mc1 praxis business school the most important thing in communication is to hear what isn't...

MC1Praxis Business School

The most important thing in communication is to

hear what isn't being said.

– Peter Drucker

Non-verbal Communication



We are constantly communicating– even if we say nothing at all.

Communication beyond words …..

Non-verbal cues communicate 65% of the message - Birdwhistell (1970)

90% of the meaning of a message is transmitted non-verbally - Fromkin and Rodman (1983)

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What is non-verbal communication?

…. anything other than word utterances is non-verbal communication, i.e. any communication that takes place using non-linguistic signs, or “non word signs”

.... difficult to draw a boundary between verbal and “non”(throat clearance noise??)

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NV messages can be communicated through

gesturebody language or posturefacial expression and eye contact

object communication such as clothing, hairstyles

architecture symbols and infographics

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The first scientific study of nonverbal communication:

Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).

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Influences

• Culture

• interpretation of non-verbal signs is often

subconscious and hence culture-dependent

• facial expression agreement across boundaries

…. but extent is culture dependent (Japanese!)

interpretation is again culture-dependent

• Gender• women smile more often than men (good for them!)

• changes based on same or opposite gender

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…. Influences

• Age

• Personal Idiosyncrasies• No pattern

• Situational factors• Timing

• Size (of audience, platform)

(Actors make exaggerated gestures in theatre)

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Non-verbal Communication Types

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Kinesics (body) movement as a factor in non-verbal behaviour

Chronemicsuse of time in non-verbal communication

Oculesicsvisual contact on the perceived message.

Haptics describes touching behaviour

Proxemics personal space usage

Paralanguage non-word utterances and other non-verbal clues relatively closely related to language use.

Appearance, Symbolism, Olfactory



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Kinesics

emblems - non-verbal messages that have a verbal counterpart - goodbye wave

illustrators - less clearly linked to specific sayings or words

affect displays - body or facial movements that display a certain affective state

regulators - regulate, modulate and maintain flow of speech during a conversation

adapters - postural changes and other movements at a low level of awareness



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Oculesics

looking (where?!) while talking and listening

can indicate interest, attention, involvement

variation in amount of gaze, frequency of glances, blink rate etc.

Haptics Touching others:

Handshakes, holding hands, kissing (cheek, hand, lips), high 5’s, back slapping, brushing an arm, shoulder pat

Touching oneselfpicking, scratching, licking, holding

Show intention and feelings of the communicatorInterpretation is person, context relationship, culture



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Chronesics

Punctuality, willingness to wait, speed of speech, how long will people listen

The stage for communication is set by the way we

perceive, structure and react to time

Monochronic time schedule (M-time)

time can be controlled or wasted by individuals

emphasis is on the use of time schedules and appointments

people tend to do one thing at a time

Polychronic time schedule (P-time)

personal involvement is more important than schedules

emphasis on personal relationships rather than appointments



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Proxemics

Primary territory: this refers to an area that is associated with someone who has

exclusive use of it.

Secondary territory: unlike the previous type, there is no “right” to occupancy, but

people may still feel some degree of ownership of a particular space.

Public territory: this refers to an area that is available to all, but only for a set

period, such as a parking space or a seat in a library. Although people have only a

limited claim over that space, they often exceed that claim.

Interaction territory: this is space created by others when they are interacting.

mc1 praxis business school the most important thing in communication is to hear what isn't...

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