mcom 2307 mass media & society mcom 2307.pdfmcom 2307 mass media & society – page 1 mcom...

MCOM 2307 MASS MEDIA & SOCIETY – page 1

MCOM 2307:Mass Media & Society

Instructor: Kevin Dilley Office: Communication Annex / Patriot Talon Office Email: [email protected] Office Hours: tbd Phone: 903-566-6120 COURSE DESCRIPTION: Examines the relationship between mass communication processes and both the individual and society; their influence on knowledge, attitudes and behavior. In addition, this course explores interrelationship between social, economic, political and cultural change and media outlets. OBJECTIVES: By the end of this course, you will be able to:

1. Describe, illustrate and interpret the influence of mass media and the media consumer in a modern converged media society.

2. Communicate effectively about key aspects of mass media through written, oral and visual communication.

3. Recognize, demonstrate and assess the role of teamwork in communication models. 4. Summarize and compare the various ethical and value systems and be able to use this

understanding in personal and professional decision-making. 5. Identify influences on society from mass media. 6. Recognize trends in mass media processes, products and personality. 7. Explain national and global views of mass media. 8. Differentiate between and among different schools of thought about the various mass

media. REQUIRED READING:

• Pavlik, J.V., & McIntosh, S. (2011). Converging media: A new introduction to mass

communication (2nd Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

• Select readings assigned in class.

RECOMMENDED READING: Immerse yourself in mass media to get the most out of this class. This means reading newspapers and magazines daily in print and online. This means watching news programs regularly. This means reading press releases and advertising campaigns. This means looking at social media in the context of this class. Bring in clips and articles and ideas to class for discussion. Here are some suggested things to read:

Newspapers: Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Dallas Morning News, Fort-Worth Star-Telegram, Christian Science Monitor, The Patriot-Talon, The Tyler Morning Telegraph

Magazines: The Economist, Time, Atlantic Monthly, National Geographic, IN Magazine

Viewing: PBS Newshour – online and on the air; The Daily Show with Jon Stewart; CNN’s Anderson Cooper 360, Local television stations

Online: Politico.com, bbc.com, TexasTribune.org, Probulica.org, Youtube.com, Hulu.com

Listening: Local stations, NPR stations streamed

In addition to the above, the following books will make you better writers: Clark, Roy Peter. (2006) Writing Tools, 50 Essential Strategies for Every Writer. Strunk Jr., W., & White, E.B. (2000). The Elements of Style (4th Ed.), New York: Longman. Shertzer, Margaret (1996). The Elements of Grammar, New York: Longman.


Walsh, Bill (2004). The Elephants of Style, New York: Mc-Graw Hill

THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT MY CLASS:

Attendance: Attendance is mandatory. I treat our class like a business. We’re partners and as such, I expect you to show up as you expect me to show up. I don’t need excuses when you can’t make it. Just let me know. However, our attendance together is what makes this class work. So, more than four (4) absences may result in your final grade being lowered by one letter. More than six (6) may result in it being lowered two grades. • Students who anticipate being absent due to religious observance or university-sponsored activities should inform the instructor by the second class meeting. • You are responsible for turning in all assignments by the designated deadline even though you may be absent. You are also responsible for any lecture materials, announcements, and assignments made during any absence. • 10 minutes late or leaving considerably early may be considered absent. • No make-up tests will be allowed unless you must be absent the day of the exam and have notified the instructor at least three (3) days in advance. Test must be taken before the absence. • Students late to class on test days may not be allowed to take the exam if students have already completed the exam and left the room. Assignment policy: • Unless otherwise specified, assignments are due at the start of each class, printed and stapled. Late assignments will be penalized by one grade level per day late. (i.e. if it is one day late, you lose 10 percent off the top.) • Assignments must be typed using the format required for the assignment. • Assignments and due dates may be changed at the instructor’s discretion with fair notice. • Students must complete all assignments in order to pass the course. This does not mean that merely completing all assignments guarantees the student will pass the course. • All assignments must have student name, date, assignment name, course name and word count. Classroom Courtesies: • No cellphone use during class. No calls, no texts, no status update checks. In an emergency, please exit the classroom to use your device. • No eating, unless there is enough for everybody. Beverages (non-alcoholic) are allowed. • Laptop and tablet use is for note taking and class-related research. Other uses will be noted and these devices can be restricted in class. • Talk, debate, ask questions, challenge but stay on topic. Access to Technology: • I use Blackboard to communicate, post assignments and readings, present feedback, and provide a space for you to communicate with your classmates. Check Blackboard regularly. Academic Honesty: • Practice academic integrity and accept responsibility for your actions. • Academic misconduct includes, but is not limited to, cheating, unattributed use of others’ work (including test and paper “banks”), disruption of class, and discourtesy to, or harassment of, other students or your instructor. • Anyone caught cheating will earn a “0” for that assignment and will be subject to academic and disciplinary action.


• PLAGIARISM WILL NOT BE TOLERATED. This includes, but is not limited to, the

appropriation, buying, receiving as a gift, or obtaining by any means another's work and the

submission of it as one's

GRADING and YOUR WORK: There are 800 points possible. Here’s what you’ll be graded on:

• Class attendance (75). You are expected to be at all classes. You get 100 points for that. Any class you don’t make, you subtract 2.25 points. You are still subject to University Policies regarding attendance. Excessive absences will not be tolerated in this class or university. Please understand and adhere to the UT-Tyler attendance policy.

Critical Opinion Paper (25). You will write a paper discussing two aspects of media: 1) whether media have limited or powerful effects; and 2) whether the media reflect society at large or society reflects what is depicted in the media, or some combination thereof. You will be expected to provide evidence to support your claims.

• Class Presentation (200). You and your group will give a presentation about publishing a book. You will work together as a group, and you will each earn up to 200 points. Your group will be peer reviewed and reviewed by the instructor.

• 5 Quizzes (100 points) There will be five quizzes throughout the semester based on the readings. They are worth 20 points each.

• Term paper (200 points) You will pick a mass communication career and write extensively about the history, function, role and purpose of the particular career. Your grade will be divided into three parts – outline (50); first draft (50); final draft (100).

• Midterm Exam (100 points)

• Final Exam (100 points)

Extra Credit: You will have the opportunity to earn extra credit throughout the semester.

Grades are based on the overall points available for you to earn.

A: 720-800+ B: 640-719 C: 560-639 D: 480-559 F: 479 or less I: Incomplete

COURSE OUTLINE, MEETING DATES, TOPICS: (subject to change at instructor’s discretion)

WEEK DAY TOPIC READINGS DUE, tests CLASSWORK

1 Introduction to class,

syllabus

Syllabus Personal

inventories

Media

inventory, Start


media log

2 Introduction to class,

syllabus

What is Convergence?

Syllabus

Ch. 1

Media Log

3 Models of Mass

Communication

Ch. 1

4 Media Literacy and Ethics Ch. 2 Quiz #1

Opinion Paper

Assign final

paper topics

Assign Book

Group project

5 MEDIA: Print Ch. 4 Final paper

topics

Book Class

Presentations

6 MEDIA: Audio Ch. 5

War of the

Worlds

7 MEDIA: Visual Ch. 6 DUE: Final

paper topic

outline

VIDEO: TBA

8 MEDIA: Digital

Ch. 3 Quiz #2

9 MIDTERM REVIEW

MIDTERM EXAM

10

11 How digital media is

changing the world

Ch. 7-9

12 How digital media is

changing the world

Ch. 7-9

DUE: Final

Paper Draft #1

Quiz #3

Peer editing


WRITING CENTER: Take advantage of writing help. The UT Tyler Writing Center provides professional writing tutoring for all students in all disciplines. If you wish to use the Writing Center, you should plan for a minimum of two hour-long tutorials per assignment: the first to provide an initial consultation and drafting plan, and the second to follow up. Be prepared to take an active role in your learning, as you will be asked to discuss your work during your tutorial. While Writing Center tutors are happy to provide constructive criticism and teach effective writing techniques, under no circumstances will they fix, repair, or operate on your paper. Location: BUS 202. 903-565-5995.

UNIVERSITY POLICIES: Students Rights and Responsibilities: To know and understand the policies that affect your rights and responsibilities as a student at UT Tyler, please follow this link: http://www2.uttyler.edu/wellness/rightsresponsibilities.php Grade Replacement/Forgiveness and Census Date Policies: Students repeating a course for grade forgiveness (grade replacement) must file a Grade Replacement Contract with the Enrollment Services Center (ADM 230) on or before the Census Date of the semester in which the course will be repeated. Grade Replacement Contracts are available in the Enrollment Services Center or at http://www.uttyler.edu/registrar. Each semester’s Census Date can be found on the Contract itself, on the Academic Calendar, or in the information pamphlets published each semester by the Office of the Registrar. Failure to file a Grade Replacement Contract will result in both the original and repeated grade being used to calculate your overall grade point average. Undergraduates are eligible to exercise grade replacement for only three course repeats during their career at UT Tyler; graduates are eligible for two grade replacements. Full policy details are printed on each Grade Replacement Contract. The Census Date is the deadline for many forms and enrollment actions that students need to be aware of. These include:

• Submitting Grade Replacement Contracts, Transient Forms, requests to withhold directory information, approvals for taking courses as Audit, Pass/Fail or Credit/No Credit. • Receiving 100% refunds for partial withdrawals. (There is no refund for these after the Census Date) • Schedule adjustments (section changes, adding a new class, dropping without a “W” grade)

13 PERSPECTIVES:

JOURNALISM

Ch. 10

14 PERSPECTIVES:

Entertainment, Advertising

& Public Relations

Ch. 11-12

Quiz #4

15 Mass Media and Politics Ch. 15

16 Mass Media Laws &

Regulations

Ch. 14

DUE: FINAL

DRAFT OF

TERM PAPER

Quiz #5


• Being reinstated or re-enrolled in classes after being dropped for non-payment • Completing the process for tuition exemptions or waivers through Financial Aid

State-Mandated Course Drop Policy: Texas law prohibits a student who began college for the first time in Fall 2007 or thereafter from dropping more than six courses during their entire undergraduate career. This includes courses dropped at another 2-year or 4-year Texas public college or university. For purposes of this rule, a dropped course is any course that is dropped after the census date (See Academic Calendar for the specific date). Exceptions to the 6-drop rule may be found in the catalog. Petitions for exemptions must be submitted to the Enrollment Services Center and must be accompanied by documentation of the extenuating circumstance. Please contact the Enrollment Services Center if you have any questions. Disability Services: In accordance with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA) the University offers accommodations to students with learning, physical and/or psychiatric disabilities. If you have a disability, including non-visible disabilities such as chronic diseases, learning disabilities, head injury, PTSD or ADHD, or you have a history of modifications or accommodations in a previous educational environment you are encouraged to contact the Student Accessibility and Resources office and schedule an interview with the Accessibility Case Manager/ADA Coordinator, Cynthia Lowery Staples. If you are unsure if the above criteria applies to you, but have questions or concerns please contact the SAR office. For more information or to set up an appointment please visit the SAR office located in the University Center, Room 3150 or call 903.566.7079. You may also send an email to [email protected] Student Absence due to Religious Observance: Students who anticipate being absent from class due to a religious observance are requested to inform the instructor of such absences by the second class meeting of the semester. Student Absence for University-Sponsored Events and Activities: If you intend to be absent for a university-sponsored event or activity, you (or the event sponsor) must notify the instructor at least two weeks prior to the date of the planned absence. At that time the instructor will set a date and time when make-up assignments will be completed. Social Security and FERPA Statement: It is the policy of The University of Texas at Tyler to protect the confidential nature of social security numbers. The University has changed its computer programming so that all students have an identification number. The electronic transmission of grades (e.g., via e-mail) risks violation of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act; grades will not be transmitted electronically. Emergency Exits and Evacuation: Everyone is required to exit the building when a fire alarm goes off. Follow your instructor’s directions regarding the appropriate exit. If you require assistance during an evacuation, inform your instructor in the first week of class. Do not re-enter the building unless given permission by University Police, Fire department, or Fire Prevention Services.


ASSIGNMENT | Book publishing

PURPOSE: To introduce students to one aspect of the print media – the book publishing industry. The

assignment will teach them about a business aspect of this changing industry. With the addition of publishing

e-books, this assignment introduces students to a practical consequence of media convergence. The other

aspects of the assignment included building critical thinking, teamwork, creativity and presentation skills.

ASSIGNMENT DETAILS: Teams will develop a concept for publishing a book in hardback, softback or e-

book. They will develop the book concept, title and the budget for producing and promoting the book. Using

the project worksheet, the team will accurately calculate and present the costs and profits for their book project.

Each team will submit the following for a grade:

- A two-page proposal. The proposal should summarize the project idea, identify all the necessary details, pitch

the reasons why this project will succeed.

- Book project worksheet. Attach a clean, correct copy of the project worksheet which outlines all of the

projected numbers involved.

- A five-minute pitch presentation. Each team will give a professional in-class “pitch” to the other students and

professor, who will be acting as the publishing house board of directors. The presentation will include use of

visuals such as a Powerpoint show, but can take other forms. It must not be longer that five minutes.

Outstanding work: Idea is original and well-thought out. Written proposal is clear, concise and convincing. It

has three or fewer grammar errors in it. It is at least two pages. It is professional in appearance and writing.

Presentation is five minutes or less; is professionally presented; is compelling and convincing.

Good work: Idea is original and well-thought out. Written proposal is mostly clear, concise and convincing. It

has six or fewer grammar errors. It is at least two pages. It is professional in appearance and writing.

Presentation is five minutes or less; is professionally presented; is mostly compelling and convincing, with a

few areas that need improvement.

Average work: Idea is original but not completely thought out. Written proposal lacks clarity, or is wordy or

isn’t very convincing. It has more than six grammar errors in it. It may be less than two pages. The

appearance and writing are less than professional. Presentation is five minutes or less or may have run longer;

is not presented professionally; lacks a compelling or convincing argument.

Below average work: Idea lacks originality or is not well thought out. Written proposal lacks clarity, or is

wordy or isn’t very convincing. It has more than six grammar errors in it. It may be less than two pages. The

appearance and writing are less than professional. Presentation is longer than five minutes or incomplete; is not

presented professionally; lacks a compelling or convincing argument.

Failing work: Proposal is incomplete, less than two pages, with multiple errors. Idea lacks originality and is

not completely thought-out. Presentation is not professional, nor is it compelling or convincing


Book Publishing Group Project Paper Grading Rubric

(COMMUNICATION SKILLS: WRITTEN) (CRITICAL THINKING)

Assignment: _____________________

Description of Work Grade

The paper is free of grammatical errors, closely adheres to the required style format, and is

the correct length (with appropriate spacing and margins). Content from the assignment is

clearly covered and is done so in a manner that displays a high level of understanding and

application of theory or course concepts to the paper topic(s). The paper displays a high level

of effort and originality in critical thought and writing and makes a clear point.

A

The paper is nearly free of grammatical errors, adheres to the required style format, and is the

correct length (with appropriate spacing and margins). Content from the assignment is

covered and is done so in a manner that displays an adequate level of understanding and

application of theory or course concepts to the paper topic(s). The paper displays a good level

of effort and originality in critical thought and writing.

B

The paper has a few grammatical errors, somewhat adheres to the required style format, and

is near the correct length (with appropriate spacing and margins). Content from the

assignment is mostly covered and is done so in a manner that displays a marginal level of

understanding and application of theory or course concepts to the paper topic(s). The paper

displays an evidently average level of effort and originality in critical thought and writing.

C

The paper has a significantly noticeable amount of grammatical errors, does not adhere to the

required style format, and is not quite near the correct length (with appropriate spacing and

margins). Content from the assignment is only partially covered and is done so in a manner

that displays a lack of understanding and application of theory or course concepts to the

paper topic(s). The paper displays an inadequate level of effort and originality in critical

thought and writing.

D

The paper has numerous grammatical errors, does not adhere to the required style format,

and is not near the correct length (with appropriate spacing and margins). Content from the

assignment is not covered and a strong lack of topic-understanding is evident. The paper

displays an evidently low level of effort and originality in critical thought and writing.

F

Please see university policy on plagiarism and work hard to understand plagiarism. If you are unsure as to whether you are plagiarizing the work

of another person it is best to be cautious and take the appropriate steps to insure you are not plagiarizing. In the even that you are caught

plagiarizing on this paper you will receive either a reduction of 50% on the assignment (if the plagiarism is minor or not seemingly blatant) or a

0% on the assignment (if the plagiarism is major and seemingly blatant). There are clear guidelines available for what constitutes plagiarism so

please do not plan to plead ignorance in the event your grade is reduced for plagiarism. I hope this is not an issue with your paper and do not

expect it to be so.

Total: _________________


Book Publishing Presentation Grading Rubric

(COMMUNICATION SKILLS: ORAL; VISUAL)

Assignment: _____________________


The work meets the guidelines of the assignment. Each group member participated (where

required) and there was an evidently high level of effort placed into the project. Class

theory/concepts are applied to the assignment as required and teamwork is evident where

required. The overall presentation quality and effort was high in both oral and visual

components.

A

The work mostly meets the guidelines of the assignment. Each group member participated

(where required) and there was an above average of effort placed into the project. Class

theory/concepts are applied to the assignment as required and teamwork is somewhat evident

where required. The overall presentation quality and effort was above average in both oral and

visual components.

B

The work somewhat meets the guidelines of the assignment. Each group member participated

(where required) and there was an average level of effort placed into the project. Class

theory/concepts are applied to the assignment as required and teamwork is marginal where

required. The overall presentation quality and effort was average in both oral and visual

components.

C

The work does not meet the guidelines of the assignment. Each group member participated

(where required) and there was an evidently inadequate level of effort placed into the project.

Class theory/concepts are not applied to the assignment as required and teamwork is not very

clearly represented where required. The overall presentation quality and effort was below

average in both oral and visual components.

D


(where required) and there was an evidently low level of effort placed into the project. Class

theory/concepts are not applied to the assignment as required and there is a clear lack of

teamwork where required. The overall presentation quality and effort was inadequate in both

oral and visual components.

F

Total: __________________


Book Publishing Group Assignment Grading Rubric

(TEAMWORK)

Assignment: _____________________


The work meets the guidelines of the assignment. Each group member participated (where

required) and there was an evidently high level of effort placed into the project. Class

theory/concepts are applied to the assignment as required and teamwork is evident where

required. The overall presentation quality and effort was high.

A

The work mostly meets the guidelines of the assignment. Each group member participated

(where required) and there was an above average of effort placed into the project. Class

theory/concepts are applied to the assignment as required and teamwork is somewhat evident

where required. The overall presentation quality and effort was above average.

B

The work somewhat meets the guidelines of the assignment. Each group member participated

(where required) and there was an average level of effort placed into the project. Class

theory/concepts are applied to the assignment as required and teamwork is marginal where

required. The overall presentation quality and effort was average.

C


(where required) and there was an evidently inadequate level of effort placed into the project.

Class theory/concepts are not applied to the assignment as required and teamwork is not very

clearly represented where required. The overall presentation quality and effort was below

average.

D


(where required) and there was an evidently low level of effort placed into the project. Class

theory/concepts are not applied to the assignment as required and there is a clear lack of

teamwork where required. The overall presentation quality and effort was inadequate.

F

Total: __________________


Book Publishing Assignment Group Work Peer Evaluation

(TEAMWORK)

Assignment: _____________________

Name of Student Assessed: _________________________

Name of Student Assessing: ________________________

In each of the following sections, rate your fellow group member on a scale from 1 – 5 with 5 being the highest

score. Once you have completed 5 scales, total the scales for a score out of 25. In some cases, students create a

strong bond while working with classmates. These relationships can be a wonderful product of teamwork, but

please do your best to offer an objective evaluation of your group members. Your responses remain confidential

and are averaged for the group.

Description of Work Grade (1-5)

Attendance

This group member was timely and present at most all group meeting.

Initiation

This group member seemed engaged in group meetings, offering thoughtful

comments and feedback. Generated original ideas and worked with other

group members to further develop their ideas.

Workload

This group member carried his or her allotted and fair amount of work within

the group.

Relational

This group member worked to build and maintain strong and positive working

relationships with fellow group members. This section is not about popularity or

personality differences as much as it is about effort to work together in a

positive way.

Overall

This section is designed to capture other elements not mentioned above. You

can offer an overall grade here or even write in comments regarding your

teammate and offer a score on this overall scale.

Total: _________/ 25_


Term Paper and draft

Your assignment is to write a complete, compelling and concise paper that centers around a mass media job.

You are to describe the various aspects of this job – from education, functions, salary, competition, etc. More

importantly you should talk about convergence, mass media models, personal ethical responsibilities, history,

functions and other aspects of mass media and communications through the prism of this job. This is not just a

topic paper describing a job. You must go beyond mere description and include references to a variety of

subjects discussed in class and through readings, in order for this to be a successful exercise. Use of examples is

a must.

Your term paper has to include, at the minimum, the following:

1. Six pages (see syllabus for parameters)

2. Free of grammar and spelling errors

3. Three sources, properly cited.

4. Printed out. Two copies brought to class (for the first draft).

Outstanding work: At least three sources. Goes beyond minimum length. No factual errors. Free of grammar

and spelling errors. Describes the job and explains how the job fits into the mass media model. Clearly

demonstrates application of ethical principles and values. Discusses several other aspects of mass media

through the prism of the job. Writing is clear, concise. Paper has a clear opening statement, organized body and

strong conclusion.

Good work: At least three sources. Goes beyond minimum length. No factual errors. A few (less than ten)

grammar and spelling errors. Describes the job and explains how the job fits into the mass media model.

Clearly demonstrates application of ethical principles and values. Discusses several other aspects of mass media

through the prism of the job. Writing is mostly clear, concise. Paper may have a clear opening statement,

organized body and strong conclusion, but there are minor flaws in one or more of these areas.

Average work: At least three sources. Meets minimum length. No factual errors. Several (10 to 15) grammar

and spelling errors. More emphasis on description than explanation. Discusses only one other aspect of mass

media through the prism of the job. Addresses ethics but no clear application. Writing is often not clear or

concise. Paper may have a clear opening statement, organized body and strong conclusion, but there are flaws in

one or more of these areas.

Below average work: Fewer than three sources or Fails to meet minimum length or has factual errors. Many

(more than 15) grammar and spelling errors. Heavy emphasis on description with little emphasis on

explanation. Discusses only one other aspect of mass media through the prism of the job or has no other

discussions. Little or no explication of ethical principles. Writing is often not clear or concise. Paper does not

have a clear opening statement or the body is disorganized or the conclusion is weak.

• the above rubric is a guideline and not a checklist. It is meant to help you write and to help me grade.


Term (Final) Paper Grading Rubric

(COMMUNICATION SKILLS: WRITTEN) (CRITICAL THINKING)(PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY)

Assignment: _____________________







A






B






C







D





F






expect it to be so.

Total: _________________


Critical Opinion Paper Assignment Sheet

(COMMUNICATION: WRITTEN) (CRITICAL THINKING) (GLOBAL AWARENESS)

Rationale: When studying media and trying to become better producers and consumers of

media, it is useful to clarify our understanding or perception of the media. Doe media reflect

what is ‘out there’ in everyday life, or do our lives reflect what we see in the media? How much

influence do media have on our lives? Those are the two questions driving this assignment.

Assignment: This is basically an argument where you present your viewpoint on the above

questions. What you want to do is: clarify your understanding of the concepts (i.e., concepts

about media impact & ethical systems); develop a strong argument stating your case/opinion;

and support your claim(s) about the power of media with outside evidence.

THE PAPER breaks down into the following parts:

I. “Do media reflect life, or does life reflect the media?” (amount of power)

a. Explain your point of view, and relate it to relevant theories (i.e., magic bullet,

cultivation, spiral of silence, etc.).

b. Provide evidence to support your claims (prove your argument).

II. “Do media have powerful or limited effects?”

a. As with part I, you need to relate this back to course content, and provide

evidence to prove your point.

b. For both sections, your evidence can come from your personal experiences and

observations of how media influences you and those around you.

III. When writing your paper be sure to:

a. Provide a bibliography listing the text and any other sources you may have used –

APA format.

b. Give internal citations in APA format – and be sure to use quotations when

appropriate, and cite any information that isn’t common knowledge.

c. Use the appropriate font, margins, etc. (see syllabus).

d. Remember that to effectively cover this information you will need at least three

(3) pages, and I don’t want to read more than six (6).

Grading: This paper will be worth 25 points.


Critical Opinion Paper Grading Rubric

(COMMUNICATION SKILLS: WRITTEN) (CRITICAL THINKING)(GLOBAL AWARENESS)

Assignment: _____________________







A






B






C







D





F






expect it to be so.

Total: ________________

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