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MCB 3020 Exam TWO Study guide

1. List the laws of thermodynamic and describe their relevance in the chemical reactions

2. Define the standard reduction potential. Why aerobic grow generates the highest amount of

energy (AT!. "ow this value plays a role in organi#ation of electron transport system. $ompare

%o of aerobic and anaerobic respiration&. Describe the flow of electron in fermentation and respiration. What happened to the electron in

each of the above processes

'. Describe how en#ymes are involved in chemical reactions. (activation energy lowering %o

). Define apoen#yme and cofactor. What is the significance of cofactors* "ow en#ymatic activities

are regulated or inhibited

+. $ompare and contrast ribo#ymes and en#ymes,. Distinguish allosteric regulation and covalent modification

-. List and describe effects of environmental factors on en#ymatic activities. "ow*

. $ompare respiration and fermentation. Why anaerobic respiration and fermentation ma/e less

AT than aerobic respiration*

10. Do any of the eu/aryotes perform fermentation* ive eamples11. What are the important features of $hemoorganotrophs12. Describe the role of $hemolithotrophs in acid mine drainage*

1&. What is meant by $32 fiation* List three pathways used by microbes to fi $32.

1'. Discuss role of $hemolithotrophs in geochemical recycling.1). 4s it possible for a $hemoorganotroph to use the same compounds as a carbon source energy

source and as a source of reducing power* ive an eample.1+. List groups of organisms based on their energy source carbon source and the source of electron

1,. $ompare respiration and fermentation5 AT synthesis pathways %T6 %lectron donor electron

carriers electron acceptors and amount of AT produced

1-. Define7describe7eplain proton gradient proton motive force

1. Define and list different form of phosphorylation. Which one is associated with glycolysis 8rebs

cycle and electron transport system

20. Define and list amphibolic pathways21. List and describe and compare three common routes of glucose conversion to pyruvate

22. "ow anabolism and catabolism intertwined in glycolysis and T$A cycle. What is the

significance of glycolysis and T$A cycle in providing s/eleton carbon to the cell*

2&. %nergy from 9: can be used in7for;

2'. List possible molecules that are used as final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration

2). List several possible end products of fermentation2+. What are the environmental impact of sulfur<oidation nitrification assimilatory nitrate

reduction and de<nitrification2,. List and Describe how cells may use intracellular reserve

2-. List different forms of photoautotrophs (oygenic vs. anoygenic!. What is the significance of

 bacteriorhodopsin

2. $ompare light vs dar/ reaction.

&0. Define; semi<conservative replication antiparallel complementary strand ma=or and minor

grooves&1. $ompare the mechanism of the pac/aging and organi#ation of D>A in different domains

&2. $ompare D>A polymerase vs. ?>A polymerase

&&. What is the significance of &@<)@ eonuclease activity

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&'. 4f replication proceeds in one direction only how cells solve the problem of synthesi#ing the two

strands that are running is opposite direction (leading vs. lagging strand!

&). List the event that occurs during initiation of replication with regards to 3ri$ helicase

topoisomerase primer ss D>A binding proteins

&+. What is meant by proofreading* List the en#ymes involved in this process

&,. What is meant by coding strand complementary strand* m?>A is complementary to which

strand* During which process a D>A;?>A hybrid is formed&-. $ompare the transcription process in pro/aryotes eu/aryotes and Achaea. $ompare ?>A

 polymerase activity in different domains

&. Describe ribosome structure its role in protein synthesis. What is the role of ?>A contents in

this process*

'0. $ompare m?>A synthesis in pro/aryotes vs. eu/aryotes'1. Describe and eplain the significance of t?>A charging.

'2. Describe the role of chaperones in polypeptide folding and molecular chaperones in protein

secretion across the membrane

'&. Describe different forms of protein secretion5 6ec<dependent A$ secretion pathway type 4<B

''. What is the role of Dna= and Dna/ in protein secretion process* List and describe protein

secretion systems in C and <.

'). Define promoter operator upstream region downstream region TATA bo <&) region and $A

 binding site

'+. Describe the protein secretion process. %plain how 6ec secretion system operates.

',. What is operon* $ompare two forms of operons. $ompare lactose and tryptophan operons.'-. What is meant by positive and negative control mechanism

'. What are the differences between repressors co<repressors and inducers

)0. %plain how attenuation regulatory mechanism wor/s for tryptophan operon.)1. What is the significance of having alternative sigma factors for Escherichia coli

)2. What are the important features of genetic code

)&. Discuss different types of protein secretion mechanisms in pro/aryotes (figure 12.''!)'. What are ?iboswitches

)). riefly discuss the regulation of gene epression in eu/aryotes and archaea

)+. What are the important features of Two<$omponent ?egulatory and hosphorelay 6ystems),. List and define different form of mutagen

)-. Define point mutation and frame<shift mutation

). Define and give eamples of global regulatory mechanisms and 636 response.

+0. Describe how Ames test detects carcinogens.+1. What is meant by D>A repair* List different forms of D>A repair mechanisms. Why D>A

needs to be repaired*

+2. Describe three types of wor/ carried out by cells.

+&. Where in bacteria archaea and eu/aryotes the components of %T$ are located*+'. 8now ma=or nutritional types of microorganisms. (Table 11.2!+). What is meant by post<transcriptional and post<translational modifications* ive eamples.

++. Define and give eamples of hori#ontal gene transfer ("T!. What are the significances of

"T*

+,. 8now the following terms;

- $hemical Transport and 9echanical wor/ 7 %ntropy

- ?educing power 7 6tandard ?eduction otential

- %ndergonic vs. eergonic reaction

- %lectron Transport $hain eamples of components 7 %lectron carriers

- Activation energy

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- ?ibo#ymes

- Allosteric ?egulation and $ovalent 9odification of %n#ymes

- Autotrophs phototrophs chemotrophs organotrophs lithotrophs chemolithotrophs

- hosphorylation 6ubstrate<Level<hosphorylation 3idative phosphorylation and

 photophosphorylation- 9: roton gradient $harge gradient AT 6ynthase

-$hemiosmosis theory

- %lectron flow through branched electron transport chain

- Dissimilatory nitrate reduction >itrifying bacteria nitrification denitrification sulfur

oidation

- %amples of ?eserve olymers

- eta 3idation pathway

- 6ignificance of $yanobacteria

- ?hodopsin<based phototrophy

- $hromosome genome chromatin histone nucleosome

- 9onocistronic7polycistronic transcription

- ?iboswitch

-hosphorelay system

- Telomers

- ?egulon

- 9odulon

- rotoplast fusion

- olysome

- ?olling circle replication

- ?egulation of transcription by Antisense ?>A

- lobal gene regulation by alternate sigma factor

- 6hine<Delgarno seuence7coding region

- $alvin cycle ?ubisco $32 fiation

-Assimilatory >itrate ?eductase and >itrogen :iation