May 12th, 2009

Obj: The 1960’s brought about new changes both domestically and globally. The US will be brought to the brink of nuclear war, the outer edges of space, and to a new “elevation” with the counter culture.

HW:

Which group was the main target of the Palmer Raids of 1919–1920 and the McCarthy hearings of the 1950s?(1) nativists (3) communists(2) industrialists (4) immigrants

Which pair of events shows a correct cause-and effect relationship?(1) secession of South Carolina → election of Abraham Lincoln(2) United States enters the Spanish-American War → sinking of the

USS Maine(3) passage of the Meat Inspection Act → publication of The Jungle(4) Soviets launch Sputnik→ United States lands astronauts on the

Moon

The SixtiesThe end of innocence

How can Presidents, through their leadership and actions, shape the direction of the nation and

society?Playing: The Beatles-Revolution 1, off The

White Album, 1968

Why did JFK win the 1960 election?

• Popular Vote (Electoral) – Popular Vote (Electoral) – • Kennedy - 49.7% (303)Kennedy - 49.7% (303)• Nixon - 49.5% (219)Nixon - 49.5% (219)

• Less than 120,000 votes differenceLess than 120,000 votes difference

I. The New FrontierA. The Election of 1960: Sept. 1960-70 million tune in to the 1st

televised Presidential debate- why is this significant?

first real opportunity for voters to see their candidates in competition

JFK won the election, but only by a popular margin of about 120,000

JFK’s new plan for US “New Frontier”

B. The New Frontier in Action: JFK lacked a mandate-what does that mean? 3 Major Goals of the New Frontier :1.Promote a better sense of economics-

a. tax cuts (didn’t happen), more fed spending

2.emphasis on social welfare programs 3.Cold War policies & the space program 4.Civil Rights- his adm. saw no major civil

rights legislation. It was actually brother Robert Kennedy, JFK's attorney general, who was committed to civil rights.

C. The Space Program USSR 1957- Sputnik 1961- cosmonaut into

space US: 1958-created NASA JFK pushes for a space program; goal to have a

man on the moon by the end of the 1960’s.D. Foreign Policy Programs: Peace Corps- Volunteers go into developing nations training

people in education, tech, & health issues Was originally used to offset the spread of

communism

Alliance for Progress- Goal: improve relations w/ Latin

America, stop the spread of communism & pledge $20 Billion to help the region

II. Foreign PolicyA. Cuban Dilemma- Fidel Castro 1) 1961--permitted American trained Cuban exiles

to invade Castro's Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. The invasion was crushed. US embarrassed!

2) 1962--Cuban Missile Crisis• Soviets & Cuba agree to build a base w/ nukes

aimed at the US• JFK orders a naval blockade• USSR back down, and shows that the US will

not tolerate a Soviet presence in the Western Hemisphere

Cuban Missile October 14th -28th

Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962

B. Berlin- “Ich bin ein Berliner” Berlin Wall built in 8/1961 to halt Easterners from fleeing to

West Berlin

II. Legacy of JFK

A. What could have been… November 22nd, 1963- Dallas, JFK killed by

what was believed to be a lone assassin- Lee Harvey Oswald

Conspiracy theories??? Leads to the mythology of JFK’s adm &

persona JFK cold war politics will haunt LBJ’s adm.

& lead to the build up of “advisors” in Vietnam

TRAGEDY IN DALLAS

JFK SHOT TO DEATH

As the motorcade approached the Texas Book Depository, shots rang out

JFK was shot in the neck and then the head

His car was rushed to a nearby hospital where doctors frantically tried to revive him

President Kennedy was dead (11/22/63)

Lee Harvey Oswald Charged; Shot To Death A 24-year-old Marine

with a suspicious past left a palm print on the rifle used to kill JFK

He was charged and as a national television audience watched his transfer from one jail to another, nightclub owner Jack Ruby broke through the crowd and shot Oswald to death

Jack Ruby, right, shoots Oswald, center, to death 11/24/63

Jim Leavelle is handcuffed to Oswald

The Johnson Administration Objective: LBJ envisioned a

“Great Society” to end poverty, promote equality, improve education, rejuvenate cities and protect the environment. Nationally, he obtained passage of one of the most extensive legislative programs in the nation’s history. Globally, he sought collective security and carried on the rapidly growing struggle to restrain Communism in Vietnam.

III. The Almost Great Society

A. LBJ 1963-1969 (D)

Promoted antipoverty programs & Civil Rights laws thru the Great Society

B. The Great Society: Policy for ending poverty & racial

injustices & to promote a better quality of life for all

(1) War on Poverty Economic Opportunity Act- approves

$ 1 billion for anti-poverty measures & job training• VISTA-Domestic Peace Corps, aid to

poor citizens in impoverished areas

• Project Head Start-Edu for preschoolers in low income areas

• Job Corps-vocational training for hs dropouts

(2) Education EL Edu/Secondary Edu Act 1965- $1 billion in

aid to schools, esp. low income are schools (schools had to be integrated)

(3) Healthcare Medicare- Amendment to Social Security Act Health insurance & some health care for

those over 65 yrs. Medicaid- Provides states w/ funds to help

needy (those who are not covered by Medicare)

(4) Housing Dept. of Housing & Urban Development-

(Presidential Cabinet Position) Fed’l efforts to improve housing & provide aid to

cities (5) Civil Rights Civil Rights Act 1964: banned discrimination based

on gender, race, religion, etc. public facilities 24th Amendment-ends poll tax Voting Rights Act 1965-end literacy test & feds can

monitor voter registration Immigration Act 1965- ends national origins quotas

that were est. in 1924

IV. The Warren Court

How did the SC reflect the wave of liberal reform that characterized the Great Society?

SC lead by liberal Chief Justice Earl Warren 1953-1969

Warren Court est. protection of the accused & protection of civil liberties

Warren Court est. protection of the accused & protection of civil liberties; JUDICIAL ACTIVISM

In Mapp v. Ohio (1961) the Supreme Court ruled that illegally seized evidence could not be used in court

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) a person who could not afford an attorney has the right to a state appointed lawyer

In Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) ruled that the accused has the right to have an attorney present when questioned by police

In Miranda v. Arizona (1966) ruled that all suspects must be read their rights before questioning

Roe v. Wade (1973)* struck down state laws that prohibited abortion based on the “right to privacy”• * Not a Warren Court decision

What was the impact of the Great Society?

LBJ may have been remember as a extraordinary Pres…..

"If only it hadn't been for Vietnam..."

The Great Society and the Warren Court changed the United States

No president in Post-WWII era extended the power and reach of the federal government more than LBJ

The War on Poverty helped, the Civil Rights initiative made a difference and the massive tax cuts spurred the economy