T H E C E N T E N A R Y O F T H E EDUCATION (SCOTLAND) ACT 1918 AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR NEW APPROACHES IN THE HISTORY OF CATHOLIC EDUCATION IN SCOTLAND

Dr Raymond McCluskey School of Education

l  Preparing the context: addressing underlying principles of

scholarly engagement –  ‘Catholic History’, objectivity and the contemporary Academy: what

is the historian of Catholic education expected to do? –  ‘Catholic Studies’: a broader framework for the 21st century? –  ‘Catholic Education’: a sub-set of the ‘Catholic intellectual tradition’?

l History of Catholic Education (in Scotland) –  The Pioneers: a canon of historical literature –  New Approaches: scholars seek answers to new questions –  Broadening the story beyond the schools

•  Lectures for adults •  (Catholic) Press and Popular Media

l A History with a Future? Action Points for the History of Catholic Education in Scotland

Outline of today’s seminar

READING HISTORY

•  Brad S. Gregory •  The Unintended Reformation: How A Religious

Revolution Secularized Society •  Harvard University Press, 2012

BRAD S. GREGORY University of Notre Dame

•  “No one who wants to be taken seriously by colleagues in a secular setting would quote from a conciliar decree, a papal encyclical or, indeed, a Catholic theologian in a way that mattered for the substance of one’s historical scholarship…. Our choice seems to be either parochial confessionalism or self-denying secularism.” (p. 5)

Brad S Gregory, Catholicism and Historical Research: Confessionalism, Assimilation or Critique?, (Notre Dame: Erasmus Institute, 2005).

UNA M. CADEGAN University of Dayton

•  Chapter Two •  “Not All Autobiography Is Scholarship: Thinking, as

a Catholic, about History” (39-59)

•  Refers to ‘History as Sacrament’ (54-58) and ‘History as Mystery’ (58-59)

•  Confessing history: explorations in Christian faith and the historian's vocation. Edited by John Fea, Jay Green, and Eric Miller (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2010).

FAITH AND THE HISTORIAN

•  Faith and the Historian: Catholic Perspectives. Edited by Nick Salvatore, (University of Illinois Press, 2007)

•  Autobiographical reflections from (amongst others): Philip Gleason (University of Notre Dame)

Becoming (and Being) a Catholic Historian Nick Salvatore (Cornell University)

Deeply Within: Catholicism, Faith and History Anne M. Butler (Utah State University)

Personal Landscapes of Catholicism: From East to West

CATHOLIC STUDIES

•  Here Comes Everybody: Catholic Studies in American Higher Education. Edited by William C Graham. (Lanham: University Press of America, 2009)

•  Paul J Wojda (University of St Thomas) “The Very Idea of Catholic Studies” (27-39)

“What every student interested in Catholic Studies whom I have listened to, or whose application essay I have read, expresses, without exception, is the sense that they perceive and intend the world as Catholic Christians, and are intrigued and fascinated by the prospect of continuing to do so; are intrigued and fascinated, that is, by what it means and requires to both be and become a thinking Catholic.” (37)

CATHOLIC STUDIES

•  As leaven in the world: Catholic perspectives on faith, vocation, and the intellectual life. Edited by Thomas M. Landy, (Franklin, Wis.: Sheed & Ward, 2001).

•  Enhancing religious identity: best practices from Catholic campuses. Edited by John R. Wilcox and Irene King (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000).

CATHOLIC INTELLECTUAL TRADITION?

John C. Haughey Where is Knowing Going? The Horizons of the Knowing Subject Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2009.

Chapters 5 and 6 (pp. 61-87) ask critical questions of the ‘Catholic intellectual tradition’, including: - is there such a thing? (pp. 61-64) - why ‘Catholic’ and why now? (pp. 70-72)

“The downside of calling this tradition Catholic is that it seems to convey an exclusion of all who are not Catholics. The catholicity that this intellectual tradition seeks and is open to can be less than evident since the differentiation being made in this volume is seldom articulated elsewhere. This chapter attempts to highlight that differentiation and seeks to exorcise the seeming exclusionary character of this tradition.” (p. 71)

HISTORY OF CATHOLIC EDUCATION Canon of Literature

•  Brother James Handley

•  Dr John Durkan

•  Dr Leslie Macfarlane

•  Dr Mark Dilworth OSB

•  Brother Kenneth

•  Sister M B Dealy

•  Sister Martha Skinnider

•  Dr Tom A Fitzpatrick

•  Dr J H Treble

•  Bernard Aspinwall Myriad articles. See particularly: “The Child as Maker of the Ultramontane”, in The Church and Childhood, edited by Diana Wood, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).

HISTORY OF CATHOLIC EDUCATION New Approaches

•  Dr Francis J. O’Hagan (University of Glasgow) Religious Orders and Congregations in 19th-century Glasgow (Edwin Mellen Press, 2006)

•  Dr Geraldine Vaughan (University of Rouen) Catholics and Protestants on School Boards 1872-1918 The Innes Review, 63(1), 2012

•  Dr Jane McDermid

(University of Southampton) Schooling of Working-Class Girls in Victorian Scotland: Gender, Education and Identity (Routledge, 2005)

•  Dr Eric G Tenbus (University of Central Missouri) English Catholics and the Education of the Poor, 1847-1902 (Pickering and Chatto, 2010)

Dr S. KARLY KEHOE Glasgow Caledonian University

•  Creating a Scottish Church: Catholicism, gender and ethnicity in nineteenth-century Scotland Manchester University Press, 2010

•  Chapter 4 Constructing a system of education (110-48)

•  Chapter 5 Consolidating catholicity: devotion, association and community (149-74)

•  Brian P. Clarke, Piety and Nationalism: Lay Voluntary Associations and the Creation of an Irish-Catholic Community in Toronto, 1850-1895, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1993) [Education understood against a background of ‘devotional revolution’ and developing ultramontane perspectives.]

HISTORY OF CATHOLIC EDUCATION New Approaches

•  Revisiting of sources

•  Asking new questions: new emphasis on History of Catholic Education rather than Catholic Schools

•  Wider contexts: •  Economic •  Environmental •  Material

•  Interdisciplinary approaches: literature; music; art

•  Pilgrimage and travel

•  Re-imagining of intellectual contexts – not just what was read but drilling down into the oral culture

ARCHBISHOP CHARLES PETRE EYRE (1817-1902)

Administrator of Western District 1869-78; Archbishop of Glasgow 1878-1902

•  P r o p o s e d C o u r s e o f Lectures 1869-70

•  A journey to the Holy Land •  On the food we eat •  Healthy homes •  St Columba – Ireland’s gift

to Scotland •  The Church of the Holy

Sepulchre •  The air we breathe

•  The working man’s wages and how to spend them to best advantages

•  Pilgrimages – the seven churches of Glendalough

•  The water we drink

•  To commence each evening at 7.30. Doors open at 7. Tickets 6d and 3d. The proceeds after paying expenses to go towards the support of the industrial home for boys and girls in Abercrombie Street

[Eyre’s hand. GAA IP – E30/17/4]

JOHN STEWART McCORRY (1812-80) Public Lectures

•  The Trials and the Triumphs of the Church (Glasgow: Margey, 1860)

•  La Suprématie de Saint Pierre, (Paris: Jacques Lecoffre, 1856)

•  Education (London: Burns, Oates and Co., 1873)

•  This is only a small selection of McCorry’s published lectures.

NEWSPAPER SOURCES Glasgow Free Press (1852-68)

•  17 Jan 1857 Violent attempt at proselytising Catholic children in a public institution

•  5 Apr 1862 Editorial on the importance of Catholic education

•  6 Dec 1862 Sending Catholic children to Protestant schools

•  3 Jan 1863 Fourth of a course of lectures in St John’s School (Warwick Street,

Glasgow) by Mr John Treanor on ‘Glasgow from the Founding of the Cathedral until the Reformation’.

•  17 Jan 1863 Fifth lecture: Rev Bernard Tracy on ‘Our Poor Laws and Our Poor’

NEWSPAPER SOURCES Glasgow Free Press (1852-68)

•  14 Feb 1863 •  LECTURE ON EDUCATION “On Monday evening, Mr Christopher Doyle delivered a

lecture on ‘Education’ in St Mungo’s large hall, Glebe Street – the Rev Eugene Small in the chair. The Rev Chairman introduced the lecturer in a few able remarks upon the great and increasing importance of the subject and, adverting to the poor attendance on the occasion, although no charge was made at the door, said that this circumstance was itself a convincing proof of the apathy of people and of the urgent necessity of constantly directing their attention to the matter.”

NEWSPAPER SOURCES Glasgow Observer (1885 onwards)

•  Glasgow Observer provides weekly news from missions [i.e. parishes], including news about schools. Windows into adult and informal education.

•  Importance of CYMS – 30 Jan 1886 – Rev Michael Maginn on ‘Catholic Societies and their power for good at the present time’

•  First edition – 18 April 1885 – includes an article on ‘The Wonders of Science. The Mystery of Planetary Motion: Is Aerial Force of Heavenly Bodies caused by light?’

•  20 Mar 1886: Dumfries CYMS has a lecture from an analytical chemist •  27 Mar 1886: Johnstone CYMS has lecture on blood-poisoning •  1 May 1886: Bridgeton ‘CYMS and Mutual Improvement Association’ has lectures on health, legislative

independence, and shorthand •  4 Oct 1890: Charles Diamond (proprietor), writing on ‘The Church and Society’, focuses on education

•  Insights into mentalities: pervasive icon of the ‘Prisoner in the Vatican’ echoed in approaches to Catholic education

•  See Joan Allan, “‘Keeping the Faith’: The Catholic Press and the Preservation of Celtic Identity in Britain in the late Nineteenth Century”, in Irelands of the Mind: Memory and Identity in Modern Irish Culture, (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008), 32-49, esp. 46-47.

NEWSPAPER SOURCES Glasgow Observer (1885 onwards)

•  Glasgow Observer: still largely an unmined source

•  Contribution to history of literacy and intellectual life: analysis of short stories, travelogues, poems, drawings

•  Analysis of adverts for reading matter (and consequent analysis of pamphlets and other works) http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=18940607&id=vLVEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GrYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5426,6028129

•  Close reading and analysis of children’s columns, e.g. 20 Sep 1890 – “Our Young Folks’ Corner” – many impressions of schooling given – one youngster of 10 describes a presentation delivered at school

•  See Pat Pinsent, “British Catholic Children’s Fiction between Vatican I and Vatican II”, in Religion, Children’s Literature and Modernity in Western Europe, 1750-2000, edited by Jan de Maeyer et al., (Leuven University Press, 2005), 145-163.

ACTION POINTS FOR THE FUTURE

•  Production of a Scottish (or, at least, UK) equivalent of historians interrogating relationship between Catholicism and Historical Research. Conference followed by a book?

•  Investigating possible links with centres of excellence in Catholic Studies with a view to joint studies of Catholic Education and its history from an international, global perspective.

•  Preparation of materials which help students to situate Catholic education within a broader ‘Catholic Intellectual Tradition’ (see John C. Haughey SJ).

•  Major project with a view to digitising the Glasgow Observer in stages, decade by decade.

•  Concurrent project to digitise historic log-books, diaries etc

•  Oral history project: interviewing of teachers, former pupils, parents, priests and religious.

•  Integration of Catholic education into ‘the Scottish story’. [Prior treatment of Scots Colleges abroad has been indicative of this requirement. See, for an example of such integration: Tom McInally, The Sixth Scottish University, Brill, 2011.]

•  Active seeking out of new types of evidence. [For example, film evidence: St Paul’s School, Hurlford (1951) http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=2882&cid=74958719]

•  Prepare for the 2018 centenary of the Education (Scotland) Act