may 08, 2014 · count alessandro volta. 3current electricity.notebook 5 may 08, 2014 dutch &...
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Current Electricity
Why does water flow downhill?
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Khujut Rabu
National Museum of Iraq
1936
Wilhelm Konig
(about $7)
1798
17451827
Where did we get the battery?
Voltaic Pile
Count Alessandro Volta
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Dutch & Germans
1744
Before batteries, electricity was hardly worth it.
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1Acid will attack the zinc, and
dissolve it; zinc ion enters the solution, leaving behind two electrons.
2Electrolyte momentarily becomes positively
charged.
3Electrons are pulled off of the
carbon electrode.
A battery can sustain a voltage across its terminals independently through the use of chemistry.
Chemistry to the rescue!
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Cathode vs Anode Confusion
From your Chemistry class: Anode
+ Cathode
Most physics books (who dare):
dictonary.com
wiktionary.org
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Conventional Currentidea that positive charges flow
(Ben Franklin)
Electron Flowidea that negative charges flow
(modern)
Direct Currentcharges only flow in one direction
charges never turn around
Alternating CurrentCharges vibrate and are not actually displaced
V V
t
t
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http://www.energizer.com/learningcenter/pages/howbatterieswork.aspx
Significance of a battery:it is a self sustaining voltage source
The modern battery is a beautiful thing!
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Closed Circuitunbroken
conducting path from anode to
cathode
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Georg Simon Ohm 1789 – 1854) German
Resistancesignificant restriction on charge flow
Ohm's LawV = I R
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Currentrate of flow of charge
AndréMarie Ampère 1775 – 1836French
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2. A CD ROM drive in a laptop computer uses a current of 0.27 A in one minute. How many electrons pass through the device?
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3. A toaster has a resistance of 14 Ω and is plugged into a 120-V outlet. What is the current in the toaster?
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6. A battery charger is connected to a dead battery and delivers a current of 6.0 A for 5.0 hours, keeping the voltage across the battery terminals at 12V in the process. How much energy is delivered to the battery?
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8. The resistance of a bagel toaster is 14Ω. To prepare a bagel, the toaster is operated for one minute from a 120-V outlet. How much energy is delivered to the toaster?
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Electromotive Forcevoltage across the terminals of a battery when it is NOT connected
to a circuit
Terminal Voltagetrue, actual voltage of a batteryespecially when it is connected
in a circuit
Terminal Electromotive Internal VoltageVoltage Force Losses=
V = - i r
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Resistance and Resistivity
R = ρ LA
(on formula sheet)
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11. A coil of wire has resistance of 38.0 Ω at 25 and 43.7 Ω at 55 . What is the temperature coefficient of resistivity?
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Electric Power
(on formula sheet)
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Electric PowerSubstituting V = IR into P = IV:
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Series Wiring Series wiring means that the devices are connected in such a waythat there is the same electric current through each device.
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Parallel wiring means that the devices are connected in such a way that the same voltage is applied across each device.
Parallel Wiring
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The two parallel pipe sections are equivalent to a single pipe of thesame length and same total cross sectional area.
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Basic Circuit Analysis (Packet Pg 1)
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Packet Pg 13
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Gustav Kirchhoff18241887German
What if the circuits are more complicated?
I have ways to make stubborn circuits behave!
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Kirchhoff's Loop Theorem(aka Conservation of Energy)
Ʃ V = 0The sum of all the voltages around a closed loop is zero.
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Kirchhoff's JunctionTheorem(aka Conservation of Charge)
What flows into a junction must flow out of the junction.
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Packet Pg 13
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Signs on Voltages with Kirchhoff's Loop Rule
Battery Resistor
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Packet Pg 20
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Capacitors in a Circuit
V = 20.0 VoltsC = 8.00 mF
After the circuit comes to a steady state, how much charge is stored on the capacitor?
Steady StateCapacitor(s) are "full"
ΔV across capacitor(s) balances ΔV across battery
Hint: Q = CV
Q = (8.00x103 C/V) (20.0 V) Q = 0.160 C
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Capacitors in ParallelV = 20.0 VoltsC1 = 8.00 mFC2 = 10.0 mF
After the circuit comes to a steady state, how much charge is stored on each capacitor?
Hint: Q = CV
Q1 = 0.160 CQ2 = 0.200 C
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Capacitors in ParallelV = 20.0 VoltsC1 = 8.00 mFC2 = 10.0 mF
Q1 = 0.160 CQ2 = 0.200 C
Notice something: Q1 + Q2 = 0.360 C
which is the same as (C1 + C2) V (18.0x103)(20.0) = 0.360C
Equivalent Capacitance of Capacitors in ParallelCp = C1 + C2 + C3 + ...
(on formula sheet)
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Capacitors in ParallelV = 20.0 VoltsC1 = 8.00 mFC2 = 10.0 mF
After the circuit comes to a steady state, how much charge is stored on each capacitor?
Hint: Q = CV
Q1 = 0.160 CQ2 = 0.200 C
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Capacitors in ParallelV = 20.0 VoltsC1 = 8.00 mFC2 = 10.0 mF
Q1 = 0.160 CQ2 = 0.200 C
Notice something: Q1 + Q2 = 0.360 C
which is the same as (C1 + C2) V (18.0x103)(20.0) = 0.360C
Equivalent Capacitance of Capacitors in ParallelCp = C1 + C2 + C3 + ...
(on formula sheet)
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Capacitors in Series
...
All capacitors in series, regardless of their capacitances, contain charges of the same magnitude, +q and q, on their plates.
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Resistor Capacitor Circuits
Capacitor Charging:
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Capacitor Discharging:
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