-20 Mar

PD616 API 579 /ASME FFS-1 Fitness-for-Service Evaluation 18-21 Mar

PD644 Advanced Design and Construction of Nuclear Facility Components per BPV Code, Section III 18-21 Mar

PD643 ASME B31.3 Process Piping 18-21 Mar


PD679 The Selection of Pumps and Valves for Optimum System Performance Combo Course 18-21 Mar

PD443 BPV Code, Section VIII Division 1 Combo Course 18-22 Mar


PD445 B31 Piping Fabrication and Examination 20-21 Mar

PD671 The Selection of Valves for Optimum System Performance 20-21 Mar

PD441 Inspection, Repair and Alteration of Pressure Equipment 21-22 Mar



Specia l Of fer to Non-ASME MembersAttendees of any ASME Training & Development Public Course or Seminar registered as non-ASME members and with no prior

ASME membership affiliation will receive a FREE one-year membership toASME - valued at up to $144 - following submission of an application form.

All ASME members will continue to enjoy special “Member Only” discounts off the List Price on most ASME Training & Development

Public Courses, eLearning Programs and Seminars.



Valve cables and connectorsAutomAtionDirect, cumming, gA.AutomationDirect’s pneumatics line now includes several high-quality con-nectors and cables designed for most

popular pneumatic solenoid air valves and sensors. Three-wire connector cables are available in five pin spac-ing formats (8 to 18 mm); a four-wire transmitter cable is also available in the

8 mm format. Connector styles include DIN 43650 standard forms A, B, and C; two DIN style industrial forms (B and C) are also offered. The 24 V or 110 V ac/dc models feature built-in surge sup-pression and yellow LED indicator and are rated for connecting with electron-ics. The 230 V ac/dc models are rated for straight-wired products. Select con-nectors are field-wireable; all connector styles are available with 3- and 5-meter PVC jacketed cables. Because the con-nectors are not polarity sensitive, users follow solenoid, sensor, or other devices wiring diagrams for proper connection. Cables and connectors for solenoid valves start at $4.75. www.me.hotims.com/43149-70 or circle 70

Polycarbonate enclosuresomegA engineering, StAmforD, conn. The new EK series of NEMA 4X polycarbonate enclosures are designed to house and protect DIN rail mount IEC components, such as DIN rail mount circuit breakers, tim-ers, switches, meters, and other control devices. This CE compliant product features a shrouded cut-out and tinted transpar-ent hinged door with push release door latches for quick access and visibility. The EK series is high in mechanical strength on top of being corrosion and maintenance free. It is suitable for chemical, plastic, and water industries. Price starts at $38.www.me.hotims.com/43149-71 or circle 71

newProDuctS

A World Apart In a World of Parts!

Precision Chemical EtchingOur process of photochemical etching

offers speed, fl exibility andprecision unmatched by traditional

manufacturing methods.

• Part to print in 1 day... yes, we’re that fast!

• Our technical staff will drive your project, even without a print.

• Unlimited fl exibility and complexity!

• We can form, plate, assemble andpackage your parts...

Just tell us what you need!

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your free sample kit and design guide at www.fotofab.com/free

773.463.6211 3758 W. Belmont Avenue FAX.463.3387 Chicago, IL [email protected] USA

You’ll see the difference as soon as you

bottom trim

right trim

A World Apart In a World of Parts!

Precision Chemical EtchingOur process of photochemical etching

offers speed, fl exibility andprecision unmatched by traditional

manufacturing methods.

• Part to print in 1 day... yes, we’re that fast!

• Our technical staff will drive your project, even without a print.

• Unlimited fl exibility and complexity!

• We can form, plate, assemble andpackage your parts...

Just tell us what you need!

You’ll see the difference as soon as you talk to us. Contact our sales staff or request

your free sample kit and design guide at www.fotofab.com/free

773.463.6211 3758 W. Belmont Avenue FAX.463.3387 Chicago, IL [email protected] USA

You’ll see the difference as soon as you

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newproducts0812.indd 62 7/5/12 2:58 PM

NEWPRODUCTS Brushless pumpsTHOMAS DIVISION, SHEBOYGAN, WIS. Thomas’ recent extension of its fam-ily of Jade products features two new diaphragm miniature brushless dc pumps. The new Jade models, 1410 and 1420 series, are equipped with an electronically commutated brushless dc motor. The high torque and speed

range of the motor allows step-less variation of the per-formance of pneumatic diaphragm pumps (ranging from 2.5 to 11.0 lpm). In addition, the electronic commutation is virtually maintenance-free making the new Jade mod-els extremely durable with over 10,000 hours of life under normal operating conditions. Available in 12 V or 24 V, the motors are equipped with integrated control electronics and are powered by a four-wire cable with male connector. The lightweight, compact, and closed construction of the pumps suit them to medical, analytical, lab, fuel cell, and general mechanical applications.www.me.hotims.com/43149-72 or circle 72

Long stroke gripperSCHUNK, MORRISVILLE, N.C. The long stroke gripper PZH-plus has patented multi-tooth guidance, and its housing is made of high-strength aluminum. The PZH-plus can be monitored via magnetic fi eld sensors or inductive sensors.

Six-AxisForce/Torque Sensors

Standard FeaturesSix Axes of Force/Torque Sensing (Fx Fy Fz Tx Ty Tz) • High Overload ProtectionInterfaces for Ethernet, PCI, USB, EtherNet/IP, CAN, and moreSizes from 17 mm – 330 mm diameter • Custom sensors available

ApplicationsProduct Testing • Biomedical Research • Finger Force ResearchRehabilitation Research • Robotics

www.ati-ia.com/mes919.772.0115




The large center bore allows the installation of a camera, a feed-through of material, or the gripping of very long workpieces. The

long stroke centric gripper comes in four sizes. At a weight between 1.6 and 33 kg, the maximum stroke per finger ranges between 20 and 75 mm, and the

gripping forces between 250 and 3,800 N. The gripper is suitable for I.D. and O.D. gripping of workpieces weighing up to 19.3 kg. www.me.hotims.com/43149-73 or circle 73

Carbon-graphite blanksMetallized Carbon Corp., ossin-ing, n.Y. Machinable, resin-impregnat-

ed, carbon-graphite blanks are for companies that need to machine mechanical seal primary rings, radial or thrust bearings, case wear rings, or pump vanes on an emergency basis. The machinable blanks are made from fine-grain, high strength, molded carbon-graphite that is fully impregnated with chemically resistant thermal setting resin. The material has excellent lubricating qualities when running in low viscosity liquids in the temperature range between -400 ˚F and over 500 ˚F. The blanks are machinable with con-ventional tungsten carbide or diamond tools. Mechanical seal rings, bear-ings, and vanes machined from these blanks are impervious to high-pressure liquids. The material is dimension-ally stable so that mechanical seal ring faces can be polished to one helium light band flatness, and the flatness is retained indefinitely. www.me.hotims.com/43149-74 or circle 74

Vertical honesunnen produCts Co., st. louis. The SV-490 hone brings 90-inch verti-cal stroke and end-to-end dwelling capabilities to the machining of bores up to 8 inches in diameter. It is suit-able for large aerospace, energy, and hydraulic components. The machine has a 10 hp 5-500 rpm variable speed spindle and a 10 hp 1-130 strokes-per-minute DC stroker, capable of produc-ing 3,000 lbs. thrust. The servo-controlled rotary tool feed sys-tem produces 225 lbf.-in. of torque for fast, accurate machining with diamond and superabra-sive tools. The vertical platform has a footprint of 69.44 sq. ft.. The stationary column provides stability required for long-stroke machining on parts up to 2,000 lbs., with diameters from 0.75 to 8.0 inches. www.me.hotims.com/43149-75 or circle 75

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> Exploring the issues of rights and engineering: Technology as a basic human entitlement.

> An ASME Task Force proposes a new nuclear safety construct after Fukushima.

> New frontiers in internal combustion engines.

> Nanotechnology is very much with us—just not on the scale once forecast.

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> Tech Focus: Materials and Assembly

> Computing

> Software Exchange

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positionsopenFLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (FIU) invites applications for several tenure track positions beginning January, 2013, in the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (Position No. 45390; Profile Nos. 43849 and 70004806). FIU is a multi-campus public research university located in Miami, a vibrant, international city. FIU offers more than 180 bac-calaureate, masters, professional, and doctoral degree programs to over 46,000 students. FIU has achieved Carnegie Research University status (with high research activity) and is one of the 25 largest universities in the nation. As one of South Florida’s anchor institutions, FIU is worlds ahead in its local and global engagement and is committed to finding solutions to the most challenging problems of our times. The Mechanical and Materials En-gineering department has 20 faculty members who support its offerings of BS (ABET accredited), MS in ME and MSE, and PhD programs in ME and MSE. The department has close to 600 undergraduates and 80 graduate students. Research is supported by three research facilities, the Advanced Materials Engineering Research Institute (ameri.fiu.edu), the Motorola Nanofabrication Facility and the Center for Study of Materials at Extreme Conditions (cesmec.fiu.edu). The department’s faculty research areas in-clude: • Thermal / fluid /HVAC / renewable energy / energy systems • Mechan-ics/ Failure Analysis/ Vibration • Robotics/ mechatronics/ design/ manufac-turing/electronic packaging • Computational/ optimization/ multidisciplinary design methods • Materials/ materials processing/ materials engineering • Nanomaterials/ Nanotechnology/NEMS and MEMS devices. Duties of the successful candidates include teaching undergraduate and graduate cours-es in mechanical and materials engineering, mentoring students, develop-ing an externally funded research program, and publishing scholarly work. Qualifications: An earned doctoral degree in Mechanical Engineering (all positions), or materials engineering or a closely related engineering field (positions 2 and 3) is required prior to the start of the appointment. The successful candidates must have a demonstrated record of scholarly work and potential to establish a robust research program. Position No. 45390: Special consideration for this Assistant Professor position will be given to candidates with expertise and experience in sensor technology, biosen-sors, nano- manufacturing, haptics and medical/rehabilitative robotics. Can-didates must have a commitment to teaching excellence and be qualified to teach courses in mechanical engineering, including design and manufac-turing courses such as manufacturing processes, machine design, robot-ics, vibration analysis and mechatronics. Profile No. 43849: Special consid-eration for this position at all levels will be given to candidates with expertise in mechanical and physical metallurgy and experience in failure analysis, fatigue, fracture, dislocation mechanics, micro/nano-materials characteriza-tion, and nanotechnology. Candidates must have a commitment to teaching excellence and be qualified to teach courses in mechanical and materials science engineering, including materials in engineering, strength of ma-terials, physical and mechanical metallurgy, physical properties of materi-als and composite materials. Profile No. 70004806: Special consideration for this position at all levels will be given to candidates with expertise and experience in ceramics, nanoscale ceramic processing, nanotechnology and ceramic engineering. Candidates must have a commitment to teaching excellence and be qualified to teach courses in nanotechnology, nanomate-rial properties, nanoscale modeling; ceramics microsystems and C-MEMS, ceramic processing, experience in nanoscale characterization including TEM and FIB applications. Demonstrated excellent verbal and written com-munication skills are a prerequisite of all candidates for all the positions. FIU offers a competitive salary and benefits package, and an excellent work environment. Additional information is available at: http://careers.fiu.edu/. Applications must include a letter of application, a curriculum vitae, a statement of research experience and plans, a statement of teaching experience and interests, and contact information for three references. Ap-plications must be submitted on line at http://careers.fiu.edu/ only. Deadline is open, but, to receive full consideration, applications must be received by August 15, 2012. Applications are encouraged from members of under-represented minorities and women. FIU is a member of the State University System of Florida and is an Equal Opportunity, Equal Access Affirmative Action Employer. www.fiu.edu/index.htm

Advertise your open positions in Mechanical Engineering.

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GE Global Research

Senior Mechanical Engineer – Thermo-Mechanical StructuresGE Global Research is hiring a Senior Mechanical Engineer for Thermo-Mechanical Structures. The Structures Lab is responsible for structural design, analysis and development of mechanical systems with significant thermal and mechanical stressors, multiple materials sets with widely varying properties as well as pioneering new optimization techniques.

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subject to complex loading conditions, environmental stressors and constraints

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National Sun Yat-Sen University Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering

FACULTY RECRUITMENT Faculty Opening: Several Assistant Professors, Associate Professors, and Professors from February 2013 or August 2013. Specialties: Mechanical and Electro- Mechanical Engineering. Application Process: The following documents are needed: ․ Curriculum Vita (including studying and

working experiences, specialties, teaching interests, and research interests)

․One hardcopy of degree certification ․Grade reports of both undergraduate and

graduate program ․One piece of representative work of SCIE

(including accepted ones) ․At least one piece of referable work of SCIE

(including accepted ones) ․List of publications ․One hardcopy of ID (both sides) Please submit to: Dr. Che-Hsin, Lin, Chairman of Department of Mechanical and Electro- Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Rd, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan. Application Deadline: Aug. 20, 2012 Further Information: please contact: Phone: 886-7-525-2000 ext: 4202 FAX: 886-7-525-4299 E-mail: [email protected] Website: e13.nsysu.edu.tw www.nsysu.edu.tw

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Get free information by phone, fax, e -mail, or mail.For free literature or to purchase products, call the numbers below; circle the reader service numbers on the postage-paid Product Information Card following page 48 and mail it; or go to www.memagazine.org and click MechLink.

reaDerCompany paGe SerViCe no. Web Site phone

A&A Manufacturing / Gortite 67 220 www.Gortrac.com (800) 394-1547

ASME ICONE Power 2012 57 www.asemconferences.org/ICONE20/Power2012 (212) 591-7534

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ATI Industrial Automation 63 20 www.ati-ia.com/mes (919) 772-0115

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Bose- Electroforce Systems 65 207 www.Bose.com/electroforce (800) 837-8464

Clippard O5, 66 O4, 211 www.clippard.com (877) 245-6247

Computational Dynamics (CD-Adapco) 27, 67 16, 221 www.cd-adapco.com/aerospace (44) 20-7471-6200

Computer Engineering, Inc. 65 208 www.computereng.com (816) 228-2976

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Fluid Metering 63 19 www.fmipump.com (516) 922-6050

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Marsh 29 17 www.asmeinsurance.com (800) 289-ASME

Master Bond 66 209 www.masterbond.com (201) 343-8983

National Instruments O7 O5 www.ni.com (800) 891-2755

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complete CV should be addressed to Dr. SamuelGazit, Search Committee, Department of Me-chanical Engineering, Braude College, POB 78,Kermiel, Israel, [email protected].

THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, DE-PARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEER-ING, is accepting applications for faculty posi-tions at the Instructor, Assistant, Associate, andFull Professor levels. Applicants must possess aPh.D. in Mechanical Engineering or closely relat-ed field. Preference will be given to candidateswith expertise in areas that fill current needs inthe department (fuel cells, photovoltaic power,heat transfer, nuclear engineering, and biomedi-cal engineering), but outstanding applicants inother areas will be given full consideration. Nom-inations or applications should be submitted bye-mail to [email protected]. Applicationpackages, in the form of a single PDF document,should include 1) vitae, 2) statement of researchplans, 3) statement of teaching interests, and 4)contact information for three references. The se-lection process will begin on October 1, 2008,and will continue until the positions are filled.The University of South Carolina is an Equal Op-portunity/ Affirmative Action Employer. Minori-ties and women are encouraged to apply.

FACULTY POSITIONS, MECHANICAL ENGI-NEERING DEPARTMENT, VANDERBILT UNI-VERSITY. The Department of Mechanical En-gineering at Vanderbilt University invites appli-cations for one or more faculty positions to beginFall 2009. Applications will be considered for po-sitions at all ranks commensurate with qualifi-cations. Applicants must possess a Ph.D. in Me-chanical Engineering or closely related disci-pline, and have expertise and research intereststhat are synergistic with existing research areasin the department, including combustion, mi-crofluidics, nanotechnology, mechatronics,portable power, and robotics. Successful candi-dates will be expected to build a strong, external-ly funded research program and make a signifi-cant contribution to the department’s researchactivities. The candidate should also have amarked interest in and talent for teaching in boththe undergraduate (B.E.) and graduate (M.S. andPh.D.) programs. Vanderbilt University is rankedamong the top 20 universities in the nation. TheDepartment of Mechanical Engineering offersB.E., M.E., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees and has astudent body of about 265 undergraduates and40 Ph.D. students. Applications consisting of acover letter, a complete curriculum vitae, state-ments of teaching and research interests, andthe addresses of four references (include e-mailaddress) should be sent to Professor R.W. Pitz,Chair, Search Committee, Department of Me-chanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Box1592, Station B, Nashville, TN 37235-1592 (orpreferably send electronically to: [email protected]). Vanderbilt University is anAffirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer.Women and minorities are encouraged to apply.

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Marc W. Goldsmith began his term as ASME President in June at the ASME Annual Meeting in Montreal. Goldsmith becomes the 131st person to lead the Society as President.

An ASME Fellow, Goldsmith is the founder of a management consulting firm, Marc Goldsmith & Associates LLC, based in Newton, Mass.

During his 25 years as a member of ASME, Goldsmith has served in a number of leadership positions, including a term on the Board of Governors. He has also served terms as chair of the General Management Board of the ASME Innovative Technologies Institute and vice president of the Center for Public Awareness.

Goldsmith received the ASME Dedicated Service Award in 2001.During a speech at the inaugural event, Goldsmith thanked

departing ASME President Victoria Rockwell, Past President Bob Simmons and Executive Director Thomas Loughlin for helping prepare him for office, and then laid out his ambitions for the Society. “I see a great journey of hope and inspiration,” Goldsmith said. "We are sowing the seeds of a great future for humanity and engineers.”

Among Goldsmith’s goals are building a stronger and more vibrant set of global alliances that extend the reach of ASME’s

standards and certification programs, increasing the tools and technologies available to engineers by developing new confer-ences and publications, and improving ASME’s infrastructure so that the Society can deliver timely information and expedite business processes.

In addition, Goldsmith highlighted the need to bring clean water and technology to people through ASME’s Engineering for Global Development sector and organizations such as Engineering for Change and Engineers Without Borders, and the importance of cultivating new leaders by encouraging early career engineers to take leading roles in corporations, government, and academia.

Victoria Rockwell, ASME’s departing president, spoke of the endeavors the Society has undertaken over the last year. Among these were proposed changes to the Knowledge and Community Sector intended to help ASME achieve its growth goals, the intro-duction of the Society’s Public Affairs and Outreach Sector, which pulled together ASME’s strategic management and centers areas into a cohesive unit, and laying the groundwork for ASME’s new Student and Early Career Sector.

“Achieving our goals will take more than ASME. We must draw on our ability to collaborate, partner, and convene. We must establish necessary alliances and strengthen our existing part-nerships,” Rockwell said.


asmenews Compiled from ASME Public Information dispatches.

Goldsmith Takes Reins as ASME President

Kotb Named President-Nominee

The ASME Nominating Commit-tee announced the selection of Madiha El-Mehelmy Kotb as ASME president-nominee for

2013-2014. Kotb works as a program coordinator for the Régie du bâtiment du Québec, the construction inspection agency for the Canadian province.

The announcement was made during the President’s Dinner at the ASME Annual Meeting in Montreal. Kotb’s term is due to begin July 2013 after membership ratification this coming fall.

Kotb has held numerous positions with ASME, including terms on the Board of Governors, as vice president of Conformity Assessment, and as Quebec Section chair. Kotb has been a long-time volunteer with ASME Standards and Certification, and is now the lead volunteer member for Engineering

for Change and a member of ASME’s Engineering for Global Development Committee.

A 30-year member of ASME, Kotb was honored with the Society’s Dedicated Service Award in 2008.

The Nominating Committee announced the nominations of Andrew C. Taylor, William Worek, and Stacey Swisher Harnetty as Board of Gover-nors candidates. Five vice president nominees were also named: Twih Mehta, Students and Early Career; Jared Oehring, Financial Operations; Jeffrey Friedman, Standardization and Testing; Susan Ipri Brown, Global Out-reach; and Eduardo Barrientos, Affinity Communities. All await member confir-mation via proxy ballot.

Hank Cook and Fred Stong were named chair and secretary, respective-ly, of the Nominating Committee.

Arvizu to ChAir SCienCe BoArdThe National Science Board, a 25-member governing body for the National Science Foundation,elected ASME member Dan Arvizu as its new chairman at a meeting in May.

Arvizu is director of the Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo. Arvizu holds a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Stanford University.

“I am deeply honored to be selected by my peers as Chairman of the National Science Board,” Arvizu said.

The NSB is a non-partisan body appointed by the president and con-firmed by the Senate. Its members are drawn from industry and universities and represent a variety of disciplines and geographic areas.

asmenews0812.indd 70 7/2/12 10:25 AM

Johns Hopkins Team Takes Home IShow Prize


At a kickoff to the ASME’s 2012 Annual Meeting in Montreal, members heard a presentation on the future of the Society’s online initiative.

Aaron Shapiro, chief executive of HUGE, the digital marketing agency engaged by ASME to help revamp its web presence, and Nakiso Maodza, ASME’s director of web services, spoke in detail about plans for ASME.org going forward.

Their presentation was called “ASME.

org—Phase 2: Virtual Communities, Real World Possibilities.”

Shapiro spoke about the impera-tive for organizations to adapt to the changing landscape and adopt digital techniques for connecting with their constituencies.

“We studied why it was that some companies have done well and thrived in the new environment, and why some have perished,” Shapiro said. “There is simply no longer such a thing as a company that can afford not

to have a digital presence.”Maodza elaborated on some of the

major changes at the heart of Phase 2. Those changes include greater func-tionality and the ability of ASME site users to connect to virtual communi-ties around the world.

“We think these changes are really great, and you’re going to agree,” Maodza said. “We’re opening up a whole new world of possibilities, possibilities that are going to be great for engineers and great for engineering as a whole.”

ASME.org Phase 2 Unveiled

o ASME President Victoria A. Rockwell (far left) with members of the Archon Medical Technologies team — the winners of the 2012 ASME Innovation Showcase. q QuickStitch took first place and an award of $10,000. The device is a suturing tool that looks something like a hand-held hole punch fitted with a needle and thread.

A low-cost mechanical suturing device developed by students at Johns Hopkins University won ASME’s 2012 Innovation Showcase competition.

The winning entry, called QuickStitch, resembles a hand-held hole puncher, except that it deploys a needle and thread. The undergraduate research team won $10,000 in seed money to help further develop and market their device.

Members of the Johns Hopkins team, named Archon Med-ical Technologies, are Sohail Zahid, Daniel Peng, Stephen Van Kooten, Leslie Myint, Andy Tu, Luis Herrera, Anvesh Annadanam, and Haley Huang.

Each year, the ASME IShow provides teams of engineering entrepreneurs with the chance to pitch their inventions to a panel of indus-try experts in the hopes of securing funds to help bring their products to market. The competition spotlights the engineering designs, presentations, and entrepreneurial skills of undergraduate and graduate students.

Before the competition, the students took part in an eight-week training program. The video chats, provided by online training services company Empact, helped the contestants prepare their pre-sentations by reviewing a series of topics, including intellec-tual property, market strategy, and business writing skills.

Ten collegiate teams competed this year for top prizes, which were awarded at the ASME Annual Meeting in Mon-treal. The schools represented include the Indian Insti-tute of Technology in Delhi, Johns Hopkins University

in Baltimore, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, N.Y., Rice University in Houston, Santa Clara University of California, and Western New England College of Spring-field, Mass.

The second-place prize of $7,000 was given to a student team from Santa Clara University for its Equalizing Distri-bution Device, a railroad air-brake component. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute received the third prize of $5,000 for RenAir, a technology for creating accurate wind maps for better planning of wind energy projects, particularly over

complex terrain.Outgoing ASME President Victoria A.

Rockwell said, “The ASME IShow bridges the gap between the areas of engineering design and business. This competition gives these hardworking and dedicated student teams the inspiration

and resources needed to turn their ideas into products that could some-day change the world.”

Judges for the 2012 IShow were John F. Elter, president of Sus-tainable Systems; Yogi Goswami, co-director of the Clean Energy

Research Center at the University of South Florida; Steven P. Nichols, director of the Advanced Manufacturing Center at the University of Texas at Austin; and Alyse Stofer, engi-neering program manager at Medtronic.

The ASME Foundation, Mechanical Engineering maga-zine, and Misumi USA Inc. sponsored this year’s IShow.

asmenews0812.indd 71 7/2/12 10:25 AM

here’s a new mini-series playing on the Internet, and it stars a mechanical engineer.

The advertising agency BBDO developed the program as a way to showcase a new high-end refrigerator made by General Electric. There are five webisodes that set out to answer the question, Can a refrigera-tor strapped to the bed of a Ford pickup

keep food fresh over the course of a 2,000-mile road trip into the desert?

The two men on the road trip are Justin Berger, a mechanical engineer with GE and a member of the team that designed the fridge, and the celebrity chef Ben Sargent, who hosts a show, “Hook, Line, and Dinner,” on the Cooking Channel. The premise is that Berger and Sargent are going to surprise Ron Thompson, a wildlife biologist who has been living off canned food for a year, by showing up and serving him a dinner made from fresh meat, fruit, and vegetables picked up en route.

Maintaining the freshness of the food will be the test of the new refigerator. Maybe that’s why they buy lettuce first.

GE calls the show Freshpedi-tion and you can catch up to it at www.freshpedi-tion.com.

The show achieves the feel of a reality TV show, right down to the Odd Couple dynamics of the chef and the engineer. For instance, Sargent is working pretty much on serendipity and has no idea what the final menu is going to be. Berger wants to make a checklist. Sargent isn’t so sure that a refrigerator exposed all day to the sun will keep everything fresh throughout the trip; Berger, on the other hand, has full confidence in the power of technology.

When GE put us in touch with Berger, we asked him about the experience of seeing himself in the video. Berger said he had never before been recorded for public viewing. As he put it, “It was a little bit weird.”

He told us he was particularly surprised to see his own mannerisms, especially how expressive his face was. “It gives away what I’m thinking,” he said.

Berger landed the role after a casting call with about 30 engineers from the GE appliance division. So, was he cho-sen because he could act naturally in front of the camera?

No, it was his appearance. According to Berger, they were looking for someone “a little geeky.”

Filming took 10 days. Berger would drive the truck with Sargent relaxing on the passenger side, maybe improvising a song accompanied by his ukulele. (At some point Berger suggested the radio as an alternative.)

Berger gave away some of the television magic that makes reality television not entirely “real.” For instance, in order to have time to film during the day and meet the production sched-ule, there was a crew that drove the truck through the night to the next filming location, while Berger and Sargent got some rest. Then they would fly to catch up to the truck.

In addition to the show, there are sweepstakes to keep interest

in the website. One contest, which end-ed the day before the last “webisode” went up, challenged viewers to guess the state where Ron Thompson was. Now there’s another, which runs through the middle of August, involving posting of photos and recipes on the social media site Pinterest.

People who “repin” any of the Freshpedition material to their own Pinterest boards are eligible to win the daily prize of a $100 gift card or the grand prize of a suite of GE appliances.

During the series, it’s revealed that Justin has the nickname “Iceberger.” Does it have something to do with his cool and collected personality? No, Berger said, it’s because he worked on the ice and water systems for the new refrigerator. Harry HutcHinson

The author is executive editor of Mechanical Engineering magazine.


inputoutput Refrigerator on the Road

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ricto test a refrigerator, Justin Berger (top left) and Ben sargent (center) take fresh food to the desert. Peaches, for instance, bought from Hal Hayes in alabama wind up in a cobbler.

IO0812.indd 72 7/2/12 11:12 AM

WHY h AND R ARE NOT ANALOGS.

R and h in the 19th century In much of the 19th century, h and R were analogs. All resistors were described by Ohm’s law, the proportional Eq. (1).

E = IR (1)


E is always proportional to I.

R is always E/I.

R is always a constant in Eq. (1). All boundary layers were described by the proportional Eq. (2).

q = hT (2)


q is always proportional to ΔT.

h is always q/T.

h is always a constant in Eq. (2). (American heat transfer texts generally allege that Eq. (2) and h were conceived by Newton in 1701, but they were actually conceived by Fourier in 1822.)

R and h in the 20th and 21st centuries Sometime near the beginning of the 20th century, nonlinear electrical devices were invented, and nonlinear boundary layers were discovered.

It was soon recognized that it would be mathematically absurd to deal with nonlinear electrical behavior using Eq. (1) and E/I (aka R).

Therefore it was decided that Eq. (1) and R would be used only for proportional devices. Eq. (3) and dE/dI would be used for all nonlinear devices. E = f{I} (3) Surprisingly, it has not yet been generally recognized that it is mathematically absurd to deal with nonlinear heat transfer behavior using Eq. (2) and q/T (aka h). Why h and R are not analogs h and R are not analogs because h is used to deal with nonlinear behavior, but R has not been used to deal with nonlinear behavior for more than 100 years.

Eugene F. Adiutori

To Ventuno Press, P. O. Box 9303, Naples, FL 34101: Please send me a copy of Heat Transfer without h by Eugene F. Adiutori. After 30 days, I will either return it or remit $29.95. ________________________ (USA only.) (International: prepay and add $12 for air delivery.)

To Ventuno Press, P. O. Box 9303, Naples, FL 34101: Please send me a copy of Heat Transfer without h by Eugene F. Adiutori. After 30 days, I will either return it or remit $29.95. ________________________(USA only.) (International: prepay and add $12 for air delivery.)

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