may 1–2, 2006...source: w. hermann, gcep systems analysis group 2004. (1 zj = 1021j) current...
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Stanford UniversityGlobal Climate & Energy Project
May 1–2, 2006
GCEP Fusion Energy Workshop
Introduction to GCEPand Scope of Workshop
Lynn Orr
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The Grand Challenge
Needs• Growth in world population to 9
billion from 6 billion, of which 2 billion people currently have no access to modern energy systems
• Improved standard of living in growing economies of developing world
• Increased demands for energy, food, land, and materials.
NeedsNeeds• Growth in world population to 9
billion from 6 billion, of which 2 billion people currently have no access to modern energy systems
• Improved standard of living in growing economies of developing world
• Increased demands for energy, food, land, and materials.
Protection, Restoration, and Improvement of the Planetary
Biogeochemical Systems
Protection, Protection, Restoration, and Restoration, and Improvement of Improvement of the Planetary the Planetary
Biogeochemical Biogeochemical SystemsSystems
Component Challenges• Water supply• Agricultural systems (strongly linked to water supply)• Energy (with possible limits on CO2 emission)
Component ChallengesComponent Challenges• Water supply• Agricultural systems (strongly linked to water supply)•• Energy (with possible limits on COEnergy (with possible limits on CO22 emission)emission)
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Global Geochemical History
• Concentrations of GHGs have risen significantly over the preindustriallevels.
• Concentrations of GHGs have risen significantly over the preindustriallevels.
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Year
Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001
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Atmospheric CO2 Concentration- Last Glacial Maximum to Present
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Four Glacial Cycles Recorded in the Vostok Ice Core
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The Oceans in a High CO2 World
The oceans have taken up ~400 Gt of fossil fuel CO2. Global surface oceans now remove 20-25 Mt CO2/day.
Decline in pH (0.1 since industrial revolution) affects bicarbonate, carbonate ion concentrations, rates of fixation of CaCO3 by assorted critters in the trophic chain, potential for feedbacks with temperature change. Source: Oceanography Vol.17, No.3, Sept. 2004
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Concerted Efforts to address Climate Change
EnergyResearch
RegulatoryPolicies
EnvironmentalScience
CommercialDevelopment
andDeployment
RegulatoryPolicies
EnvironmentalScience
CommercialDevelopment
andDeployment
EnergyResearch
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The Need for Technology
Assumed Advances In:• Fossil Fuels• Energy intensity• Nuclear• Renewables
Assumed Advances In:Assumed Advances In:• Fossil Fuels• Energy intensity• Nuclear• Renewables
Gap Technologies:• Carbon capture & disposal
Adv. fossil• H2 and Adv. Transportation• Biotechnologies
Soils, Bioenergy, Adv. Biological Energy
Gap Technologies:Gap Technologies:• Carbon capture & disposal
Adv. fossil• H2 and Adv. Transportation• Biotechnologies
Soils, Bioenergy, Adv. Biological Energy
The “Gap”
Source: J. Edmonds, PNNL
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The Global Climate and Energy Project
• The Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP) was established to conduct fundamental research to develop the energy options needed to address the “gap”
• It is a 10-year, $225M commitment for research on the fundamental underpinnings for technologies that could have a significant impact on a global scale
• The Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP) was established to conduct fundamental research to develop the energy options needed to address the “gap”
• It is a 10-year, $225M commitment for research on the fundamental underpinnings for technologies that could have a significant impact on a global scale
Mission
To Conduct Fundamental Research toSupport Development of Technology
Options for Energy Use With ReducedGreenhouse Gas Emissions
and others…
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Step-Out Research
Energy OptionEnergy Option
ScientificChallengeScientificChallenge
Pro
gres
s
Time
Step back to fundamentalsStep back to fundamentals
Scientific Advance to Enable
Development of a Game-changing Technology in Reduced Time
Scientific Advance to Enable
Development of a Game-changing Technology in Reduced Time
PresentTime
Step-out Idea
Step-out Idea
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Resource Work Potential (TW)
Source: W. Hermann, GCEP Systems Analysis Group 2004.
Current Global Exergy Usage Rate ~ 15 TW (0.5 ZJ per year)~80000/15 = ~5300
(1 ZJ = 1021J)
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GCEP Research Portfolio Areas
Geoengineering
Energy distribution systems and enabling infrastructures
Advanced coal utilizationAdvanced coal utilization
Hydrogen production, Hydrogen production, distribution, and usedistribution, and use
Electric power generation, storage, distribution
Advanced transportation systemsAdvanced transportation systems
Advanced materialsAdvanced materials
Combustion science and Combustion science and engineeringengineering
COCO22 separation, capture, and separation, capture, and storagestorage
Renewable energy sources Renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biomass, (wind, solar, biomass,
geothermal)geothermal)
Advanced nuclear power Advanced nuclear power technologiestechnologies
Active research currently underwayActive research currently underwayResearch proposals under reviewResearch proposals under review
Assessment in progressAssessment in progressFuture consideration
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Nanostructured Silicon-Based Tandem Solar Cells Martin Green, Gavin Conibeer (UNSW)
• Fabrication of two- or three-cell tandem stack devices from silicon-based materials.
• Uses abundant, non-toxic, stable, and durable materials• Control the bandgap of silicon through carrier confinement in nanoscale
structuresIntegrate silicon nanoparticles into matrices of silicon oxide, nitride, or carbide Exploit quantum effects related to their size and distribution across the cell
• Optimize geometry of the nanoparticle networks to enhance carrier transport through resonant hopping between layers in a cell
• Areas of Activity:Materials Preparation Physical, Optical, and Electronic Characterization Simulation and Modeling: Device Fabrication
• Fabrication of two- or three-cell tandem stack devices from silicon-based materials.
• Uses abundant, non-toxic, stable, and durable materials• Control the bandgap of silicon through carrier confinement in nanoscale
structuresIntegrate silicon nanoparticles into matrices of silicon oxide, nitride, or carbide Exploit quantum effects related to their size and distribution across the cell
• Optimize geometry of the nanoparticle networks to enhance carrier transport through resonant hopping between layers in a cell
• Areas of Activity:Materials Preparation Physical, Optical, and Electronic Characterization Simulation and Modeling: Device Fabrication
a b
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Genetic Engineering of Cellulose AccumulationChris Somerville
• Increase accumulation of cellulose and carbon uptake in biomass crops by genetic alteration of the regulation of cellulose synthesis
• Transgenic plants will be produced in which the components of the cellulose synthase complex are produced in increased amounts and at altered times during plant development.
• Increase accumulation of cellulose and carbon uptake in biomass crops by genetic alteration of the regulation of cellulose synthesis
• Transgenic plants will be produced in which the components of the cellulose synthase complex are produced in increased amounts and at altered times during plant development.
Cellulose fibrils
Cell walls
Cellulose Synthase Electron
micrograph of a cell wall
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Monitoring and Accessing Cellular Photosynthesis for Bioelectricity
Fritz Prinz and Arthur Grossman
Anode
Cathode
e-2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
hυ
• Capture electricity directly from living biological cells by inserting nano-scale electrodes into their chloroplasts
• Light-driven charge separation generates high potential electrons in stroma, and O2 and H+ in lumen
• Energy is generated through a current that results in recombination of electrons from stromal side of the membrane with H+ and O2 on lumenal side of the membrane (at cathode) to generate H2O
• Explore using unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
• Capture electricity directly from living biological cells by inserting nano-scale electrodes into their chloroplasts
• Light-driven charge separation generates high potential electrons in stroma, and O2 and H+ in lumen
• Energy is generated through a current that results in recombination of electrons from stromal side of the membrane with H+ and O2 on lumenal side of the membrane (at cathode) to generate H2O
• Explore using unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
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Advanced Membrane Reactors in Energy Systems
Dan Jansen, Joop Schoonman ECN/TU-Delft
CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2
CO + H2O CO2 + H2
• Removal of CO2 or H2 can shift equilibrium and lead to lower reaction temperature
• Will combine separation and reaction in membrane reactors• Hydrogen membranes:
Use chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) and atomiclayer deposition (ALD) to control pore size of a nanoporous ceramic membrane in a very controlled manner
• CO2 membranese.g.: hydrotalcites, ionic liquids
• Improved catalystsHigh activity at ~ 400 °C and integrated into membrane
CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2
CO + H2O CO2 + H2
• Removal of CO2 or H2 can shift equilibrium and lead to lower reaction temperature
• Will combine separation and reaction in membrane reactors• Hydrogen membranes:
Use chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) and atomiclayer deposition (ALD) to control pore size of a nanoporous ceramic membrane in a very controlled manner
• CO2 membranese.g.: hydrotalcites, ionic liquids
• Improved catalystsHigh activity at ~ 400 °C and integrated into membrane
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Geologic Storage of CO2Mark Zoback, Jerry Harris, Tony Kovscek, Lynn Orr
• Create a suite of tools for design and implementation of geologic sequestration projects:
Site selection and evaluation: effective methods to assess the integrity of geologic seals that limit CO2 migration.
Fluid migration: very efficient methods for predicting the flow paths and long-term fate of injected CO2.
Monitoring: appropriate tools for monitoring the state of injection projects at each stage.
• Create a suite of tools for design and implementation of geologic sequestration projects:
Site selection and evaluation: effective methods to assess the integrity of geologic seals that limit CO2 migration.
Fluid migration: very efficient methods for predicting the flow paths and long-term fate of injected CO2.
Monitoring: appropriate tools for monitoring the state of injection projects at each stage.
Injection
Saturation of CO2
continuous shales
discontinuous shales
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Resource Work Potential (TW)
Source: W. Hermann, GCEP Systems Analysis Group 2004.
Current Global Exergy Usage Rate ~ 15 TW (0.5 ZJ per year)(1 ZJ = 1021J)1E10 / 0.5 > the time for the Sun to become a red giant (5 billion years) !
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Approaches to Fusion
Magnetic Confinement Inertial ConfinementMagnetic Confinement Inertial ConfinementTokamaks
Stellarators
and various alternative configurations
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Questions for the Workshop
• What are the scientific and technical barriers to the realization of fusion power at a significant scale?
• What scientific breakthroughs are still required for achieving reactor regime?
• What are the opportunities for fundamental research for developing these technologies and overcoming these barriers?
• How can GCEP, with its objectives and its relatively modest research project budgets, create additional options that would have a significant impact?
• What are the scientific and technical barriers to the realization of fusion power at a significant scale?
• What scientific breakthroughs are still required for achieving reactor regime?
• What are the opportunities for fundamental research for developing these technologies and overcoming these barriers?
• How can GCEP, with its objectives and its relatively modest research project budgets, create additional options that would have a significant impact?
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Workshop AgendaDay 1
Welcome and IntroductionWelcome and Introduction8:30 GCEP Introduction and Workshop Purpose Lynn Orr9:00 Fusion Development Path Rob Goldston
Confinement ConceptsConfinement Concepts9:50 The Advanced Tokamak Amanda Hubbard10:30 Break10:50 The Spherical Torus Martin Peng11:30 The Compact Stellerator Hutch Neilson12:10 Alternative Confinement Concepts Simon Woodruff12:50 Lunch
Turbulent TransportTurbulent Transport1:50 Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Transport George Tynan2:30 Modeling of Turbulent Transport William Dorland3:10 Break
Plasma StabilityPlasma Stability3:30 Plasma Stability in Tokamaks and Stellerators Gerald Navratil4:10 Plasma Stability in Alternative Confinement Concepts Bick Hooper
4:50 Panel Discussion on Research OpportunitiesPanel Discussion on Research Opportunities5:30 Reception
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Workshop AgendaDay 2
Energetic Particles and PlasmaEnergetic Particles and Plasma--Wall InteractionsWall Interactions8:30 Energetic Particles in Plasmas James Van Dam9:10 Plasma-Wall Interactions Michael Ulrickson9:50 Break
Materials for FusionMaterials for Fusion10:10 High Field Magnet Technology Joseph Minervini10:50 Reduced Activation Materials Nadine Baluc
11:30 Panel Discussion on Research OpportunitiesPanel Discussion on Research Opportunities12:10 Concluding Remarks12:30 Lunch
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Thank You!
Rob Goldston and PPPL• for all the useful discussions and your help with the organization of
this meeting in Princeton
Paolo Bosshard• for the technical organization of the workshop
Kersti Miller and Nancy Sandoval• for organizing everything else
Our Sponsors• for making this project possible
Our Speakers• for sharing your time, expertise, and opinions with us
The Energy Community• for taking time to participate in our discussions
Rob GoldstonRob Goldston and PPPLand PPPL• for all the useful discussions and your help with the organization of
this meeting in Princeton
Paolo BosshardPaolo Bosshard• for the technical organization of the workshop
Kersti Miller and Nancy SandovalKersti Miller and Nancy Sandoval• for organizing everything else
Our SponsorsOur Sponsors• for making this project possible
Our SpeakersOur Speakers• for sharing your time, expertise, and opinions with us
The Energy CommunityThe Energy Community• for taking time to participate in our discussions