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Course Tutor: Dr Sophie Pagesophie.page@ucl.ac.uk

Course Code: MDVLGH02

Magic in the Middle Ages

Magic eisted i! di"erse #or$s i! the $iddle ages: #ro$ si$ple char$s to co$ple a!d

su%"ersi"e de$o!ic $agic. &ts !egati"e characteristics 'ere de#i!ed %( theologia!s 'ho sought toisolate u!desira%le rituals a!d %elie#s) %ut there 'ere also $a!( 'ho %elie"ed that the co!de$!edtets a!d practices 'ere "alua%le a!d co$pati%le 'ith orthodo piet(. This course 'ill eplore theplace o# $agic i! the $edie"al 'orld a!d the co!tradictor( respo!ses it e"oked) 'ith a particulare$phasis o! $a!uscript sources. *e 'ill use tra!slatio!s o# $edie"al $agical 'orks a!d$icro#il$ pri!t outs o# $a!uscript i$ages a!d tets. The ai$ o# the course is !ot o!l( to deepe!stude!ts+ historical u!dersta!di!g a!d #urther their a!al(tical skills %ut also to gi"e stude!tsi!terested i! pla!!i!g their o'! research pro,ects eperie!ce i! the tech!i-ues o# readi!g $edie"al$a!uscripts. Stude!ts stud(i!g Lati!) Ma!uscripts a!d Docu$e!ts+) a!d Palaeograph( 'ill %egi"e! $ore ad"a!ced eercises o! the a!al(sis o# $agic tets i! $edie"al $a!uscripts. /!o'ledgeor stud( o# these su%,ects is a use#ul %ut !ot o%ligator( re-uire$e!t o# the course.

Classes: Thursda(s 1) roo$ 03) Histor( Dept) 4CL.5ssess$e!t: t'o essa(s o# c.6)000 'ords.

Class Topics: Term 1. &!troductio! a!d historiograph(2. *hat is $agic7. Magic sources: tets) i$ages a!d o%,ects6. Classical a!d earl( Medie"al origi!s8. Manuscript session at the Wellcome library3. 5ra%ic i$age $agic a!d its receptio!9. itual Magic : a!gels a!d de$o!s;. itual Magic 2: !ecro$a!c( a!d the clerical u!der'orld

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Term 2. Sorcer( a!d 'itchcra#t2. =atural Magic : $agic) $edici!e a!d $ar"els. =atural Magic 2: $agic a!d scie!ce6. 5strolog(8. Manuscript session at the British Library3 Se a!d Ge!der9 Politics a!d tricker(;. Magic i! the o$a!ces

? Magic ?i%liograph(: http:#acult(.'ashi!gto!.edus!oegel,$%toc.ht$Magic i! 5!cie!t Greece: http:'''.perso!al.rdg.ac.ukAlkp%odrd$ag%i%Be'ish Magic ?i%liograph(: http:#acult(.'ashi!gto!.edus!oegel,$%toc.ht$Her$es Lati!us: http:'''.iuo.itdip#p5TT&V&T5D&&CC5Her$esLati!usi!de.ht$ Histor( o# 5strolog(: http:'''.sas.ac.uk'ar%urgi!stituteastrotst.ht$Medie"al 5lche$(:http:'''.$argi!alia.co.ukshared$edalche$(.php

Medie"al Geo$a!c(: http:'''.pri!ceto!.eduAeE%geo$a!c(geo%i%lio.ht$lMagic and SourcesTwilight Grotto http:'''.esotericarchi"es.co$esoteric.ht$itual $agic tets a!d tra!slatio!s:

theArs notoria)Liber iuratus) &a$%lichus)De mysteriisa!d a su$$ar( o# thePicatrixEsoterica. Electronic Journal: http:'''.esoteric.$su.eduocietas Magica: http:%ri!dedco'.u$d.edusoc$ag=ote especiall( Ma!uscripts) =e'sletter)

Pu%licatio!sBibliotheca Astrologica numerica http:'ar%urg.sas.ac.uk$!e$os(!eorie!tatio!?i%astro.ht$ .

Sca!s o# pri!ted astrological tets 'ith use#ul !otes %( Da"id Buste a!d Charles ?ur!ettThe !nternet Medie"al ourceboo#:http:'''.#ordha$.eduhalsalls%ook.ht$l. Maps a!d

use#ul pri$ar( sources) !ote &!tellectual Li#e+) The Medie"al Church+) Se a!d Ge!der+.!nternet $istory o% cience ourceboo#:Lati! Christe!do$+ $ostl( li!ks to to the Medie"al

Source%ook 'ith a #e' use#ul additio!s o! attitudes to scie!ce) $edici!e) ph(sics a!d tech!olog(:http:&&www.%ordham.edu&halsall&science&sciencesboo#.html

GeneralThe 'nline (e%erence Boo# %or Medie"al tudies:http:or%.rhodes.edue!c(clo.ht$l

=ote Magic a!d *itchcra#t+) Scie!ce a!d Tech!olog(+.The Labyrinth Guide to Medie"al tudies on the Web: http:'''.georgeto'!.edula%(ri!th

=ote Scie!ces+The )atholic Encyclopaedia: http:&&www.newad"ent.org&cathen&The Medie"al Bestiary:http:&&bestiary.ca&inde*.htmlMedie"al +aleography: good practice e*ercises,

http:paleo.a!glo1!or$a!.org$ed#ra$.ht$l http:$edie"al'riti!g.80$egs.co$'riti!g.ht$

'nline -ournal %or medie"al graduate students:http:'''.$argi!alia.co.ukGeo%%rey )haucer Blog:http:houseo##a$e.%logspot.co$

Web Ehibi!ions and "mage #esourcesTraditions o% Magic in Late Antiuity. hi%itio! at the 4!i"ersit( o# Michiga! Li%rar(:

http:'''.li%.u$ich.edupap$agicA /ind o% Magic. Talis$a!s) char$s a!d a$ulets i! the ?ritish Museu$ collectio!s:

'''.the%ritish$useu$.ac.uk"isito!li!etours>ther o!li!e sites 'here (ou ca! do a ke('ord search #or $agic+ or i!"estigate $edie"al $aterial

culture i! ge!eral:

http://faculty.washington.edu/snoegel/jmbtoc.htmhttp://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~lkpbodrd/magbib/http://faculty.washington.edu/snoegel/jmbtoc.htmhttp://www.iuo.it/dipfp/ATTIVITA_DI_RICERCA/HermesLatinus/index.htmhttp://www.iuo.it/dipfp/ATTIVITA_DI_RICERCA/HermesLatinus/index.htmhttp://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/institute/astrotst1.htmhttp://www.marginalia.co.uk/shared/med_alchemy.phphttp://www.marginalia.co.uk/shared/med_alchemy.phphttp://www.princeton.edu/~ezb/geomancy/geobiblio.htmlhttp://www.esotericarchives.com/esoteric.htmhttp://www.esoteric.msu.edu/http://brindedcow.umd.edu/socmag/http://brindedcow.umd.edu/socmag/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/mnemosyne/orientation/Bibastro.htmhttp://warburg.sas.ac.uk/mnemosyne/orientation/Bibastro.htmhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.htmlhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/science/sciencesbook.htmlhttp://orb.rhodes.edu/encyclo.htmlhttp://orb.rhodes.edu/encyclo.htmlhttp://orb.rhodes.edu/encyclo.htmlhttp://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/http://bestiary.ca/index.htmlhttp://bestiary.ca/index.htmlhttp://paleo.anglo-norman.org/medfram.html%20http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/writing.htmhttp://www.marginalia.co.uk/http://houseoffame.blogspot.com/http://www.lib.umich.edu/pap/magic/http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/visit/onlinetours/http://faculty.washington.edu/snoegel/jmbtoc.htmhttp://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~lkpbodrd/magbib/http://faculty.washington.edu/snoegel/jmbtoc.htmhttp://www.iuo.it/dipfp/ATTIVITA_DI_RICERCA/HermesLatinus/index.htmhttp://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/institute/astrotst1.htmhttp://www.marginalia.co.uk/shared/med_alchemy.phphttp://www.princeton.edu/~ezb/geomancy/geobiblio.htmlhttp://www.esotericarchives.com/esoteric.htmhttp://www.esoteric.msu.edu/http://brindedcow.umd.edu/socmag/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/mnemosyne/orientation/Bibastro.htmhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.htmlhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/science/sciencesbook.htmlhttp://orb.rhodes.edu/encyclo.htmlhttp://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/http://bestiary.ca/index.htmlhttp://paleo.anglo-norman.org/medfram.html%20http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/writing.htmhttp://www.marginalia.co.uk/http://houseoffame.blogspot.com/http://www.lib.umich.edu/pap/magic/http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/visit/onlinetours/

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http:'''.the%ritish$useu$.ac.ukco$passhttp:'''.#itE$useu$.ca$.ac.ukcollectio!i!de.ht$http:i$ages."a$.ac.ukhttp:'''.$et$useu$.orgtoahh$09euh$09eu.ht$!mages %rom 0rench M database:http:'''.e!lu$i!ures.culture.#rdocu$e!tatio!e!lu$i!e#ri!de.ht$l

Manuscrip! #esearch

The %est 'a( to reall( i$$erse (oursel# i! the su%,ect o# $edie"al $agic is to call up$a!uscripts i! the *ellco$e li%rar( a!d ?ritish li%rar( a!d eplore the$ #or (oursel#. *e 'illlook at $icro#il$ copies o# $agic tets #ro$ the start o# the course %ut it 'ill take a 'hile #or(ou to get a se!se o# ho' to approach the$. &! each ter$ (ou 'ill ha"e o!e guided sessio! o!$a!uscripts. &! the #irst Fat the *ellco$e li%rar( & 'ill discuss a selectio! o# $a!uscripts 'ith(ou) i! the seco!d Fi! the ?L) (ou 'ill %e assig!ed particular $a!uscripts to 'ork o! accordi!gto (our research i!terests. &! (our o'! ti$e) %ut as earl( as possi%le) (ou should start calli!g up$a!uscripts i!depe!de!tl(. ou 'ill #i!d $ost o# the$ "er( di##icult to read at #irst) %ut it 'illget easierI

$oca!ing Manuscrip!sThe ?ritish li%rar( a!d the *ellco$e li%rar( ha"e rich collectio!s o# $a!uscripts co!tai!i!g

occult tets a!d ke('ord search s(ste$s i! their catalogues 'hich (ou ca! use to #i!d i!teresti!g$a!uscripts. M( %ooks)Magic in Medieval Manuscriptsa!dAstrology in MedievalManuscripts)ea$i!e a large !u$%er o# $a!uscripts i! the ?ritish li%rar( F'ith clearl( i!dicatedshel#$arks 'hich ha"e illu$i!atio!s a!d diagra$s relati!g to occult topics.

5 "er( "alua%le resource #or $agical $a!uscript research is the Societas Magica Catalogueo# Ma!uscripts a!d arl( Pri!ted ?ooks athttp:duke.usask.caA#rk02MSS$sstoc.ht$

This catalogue i!cludes $a!( shel#$arks o# $edie"al $a!uscripts i! the ?ritish li%rar( a!delse'here i! Lo!do! co!tai!i!g 'orks o# ritual $agic: eg theArs notoria) theLiber visionum)the Sworn Book of Honorius) !ecro$a!tic tets) a!d i$age $agic. Please !ote that $a!( o# thelisted $a!uscripts ha"e a post 800 date) a!d (ou should %e #ocussi!g o! the pre1800 o!es #orthe purpose o# this course. there is a! editio! o# the particular $agic tet (ou are i!terested i!Fcheck the %i%liograph( %elo' it is a good idea to order it to read at the ta%le 'here (ou are

looki!g at the $a!uscripts.Jor !o!1ritual $agic tets a!d ite$s Feg char$s a!d !atural $agic ask $e #or suggestio!s tolocate $a!uscript shel#$arks %ut (ou could %egi! %( looki!g up ke('ords i! the $ss catalogues a!dgoi!g through the i!dees o# L. Thor!dike+sHistory of Magic and xperimental Science. Thearticle %( Jra!k /laasse! i! Claire Ja!ger) ed.) !on"uring SpiritsFPe!!s(l"a!ia)

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Class Bibliographies

GeneralKThor!dike) L.)History of Magic and xperimental Science) ; "ols F=e' ork)

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2% Wha! is Magic&

1iscussionHo' ca! 'e de#i!e $agic7 *hat is the relatio!ship %et'ee! religio!) $agic a!d scie!ce7 *hat

are the $ost i$porta!t -uestio!s #or historia!s o# $edie"al $agic7(eading:/ieckhe#er) The Speci#ic atio!alit(+U the i!troducio!s to Ja!ger) !on"uring Spiritsa!d /ieckhe#er)Magic in t#e Middle Ages a!d@orbidden itesare also use#ul.

#eadingKCu!!i!gha$) G.eligion and Magic$ Approac#es and )#eoriesF#ord)

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'% Magic Sources: Te!s( "mages and )b*ec!s

1iscussion*hat ki!ds o# sources sur"i"e #or $edie"al $agic Ftets) diagra$s) i$ages) o%,ects7 *hat are

their ad"a!tages a!d li$itatio!s7 Ho' ca! 'e reco!struct 'hat dose!t sur"i"e7)lass: Choose a! o%,ecto%,ects 'hich has %ee! classi#ied $agical+ F#ro$ a!( period or culture atthe ?ritish Museu$. ?ri!g a descriptio! o# the o%,ect to the class a!d suggest reaso!s #oragai!stthis classi#icatio!. The ?ritish Museu$ o!li!e 'e%site ca! gi"e (ou so$e i!itial guida!ce:http:'''.the%ritish$useu$.ac.ukco$pass

(eading:Sa"age1S$ith a!d Gilcrest. Merri#ield or Bo!es

Bibliograph+Fa! additio!al %i%liograph( #or diagra$s 'ill %e gi"e! out i! the classKMerri#ield) .) )#e Arc#aeology of itual and Magic FLo!do!)

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,% The )rigins of $a!e Medie-al Magic

1iscussionThi!k a%out the relatio!ship %et'ee! Christia!it() paga!is$) superstitio!) #olklore a!d $agic

i! the earl( $iddle ages. Ho' 'ere $agic a!d %elie#u!%elie# li!ked i! earl( $edie"al pastoralliterature7 *hat is Valerie Jli!t+s argu$e!t #or the rise o# $agic+7(eading: Jilotas Fsectio! o! $agic orMc=eil X Gar!er) Jli!t a!d Vickers

ClassicalAsclepius) tra!s. ?. Cope!ha"er )#e !orpus Hermeticum FCa$%ridge: 4!i"ersit( Press)

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.% /rabic "mage Magic and i!s #ecep!ion

1iscussion*hat is 5ra%ic i$age $agic7 &s it %etter descri%ed as a ge!re o# astrolog( or ritual $agic7 *h(

'ere tra!slators i!terested i! it a!d 'hat ki!d o# receptio! did it recei"e i! the *est7 *hat isher$etic $agic a!d her$etis$7(eading: Pi!gree) Lear!ed Magic+) Speculum astronomiae) ch. )Book of Angels orLiber lune

Primar+ Sources0)#e Book of Angels% ings% !#aracters and ,mages of t#e Planets) ed. B. Lidaka i! C. Ja!ger)

ed.) !on"uring SpiritsFPe!!s(l"a!ia)

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?ur!ett) C.) The sta%lish$e!t o# Medie"al Her$eticis$+ i! P. Li!eha! a!d B. =elso!) eds) )#eMediaeval ;orldFLo!do!) 200) pp. 10

*eill1Parot) =. Les images astrologi+uesI au Moyen 3ge et G la enaissanceFParis: Ho!orRCha$pio!

Cope!ha"er) ?. P.) Scholastic Philosoph( a!d e!aissa!ce Magic i! the De vita o# MarsilioJici!o+enaissance Euarterly 9 F

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#i!ual Magic 1: /ngels and 3emons

1iscussion*hat is ritual $agic7 Ho' a!d 'h( do the( i!corporate orthodo Christia! ritual #or$s a!d

se!si%ilities Ho' did Be'ish $agic i!#lue!ce Christia! tets7 *hat is the role o# spirits i! thesetets7 >! 'hat grou!ds do (ou thi!k the( 'ere co!de$!ed7(eading:choose o!e o# the pri$ar( sources %elo' a!d a rele"a!t chapterarticle \ e.g. i! Ja!ger)ed.) o! theArs notoria)Liber iuratusorLiber visionumorVee!stra o! theAlmandal) or Page Fask

#or ha!dout o! theLiber a>ielisetc

Primar+ Sourceshttp:'''.esotericarchi"es.co$: tra!slatio!s o# theArs notoria)Liber ,uratus or Sworn Book of

Honorius) theArs Almadelhttp:'''.esoteric.$su.eduCo!te!ts.ht$lBoh! o# Morig!()Prologue to Liber

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)T'o 5stro$agical Ma!uscripts o# 5l#o!so +)ournal of t#e ;arburg and !ourtauld,nstitutes) 8< F

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7 #i!ual Magic 2: 8ecromanc+ and !he Clerical Under5orld

1iscussion*hat is !ecro$a!c(7 *ho %elo!ged to the Clerical u!der'orld+7 Ho' could !ecro$a!cers

co!cei"e o# their acti"ities as hol(7 >! 'hat grou!ds 'as !ecro$a!c( co!de$!ed7 Does theliterar( stereot(pe o# the !ecro$a!cer %ear a!( relatio! to the e"ide!ce o# $agic tets7(eading:L(dgate+s perso!i#icatio! o# =ecro$a!c(. /ieckhe#er)Magic in t#e Middle Ages) ch. 9)@orbidden ites) Hol( a!d 4!hol(a!d ha!dout o# sources

Primar+ SourcesCaesarius o# Heister%ach) )#e Dialogue on Miracles) 2 "ols.) tra!s. H. "o! . Scott a!d C. C.

S'i!to! ?la!d F=e' ork: Harcourt) ?race)

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9% The Common Tradi!ion of Magic

1iscussion&! 'hat se!se Fi# a!( are popular pra(ers) char$s) a$ulets etc $agic7 *ho used the$ a!d

ho'7 Ho' ca! 'e classi#( late $edie"al rituals 'hich do !ot see$ to ha"e Christia! roots7 *hatis the relatio!ship %et'ee! $agic) superstitio! a!d popular religio!7 Fplease co$e to the class 'itha de#i!itio! o# superstitio!+. *hat is the relatio!ship %et'ee! $agic a!d popular piet(7(eading: Choose a selectio! o# the pri$ar( sources to read a!d either Va! !ge!) /ieckhe#er a!dTho$as) ch. 2) Du##() chs 3) ;

Primar+ SourcesK5!glo1Sao! char$s: http:'''2.ha'aii.edu9k,oll(u!c.ht$KChristia! Char$s Fele"e!th1#i#tee!th ce!turies i! B. Shi!!ers) ed.) Medieval Popular eligion%

1777/1.77$ a eaderFPeter%orough)

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K/ieckhe#er) .)Magic in t#e Middle Ages) ch. 6Tho$as) /.)eligion and t#e Decline of MagicFLo!do!: *eide!#eld X =icolso!)

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1% Classifica!ion and Condemna!ion of Magic and Supers!i!ion

1iscussion*ho categorised a!d co!de$!ed $edie"al $agic7 Ho' did co!de$!atio!s o# $agic cha!ge

o"er ti$e Fs.ii1s."7 *hat 'ere the speci#ic co!tets o# co!de$!atio!7 *hat 'as therelatio!ship %et'ee! $agic a!d heres(7 Ho' does the ?. Lati!i i$age classi#( !igro$a!c(7(eading: The 299 a!d

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11% Sorcer+ and Wi!chcraf!

1iscussion*hat 'as sorcer(7 *ho 'ere its practitio!ers7 Ho' did it di##er #ro$ lear!ed $agic a!d

'itchcra#t7 *hat 'as the role o# ge!der i! its co!de$!atio!7 *hat 'ere the $edie"al roots o#'itchcra#t7(eading:L(dgate+s perso!i#icatio! o# Sorcer(. /ieckhe#er) The Hol( a!d 4!hol(+) ?aile() Jro$Sorcer( to *itchcra#t+) ?oudet) B1P.) La ge!se $RdiR"ale de la chasse au sorcires+) Peters i!

;itc#craft and Magic chs 319.

Primar+ SourcesTMalleus maleficarum) tra!s. M. Su$$ers FDo"er=e' ork)

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12% 8a!ural Magic 1: Magic( Medicine and Mar-els

1iscussion*hat are occult+ properties a!d 'hat 'as their place i! $edie"al $agic a!d the u!dersta!di!g

o# !atural o%,ects a!d processes7 *hat is !atural $agic a!d ho' does it relate to ideas a%out the!atural 'orld Fa!d 'hat is u!!atural) $ar"els) a!d the po'ers o# spirits7. *hat is the relatio!ship%et'ee! $agic a!d $edici!e7

(eading: S. Page) Good Creatio! a!d De$o!ic &llusio!s: the Medie"al 4!i"erse o# Creatures+ i!A !ultural History of AnimalsF?erg) 2009) "ol. 2) ch. )lass: esearch o!e o# the #ollo'i!g #or the class usi!g starred 'orks Fthi!k a%out its properties) its

i!#lue!ce o! ideas o# !ature) its use i! $edi!ce a!d $agic etc: Basilis#2 Mandra#e2 $oopoe FSee also/ieckhe#er)@orbidden ites) )rystal2 Torpedo 0ish2 3ulture2 Eagle. See also The Medie"al?estiar(: http:%estiar(.cai!de.ht$l

Primar+ Sources Fsee also Mac/i!!e( a!d iddle %elo'K5l%ertus Mag!us) Book of Minerals) tra!s. D. *(cko## F>#ord)

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KPi!gree) D.) Plato+s ?ook o# the Co'+ i!,l 4eoplatonismo nel inascimentoFo$e)

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Gra!t) .) )#e @oundations of Modern Science in t#e Middle AgesFCa$%ridge)

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1,% /s!rolog+

1iscussion*hat did the $edie"al practice o# astrolog( i!"ol"e7 Ho' does astrolog( #it i!to $edie"al ideas

a%out celestial i!#lue!ce7 Ho' accepta%le 'as it to the Church7 *ho 'ere its practitio!ers) 'hat'ere their goals) 'ho 'ere their clie!ts7 Thi!k a%out the di##ere!ces %et'ee! astrolog( at courta!d u!i"ersit( a!d as practiced %( ph(sicia!s Fe.g. ichard Tre'(thia!. *hat is the relatio!ship%et'ee! astrolog( a!d $agic7)lass reading: i!tro to Care( or S$oller) Page to get a se!se o# the %asics o# astrolog() as 'e 'ill%e a!al(si!g horoscopes i! the class

Primar+ SourcesK5strological predictio!s #or ;3 #ro$ oger o# Ho"ede!+s !#ronica Ma"ora Fphotocop(

suppliedBoh! o# Salis%ur()@rivolities of !ourtiers and @ootprints of P#ilosop#ers) tra!s. o# selectio!s) B.

?. Pike) %k) chs.

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1. Se and Gender

1iscussion*hat are the li!ks %et'ee! se) $agic a!d ge!der7 Did this area o# $agic attract specialist

$edie"al practitio!ers7 *hat ea$ples o# $agical operatio!s #ro$ the tets 'e ha"e ea$i!edrelate to these areas7 *hat are the attri%utes o# the #e$ale practitio!er o# lo"e $agic i! the i$agea%o"e7 Ho' do the( co$pare to descriptio!s o# Celesti!a FJer!a!do de o,as7)lass:Discussio! o# Jra!k /laasse!+s article) ecerpts #ro$ !elestina)emedies against Magici! ider)Magic and ,mpotence) pp. 2261; a!d 4lrich Te!gler)Der neu Layenspiegel

F5ugs%urg) Ha!s >t$ar: 82) #. ##spri!g+ ,n+uisitions and ot#er

trial procedures in t#e Medieval ;est F5ldershot: 5shgate) 200Goodich) M.) Seualit() Ja$il( a!d the Super!atural i! the Jourtee!th Ce!tur(+)ournal of t#e

History of Sex 6 F

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1. Poli!ics and Tric;er+

1iscussion*hat ki!ds o# $agic a!d $agical practitio!ers 'ere li!ked to Court i!trigues7 *hat 'as the

court de$i1$o!de a!d 'h( 'ere $agic practitio!ers #ou!d i! it7 Ho' should illusio! a!d tricker(%e situated 'ithi! the categor( o# $agic7 *hat is the relatio!ship %et'ee! stage illusio!s) parlourtricks a!d !ecro$a!tic illusio!s7 &s ludificationes a use#ul categor(7

Primar+ SourcesGouldi!g) .) Decei"i!g the Se!ses i! the Thirtee!th Ce!tur(: Tricker( a!d &llusio! i! the

Secretum p#ilosop#orum+ i!Magic and t#e !lassical )radition F2003/e(ser) Co!rad)Bellifortis) ed a!d tra!s Fi!to $oder! Ger$a! G. uarg FDfsseldor#)

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17% Magic in !he Sagas

1iscussion*hat is the ter$i!olog( #or $agic i! the sagas7 *hat are the d(!a$ics %et'ee! the hu$a! a!d

spiritual 'orlds7 Ho' do Christia! authors approach $agic i! a paga! setti!g) a!d 'hat is thedi##ere!ce %et'ee! represe!tatio!s o# $agic i! the $ore realistic+ sagas a!d the $ore #a!tastical"iki!g ro$a!ces7 *ho are the practitio!ers a!d ho' does societ( "ie' the$7 *hat are thei!stru$e!ts a!d goals o# $agical practice7 *hat is the role o# the !atural 'orld) especiall(

a!i$als7 Ho' does $agic #it i!to the 'orld "ie' o# the sagas7(eading:Selectio!s gi"e! a!d choose o!e o# the $agical episodes i! icela!dic sagas.

Primar+ SourcesS!orri Sturluso!)dda) tra!s. 5. Jaulkes F"er($a!)

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Sagas se! in legendar+ !imes and'i!gs) M. 5.) )#e Arts in t#e Middle nglis# omancesF=e' ork: ?ook$a! 5ssociates)

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Maks($iuk) S.) /!o'ledge) Politics) a!d Magic: The Magicia! Ga!sguoter i! Hei!rich "o! de$Tfrli!s Cr!e+))#e 9erman EuarterlyF