evolutionmutations.notebook may 13,...

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EvolutionMutations.notebook 1 May 13, 2011 Apr 2710:03 AM Aim: What factors contribute to evolution? Do Now: What is the explanation for this fruit? Is it evolved? Homework Complete the reading & questions on HIV mutation & Evolution 4/27/10 Take out Fact/ Inference Worksheet Bird beak Lab Quiz Friday 8 Apr 2710:05 AM Mutations are random. Not all mutations matter to evolution. Somatic mutations occur in nonreproductive cells and won’t be passed onto offspring. For example, the golden color on half of this Red Delicious apple was caused by a somatic mutation. The seeds of this apple do not carry the mutation. Apr 2710:14 AM The only mutations that matter to largescale evolution are those that can be passed on to offspring. These occur in reproductive cells like eggs and sperm and are called germ line mutations Mutations & Evolution A single germ line mutation can have a range of effects: No change occurs in phenotype Small change occurs in phenotype Example1 small change can cause a cats ear to curl backwards Big change occurs in phenotype. Example DDT resistance in insects are sometimes caused by single mutations Apr 2810:34 AM Aim: What are some other factors that effect evolution? Do Now: Why is it so difficult to develop a vaccine for HIV Apr 2811:34 AM LE5 4/28/10 Apr 286:31 AM Factors that Influence Evolution Descent and the genetic differences that are heritable and passed on to the next generation Mechanisms of change : Mutation, migration (gene flow), genetic drift, and natural selection The importance of genetic variation The random nature of genetic drift and the effects of a reduction in genetic variation How variation, differential reproduction, and heredity result in evolution by natural selection Coevolution: How different species can affect each other’s evolution

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Page 1: EvolutionMutations.notebook May 13, 2011verderbz.com/files/Evolution_Factors.pdfEvolutionMutations.notebook 1 May 13, 2011 Apr 27 10:03 AM Aim: What factors contribute to evolution?

EvolutionMutations.notebook

1

May 13, 2011

Apr 27­10:03 AM

Aim: What factors contribute to evolution?

Do Now:  What is the explanation for this fruit?               Is it evolved?

HomeworkComplete the reading &questions on HIV mutation & Evolution

4/27/10

Take out Fact/ Inference Worksheet

Bird beak Lab Quiz Friday

8

Apr 27­10:05 AM

Mutations are random.Not all mutations matter to evolution.

Somatic mutations  occur in non­reproductive cells and won’t be passed onto offspring.

For example, the golden color on half of this Red Delicious apple was caused by a somatic mutation. The seeds of this apple do not carry the mutation.

Apr 27­10:14 AM

The only mutations that matter to large­scale evolution are those that can be passed on to offspring.

 These occur in reproductive cells like eggs and sperm    and are called germ line mutations 

Mutations & Evolution

A single germ line mutation can have a range of effects:• No change occurs in phenotype

• Small change occurs in phenotype Example­1 small change can cause a cats ear to curl backwards

• Big change occurs in phenotype.Example­ DDT resistance in insects are sometimes caused by single mutations

Apr 28­10:34 AM

Aim:  What are some other factors that effect evolution?

Do Now:  Why is it so difficult to develop a vaccine for HIV

Apr 28­11:34 AM

LE5 4/28/10

Apr 28­6:31 AM

Factors that Influence Evolution

• Descent  and the genetic differences that are heritable and      passed on to the next generation

• Mechanisms of change : Mutation, migration (gene flow), genetic drift, and natural selection

• The importance of genetic variation  

• The random nature of genetic drift  and the effects of a reduction in genetic variation

• How variation, differential reproduction, and heredity result in evolution by natural selection 

• Coevolution: How different species can affect each other’s evolution 

Page 2: EvolutionMutations.notebook May 13, 2011verderbz.com/files/Evolution_Factors.pdfEvolutionMutations.notebook 1 May 13, 2011 Apr 27 10:03 AM Aim: What factors contribute to evolution?

EvolutionMutations.notebook

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May 13, 2011

Apr 28­7:04 AM

Descent with ModificationEvolution only occurs when there is a change in gene frequency within a population  over time. 

These genetic differences are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation—          which is what really matters in evolution: long term change

Several generation Later.....

What happened to the beetles?

*Environmental changes

Apr 27­11:47 AM

Gene FlowGene flow—also called migration—is any movement of genes from one population  to another. 

Lower rate of gene flow:Corn, which is wind­pollinated, may be unlikely to fertilize individuals more than 50 feet away

Higher rate of gene flow:However, other organisms are able to distribute their genes much further. For example, fruit flies released in Death Valley were recaptured almost 15 kilometers away from the site of release

• It can introduce or reintroduce genes  to a population, increasing the genetic variation  of that population

• By moving genes around, it can make distant populations genetically similar to one another,   reducing the chance of speciation. • The less gene flow between two populations, the more likely that two populations    will evolve into two species 

Apr 28­6:50 AM

Genetic DriftDefinition• In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendents  than other individuals• The genes of the next generation will be the genes of the “lucky” individuals,    not necessarily the healthier or “better” individuals. 

Apr 28­6:54 AM

CoevolutionDefinition•  Cases where two (or more) species   affect each other’s evolution

Example:  an evolutionary change in the morphology  of a plant, might affect the                 morphology of an herbivore that eats the plant,                 which in turn might affect the evolution of the plant,                 which might affect the evolution of the herbivore...and so on.

Likely to happen when different species have close ecological interactions with one another:

• Predator/prey and parasite/host • Competitive species• Mutualistic species

Apr 28­6:59 AM

CoevolutionSome Central American Acacia species have hollow thorns and pores at the bases of their leaves that secrete nectar. These hollow thorns are the exclusive nest­site of some species of ant that drink the nectar. But the ants are not just taking advantage of the plant—they also defend their acacia plant against herbivores. 

The plants would not have evolved hollow thorns or nectar pores unless their evolution had been affected by the ants, and the ants would not have evolved herbivore defense behaviors  unless their evolution had been affected by the plant

Apr 29­9:33 AM

Aim:  What is the other evidence for evolution?

Do Now:  What are the difficulties in developing an HIV vaccine?

Homework:  

Read the Beaks of Finches Lab for tonight!

Text: Read pp.382­385 p. 385 2,3

Barron's Regents Review $7.99Red

44/29/10LE3

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May 13, 2011

Apr 29­10:06 AM Apr 29­11:12 AM

Beaks That Were Number of Beak Types

Characteristics of Beaks(Size & Shape)

Present at the bebinning of Activity

Successful at feeding in round 1­ small seeds, no need to migrate

Not Successful at feeding in Round 1­ fed on sml seeds, had to migrate

Successful at feeding at Round 2 on original island­ small seeds

Successful at feeding in round 2 on new island­ large seeds

Not successful at feeding in Round 2 on either island­ species dies out

Successful at feeding in Round 3 on original island­ small seeds

Sucessful at feeding in Round 3

Successful at feeding in Round 3 on new island­ large seeds

Not Successful at feeding in Round 3 on either island

Beaks Of Finches Class Results

Apr 30­11:10 AM

Aim:  What is the other evidence of Evolution?

Do Now:  Do your bodies contain an organ that you rarely or never use?                 What is it?  Why do we have it?

Apr 29­9:39 AM

Other Evidence for Evolution

Evolutionary theory predicts that related organisms will share similarities that are derived from common ancestors. 

Homologous Structures­ Similar characteristics due to relatedness.                                        Several ways to look at homologous structures:                                       1. by comparing the anatomies of different living things,                                        2. looking at cellular similarities and differences,                                        3. studying embryological development,                                        4. studying vestigial (Unused) structures within individual organisms. 

Each leaf has a very different shape and function, yet all are homologous structures, derived from a common ancestral form. The pitcher plant and Venus' flytrap use leaves to trap and digest insects. The bright red leaves of the poinsettia look like flower petals. The cactus leaves are modified into small spines which  reduce water loss and can protect the cactus from herbivory. 

 vestigial organ is any part of an organism that has diminished in size during its evolution                   because the function it served decreased in importance or became totally unnecessary. 

Apr 30­11:03 AM

Each leaf has a very different shape and function, yet all are homologous structures, derived from a common ancestral form. The pitcher plant and Venus' flytrap use leaves to trap and digest insects. The bright red leaves of the poinsettia look like flower petals. The cactus leaves are modified into small spines which  reduce water loss and can protect the cactus from herbivory. 

What do you notice about the leaves of these plants?

Apr 30­11:05 AM

Another example of homology is the forelimb of tetrapods (vertebrates with legs). 

All Share same three bones: Radius, Ulna & humurus, Also seen in extinct species, Eustenopteron

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May 13, 2011

Apr 30­11:09 AM

Hoatzin chicks have claws on their wings, as do some chickens and ostriches. This reflects the fact that bird ancestors had clawed hands

May 3­9:18 AM

Aim:  How fast does evolution take place?

Do Now:  What are some important factors in determining how fast evolution                    occurs?

Homework­All assignments  Due Friday 5/7 Take Home Evolution QuizVocabulary:Population genetics, Hardy­ Weinberg Principle, Gene flow, 

                        Nonrandom mating, genetic drift,  Species, speciation, isolation,                         subspecies, Extinction2. Read pp.399­401,  404­406, 411­ 4143. P.403 # 1,34. P.409 # 2,3,55. P. 414 # 2,3, 6

LE3 5/3/10Discussion on Oil spill/ impact on populations/Human impact on EnvironmentGlobal warming???

May 3­9:18 AM

Aim:  How fast does evolution take place?

Do Now:  What are some important factors in determining how fast evolution                    occurs?

Homework­All assignments  Due Friday 5/71. Take Home Evolution Quiz2. Vocabulary:Population genetics, Hardy­ Weinberg Principle, Gene flow,                         Nonrandom mating, genetic drift,  Species, speciation, isolation,                         subspecies, Extinction2. Read pp.399­401,  404­406, 411­ 4143. P.403 # 1,34. P.409 # 2,3,55. P. 414 # 2,3, 6

May 3­8:32 AM

Darwin realized in 1835 that all the finch species arose from one ancestral form that had adapted to a variety of feeding conditions.

Adaptive radiation- in which one species diversifies into many to exploit a wide range of habitats.

May 3­8:35 AM

Aim: How fast Does Evolution Take Place?

Two models explain the speed of Evolution

a. Gradualism­ describes evolution as a slow, ongoing process (Darwin, 1835)

b. Punctuated Equilibrium­ says that gene mutation can result in a new species                                               in a relatively short period of time leaving few fossils                                             ( Stephen Jay Gould, 1972)

LE3 5/4/2010Copy Now

May 3­8:37 AM

Stasis: A population of mollusks is experiencing stasis: living, dying, and getting fossilized every few hundred thousand years. Little observable evolution seems to be occurring judging from these fossils. 

Isolation: A drop in sea level forms a lake and isolates a small number of mollusks from the rest of the population. 

Strong selection and rapid change: The small, isolated population experiences strong selection                             and rapid change because of the novel environment and small population size

What do you think happens to the snail gene pools in both populations?

Speciation is more likely at the edge of a population­ a small group can easily become separated geographically from the main body ­ undergo changes that can create a survival advantage­ produces a new, non­interbreeding species. 

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May 13, 2011

May 3­9:07 AM

Variations & AdaptationsVariation­ an inherited trait that makes an individual different from                   other members of the species.

Adaptations­ any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment

http://www.uen.org/utahlink/activities/view_activity.cgi?activity_id=4750

May 3­9:09 AM

May 3­9:10 AM May 3­9:13 AM

May 3­9:14 AM May 3­9:14 AM

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May 13, 2011

May 3­9:14 AM May 3­9:15 AM

May 4­11:38 AM