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A Short History of the

MicroscopeBiology 20

Mrs. S. Pipke-Painchaud

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http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.html

http://www.semguy.com/gallery.html

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.htmlhttp://www.semguy.com/gallery.htmlhttp://www.semguy.com/gallery.htmlhttp://semguy.com/gfx/ant1.jpghttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.html

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History ~ Inventors

Founding Fathers of Microscopy: http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

Please refer to the above website for information

on the inventors of the microscope. (If the site isnot available, please refer to the end of this

powerpoint).

**Link to end of Powerpoint

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

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Background

The microscope was first built in 1595 by Hans andZacharias Jansen(1588-1631) in Holland (see figure).

Later, it was perfected in the 17th century in several countries,including by Robert Hooke (1635-1703), in England but mostnotably by a Dutchman, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723).

Hooke, after examining thin pieces of cork, discovered it had ahoneycombed structure, and used for the first time the word"cell" to describe its smaller elements. Using a much improvedmicroscope, with a monocular eyepiece, a wooden tube, astage for holding a specimen, and a glass globe full of water to

concentrate light onto it, Hooke produced marvelousillustrations, which were published in 1667, in his famous

book Micrographia,which fired the imagination of hiscontemporaries, including van Leeuwenhoek. (Brain and Mind Website, Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm)

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/jansen.jpghttp://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/rest2.htmhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htmhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htmhttp://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/rest2.htmhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/jansen.jpg

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Hans and

Zacharias Janssen,~1590, Dutch Eyeglass

Makers, Inventors

Credit for the first microscope is usually given toZacharias Janssen, pictured at the left, in Middleburg,Holland, around the year 1595. Since Zacharias was veryyoung at that time, it's possible that his father Hans madethe first one, but young Zach took over the production.

The first compound microscopes produced by theJanssen's was simply a tube with lenses at each end. Themagnification of these early scopes ranged from 3X to9X, depending on the size of the diaphragm openings.

Info directly from: Founding Fathers of Microscopy,

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.molbio.princeton.edu/courses/mb427/1999/projects/9910/microscope.gif

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Background

14thcentury lenses were used

in spectacles

Late 16thcentury the Dutch refinedthe art of lens grinding

significant magnification.

1600slenses first mounted onpermanent frameworks (so

distance could be changed)

Why would this be important?

To focus the image

http://www.molbio.princeton.edu/courses/mb427/1999/projects/9910/microscope.gif

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Next, lenses were paired

together.

These formed the

earliest compoundmicroscopes and

telescopes.

Why would this be

useful?

To increase the

magnification

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/mu

seum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.html

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.htmlhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.htmlhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.htmlhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.html

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Robert Hooke, 1635-1703,

English Chemist, Mathematician, Physicist, and Inventor

Hooke's remarkable engineering abilities enabledhim to invent and improve many mechanical devices,including timepieces (for which he invented the spiral

spring), the quadrant, and the Gregorian telescope.Perhaps even more intriguing than his actualinventions are the devices he designed but never

built: he anticipated the invention of the steamengine, and as early as 1684 he described a workingtelegraph system. Hooke balanced his inventions withmore pure research. Hooke improved on earlycompound microscopes around 1660.

Info directly from: Founding Fathers of Microscopy,

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

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In Micrographia (1665), hecoined the word cell to describethe features of plant tissue

(cork from the bark of an oaktree) he was able to discoverunder the microscope. He put

his extensive mathematicalknowledge in formulating thetheory of planetary movement,which provided a basis for Sir

Isaac Newton's theories ofgravitation. In 1667 hediscovered the role ofoxygenation in the respiratory

system.

Info directly from:

Founding Fathers of

Microscopy,

http://www.cas.muohio.edu

/~mbi-

ws/microscopes/fathers.html

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

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Illustration of Cork Cells by Robert Hooke

http://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/rhooke.html

http://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/rhooke.htmlhttp://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/rhooke.html

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Robert Hooke's microscope. Hooke first described

cells in 1665.

http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-

of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.html

Robert Hooke:

http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/

tomlinson/ctomlinson03/Cell

Project04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htm

http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.html

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

refined lens grinding so

that living things could

be seen through the

microscope. Then there was little

change until the

industrial revolution

Both image from:http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/

Leeuwenhoeks

primitive one lens

microscope.

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htmhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htmhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723,Wine Assayer, Surveyor, Cloth Merchant, Minor Public

Official, and Inventor Leeuwenhoek was a man with many

talents, his most important attributes werecreativity, power of observation, andingenuity. Leeuwenhoek was a commonman without any fortune or formal

education, so he had to work for a living.Leeuwenhoek made simple (one lens)microscopes. He was not the first personto build a microscope, but themicroscopes that he did build were the

best ones for that time period.Leeuwenhoek was the first person todescribe bacteria (from teeth scrapings),

protozoans (from pond water), helped toprove the theory of blood circulation. Hegained much of his inspiration form

reading Hooke'sMicrographia.

Info directly from:

Founding Fathers

of Microscopy,

http://www.cas.m

uohio.edu/~mbi-

ws/microscopes/fa

thers.html

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

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Van Leeuwenhoek used his new instrument, whichwas tenfold more potent than Hookes (he reached theamazing power of 300 times with a single lens!) todiscover startling microscopic things, such as

protozoa and spermatozoa, which thus far werecompletely unknown to science, or to discover themicroscopic structure of known things, such as fleasand plant leaves.

Van Leeuwenhoek had even been able to slicespecimens of a cow's optical nerves in 1674, andobserve its longitudinal fibrous internal structure. Hewas perplexed to see that they were not hollow tubes,as the prevailing theory of the time, such as that

defended by Ren Descartes, proposed. ((Brain and Mind Website, Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm)

View Bacterial drawings: http://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20in

troduced/section_01.html

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htmhttp://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20introduced/section_01.htmlhttp://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20introduced/section_01.htmlhttp://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20introduced/section_01.htmlhttp://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20introduced/section_01.htmlhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm

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Changes of the Industrial Revolution

standardized parts(which were

interchangeable with other microscopes) lead

to mass production

This triggered a drop in priceincreased

accessnew discoveriesclearer images

In approx. 1880modern microscopes

were being used

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Electron Microscope

Developed in the 1930s the electron microscope allowed for higher

magnification

used electron beams (instead of light) and focusedwith an electromagnet (no lenses)

the light microscope produces magnifications up to2000X

the electron microscope produces images that aremagnified up to 50 000X or higher

What do you think the electron microscope allowedscientists to see? Better quality images at higher magnification

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Monocular Compound

Microscope

http://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-

gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpg

Binocular Compound

Microscope

http://www.labessentials.co

m/Rev3.jpg

http://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.labessentials.com/Rev3.jpghttp://www.labessentials.com/Rev3.jpghttp://www.labessentials.com/Rev3.jpghttp://www.labessentials.com/Rev3.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpg

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Electron Microscope

http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centralla

boratory/CM120/CM120.html

Termite Head:

http://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramo

s/SIP.html

http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/CM120/CM120.htmlhttp://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/CM120/CM120.htmlhttp://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramos/SIP.htmlhttp://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramos/SIP.htmlhttp://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramos/SIP.htmlhttp://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramos/SIP.htmlhttp://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/CM120/CM120.htmlhttp://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/CM120/CM120.html

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http://semguy.com/gfx/spidey.jpghttp://semguy.com/gfx/spidey.jpg

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Refer to this physics site for sample electron

photos:

http://www.deutsches-

museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htm

View the SEM gallery of electron microscope

images:

http://www.semguy.com/gallery.html

http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htmhttp://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htmhttp://www.semguy.com/gallery.htmlhttp://www.semguy.com/gallery.htmlhttp://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htmhttp://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htmhttp://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htm

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Relative Sizes

Refer to University of Arizona Website:

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/c

ells/cells2.html

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells2.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells2.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells2.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells2.html

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Parts of a Compound Microscope

Compound

Microscope Parts:

website reviews the

parts of a microscope.(http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-

ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.html)

Try the self test

diagram

http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Bio

logy_203/Summaries/

Microscopes.htm

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/selftest.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/selftest.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/selftest.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/selftest.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.html

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Resource Sites:

University of Arizona:

Studying Cells:

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/c

ells/cells.html

Cell Video (animal and plant cells, image

examples)

http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bvid4a.mov

http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/unit4.htm

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells.htmlhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bvid4a.movhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bvid4a.movhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/unit4.htmhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/unit4.htmhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bvid4a.movhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bvid4a.movhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells.html