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The Roles of Membranes in Water Recycling and ReuseThe Roles of Membranes in Water Recycling and Reuse

Presented byVal Frenkel

Presented byVal Frenkel

WateReuse 2005 Conference, California Section, Feb 27 – March 01, 2005, San Diego, CA

Membrane Technologies

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© 2004 Copyright K/J



Do we need to recycle ???


Where we are looking for more water?


1. Conservation 2. Recycling3. Desalination

Where we are looking for more water?


LOW PRESSURE

HIGH PRESSURE


1. Flat Sheet2. Hollow Fiber3. Spiral Wound

Membrane Shape Type:

Membrane Type dependingon driven pressure:1. Pressure Driven (MF, UF, NF and RO)2. Vacuum Driven (MF and UF only)3. High Voltage current (EDR, EDI)


Vacuum

Pressure

MF/UF


Vacuum

Pressure

MF/UF

Non standard configuration across industry


Pressure ONLY

NF/RO


Pressure ONLY

NF/ROStandard configuration across industry:

Diameter: 2.5”, 4”, 8” (17”)

Length: 40”, 60”


• Increased membrane flux• Decreased trans-membrane pressure• Increased particles rejection • Extended membrane lifetime• Improved operational process including back-

wash technique and CIP cleaning• Improved membrane manufacturing process

Major developments for low-pressure membranes currently focus on:


• Improving pore shape, uniformity, and distribution

• Upgrading hydrophilic properties• Increasing overall porosivity of membranes• Developing more sophisticated and cost-

effective membrane materials

Membrane Parameters focused by R&Ds:


Membrane

BrineConcentrate

Reject

FeedRaw Water

PermeateTreated Water

Qf, cfQC, Cc Qp, Cp

Rec. = Qp / QfRej. = Cc / Cf


Concentrate Management Direction Pros Cons

Discharge to surface water

(may be combined with wastewater outfall)

Cost-effective solution - Increases local salinity level, which may affect habitat in the discharge area

Discharge to deep wells Cost-effective solution - Increases salinity in the underground water horizon, which may increase total dissolved solids level in the water supply source

- Requires increased maintenance of the injection wells due to mineral precipitation and scaling

Discharge to the ocean/sea

(may be combined with wastewater outfall)

A widely-accepted cost-effective approach for shore application from desalination plants

Affects marine life, intensive studies required

Evaporation fields, ponds Cost-effective approach for relatively small volumes, particularly for inland applications

Needs extensive territory. May not be a cost-effective solution in areas where land is expensive, and/or not available

Zero Liquid Discharge - ZLD Ideal solution to significantly reduce or eliminate brine stream

Very costly process, especially for small and very large discharge volumes

Cogeneration Discharge (Power Plants or other Industrial Facilities)

- One of the most cost-effective solutions for desalination plants, especially for large size plants

- Reduces O&M cost due to the reduced energy demand caused by the increased water temperature

Not always an available option

Local Management (discharge to the local sewer line, land applications)

Simplest cost-effective local solution

- May affect biological wastewater treatment plant performance

- Elevates salinity level in treated wastewater effluent, which may affect discharge criteria, and/or recycling water acceptability


Worldwide Membrane Facilities

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Num

ber o

f Mem

bran

e Pl

ants

By AMTA


Membranes in Water Recycling/Reuse:

- Membrane Biological Reactor – MBR

- Tertiary Treatment for Discharge/Recycling

- Dissolved Solids (TDS) and particular emergingcontaminants removal by RO/NF membranes


clarifierBio-Reactor FilterRAS WAS

Bio-Reactor

WASRAS

Conventional Biological Process

Membrane Biological Reactor - MBRMembranes

Membrane Biological Reactor – MBR



Bio-Reactor

WAS

RAS



RO

Membrane Biological Reactor – MBR



Conventional Tertiary Treatment

Membrane Tertiary Treatment

Membranes

clarifierBio-ReactorRAS WAS

Tertiary Treatment for Discharge/Recycling



Bio-Reactor

WAS

RAS



RO

ROFilter




Bio-Reactor

WAS

RAS

Conventional Treatment + Membrane Tertiary Treatment


RO

Membranes RO



Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR)

(treats raw wastewater)

Biological wastewater treatment process which utilize MF/UF

membranes, and provide tertiary quality effluent with complete

removal of Pathogens.

AirAir

PermeatePermeatePumpPumpFeed WaterFeed Water

RASRAS

Anoxic TankAnoxic Tank

WASWAS

Membrane Bio-Reactor

Aerobic TankAerobic Tank

Membrane Technologies MBR

Wastewater Treatment Parameter

MBR Value, Metric MBR Value, US Conventional Treatment

Value, Metric

Conventional Treatment Value, US

Transmembrane Pressure (Immersed Membranes), TMP

10 – 50 kPa 1.5 – 7.5 psi NA* NA

Flux 15 – 25 l/m2 x hr 9 – 15 GFD NA NA

Energy Consumption, TOTAL

1 – 3.5 kW-hr/m3 5.0 – 17.5 HP-hr/1,000 gal

0.9 – 2.9 kW-hr/m3

4.5 – 14.5 HP-hr/1,000

gal

Energy Consumption, aeration

0.9 – 3.2 kW-hr/m3 4.5 – 16.0 HP-hr/1,000 gal

0.9 – 2.9 kW-hr/m3

4.5 – 14.5 HP-hr/1,000

gal

Energy Consumption, permeate discharge

0.1 – 0.3 kW-hr/m3 0.5 – 1. 5 HP-hr/1,000 gal

NA NA

MLSS 10 – 25 gr/liter 80 - 200 lbs/1,000 gal

3.5 – 6.0 gr/liter

28 - 48 lbs/1,000 gal

Hydraulic Retention Time, Average

12 hrs 12 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs

Sludge age 20 – 60 days 20 -60 days 17 – 20 days 17 – 20 days

BOD Removal 95 – 99% 95 – 99% 90 – 95% 90 – 95%

COD Removal 95 – 99% 95 – 99% 90 – 95% 90 – 95%

TKN Removal 40 – 95 % 40 – 95 % 40 – 80% 40 – 80%

Membrane Warranty 5 – 8 years (prorated up to 10)

5 – 8 years (prorated up to 10)

NA NA

Membrane Module Price

50 – 100 US$/m2 5 – 10 US$/ft2 NA NA

Membrane Technologies MBR Performance

Parameter of effluent

MBR guaranteed MBR typical Conventional typical

BOD5 < 5 ppm < 0.4 ppm 10 – 30 ppm

TSS < 5 ppm < 0.4 ppm 10 - 30 ppm

Turbidity < 1 NTU < 0.3 NTU 10 - 20 NTU

NH3-N < 1 ppm < 0.5 ppm < 5 ppm

TN < 10 ppm < 5 ppm < 10 ppm

TP < 0.5 ppm < 0.2 ppm < 1.0 ppm


Why Membranes?


1. Complete removal of Pathogenic organisms, providing disinfection at the same time.

2. Smaller footprint/Layout;3. Consistent effluent quality, not affected by the influent

hydraulic, solids and organic contaminants overloads, spikes and fluctuations;

4. Provides effluent quality of tertiary treatment ready for the reuse/recycling; RO can be plugged directly to MF/UF or MBR to address dissolved matter: TDS, Na and others.

5. Ideal technology for the existing systems up-grade;

10 Major Reasons with Membranes:


6. Longer retention of nitrifying Bacteria results in greater nitrification. Anoxic reactor provides denitrification;

7. Modular expandability (for the future expansions;

8. Less volume of the discharged wastes (including sludge due to the long sludge age, and chemicals);

9. Simplicity of operation with the remote monitoring;

10. Lower post-disinfection demand in chlorine, UV intensity due to the complete solids removal by membranes.

10 Major Reasons with Membranes (continued):


Hollow Fiber Membrane Immersed MBR by ZENON

ZeeWeed®

Membrane Cassettes

Permeate Header

Permeate Pump

Air Header

Air Separator

Main Permeate Header


Hollow Fiber Membrane Immersed MBR by ZENON

ZW 2000 Concrete Tank Sectionw ith Piping

A ir header

Perm eate header


Hollow Fiber Membrane Immersed MBR by USFilter


Hollow Fiber Membrane Immersed MBR by IONICS


Flat Sheet Membrane Immersed MBR by KUBOTA/Enviroquip


Flat Sheet Membrane Immersed MBR by HUBER

from bioreactorPermeate dischargeby pump or gravity flow

Scouring blower toclean the membranes

Membrane plates


AquaMB Process™ by Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.


SUMMARY

Membrane treatment offers the advantages of higher effluent water quality, a more compact foot-print, and are often simpler to operate than conventional treatments. With widespread industry acceptance of membrane technologies and the rapid growth in the number of operating facilities, the costs of membrane systems are now approaching those of conventional systems.

Sooner or later, membranes are likely to be in your future, either for upgrading existing facilities or considered as the preferred choice for new water treatment needs.


Q & A

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