maxbridge bs 33 user guide rev 3.0 eng
DESCRIPTION
MAXBridge BS 33TRANSCRIPT
Rev 3.0: Applies to Software Rel. 3.3
UNIDATA MAXBridge BS 33
User Guide
© 2011 UNIDATA
This document contains information that is proprietary to UNIDATA Ltd. No part of this document maybe reproduced, published without prior written permission of UNIDATA.The MAXBridge name is a registered trademark of UNIDATA Ltd.
Information in this document is believed to be accurate. However, UNIDATA has not responsibility forany flaws, omissions or other errors. Any representation concerning performance of MAXBridge BS 33product is for informational purpose only and is not warranty. UNIDATA may make changes in equipment hardware, software, specifications without prior notice.
MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide
© 2011 UNIDATA
3Contents
© 2011 UNIDATA
Table of Contents
............................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction
............................................................................................................................................... 9 2. System overview
............................................................................................................................................... 11 3. Package contents
............................................................................................................................................... 13 4. Hardware installation
...................................................................................................................................... 134.1 Mounting device and external antenna
...................................................................................................................................... 134.2 Lightning protection and grounding
...................................................................................................................................... 134.3 Environmental conditions
............................................................................................................................................... 15 5. Getting started
............................................................................................................................................... 20 6. Web managing interface
...................................................................................................................................... 206.1 Accessing the Web Interface
................................................................................................................... 22 6.1.1 Main View
................................................................................................................... 22 6.1.2 User Menu
................................................................................................................... 22 6.1.3 System Descripton
................................................................................................................... 23 6.1.4 Refresh Timeout Bar
...................................................................................................................................... 206.2 Status & Alarms
...................................................................................................................................... 206.3 System Tools
...................................................................................................................................... 206.4 Admin Setup
...................................................................................................................................... 206.5 Management Setup
................................................................................................................... 30 6.5.1 Interface Setup
................................................................................................................... 32 6.5.2 SNMP Setup
...................................................................................................................................... 206.6 Configuration Files
...................................................................................................................................... 206.7 System Log
...................................................................................................................................... 206.8 Device Features
...................................................................................................................................... 206.9 Radio Parameters
................................................................................................................... 39 6.9.1 Parameter list
...................................................................................................................................... 206.10 Cell Setup
...................................................................................................................................... 206.11 BW & Scheduler Setup
...................................................................................................................................... 206.12 User Stats
................................................................................................................... 50 6.12.1 Basic View Stats
................................................................................................................... 52 6.12.2 Detailed View Stats
................................................................................................................... 53 6.12.3 Data Services
................................................................................................................... 54 6.12.4 User Capabilities
...................................................................................................................................... 206.13 BW Stats
................................................................................................................... 55 6.13.1 Basic Cell Stats
................................................................................................................... 56 6.13.2 Basic Service Stats
................................................................................................................... 57 6.13.3 Detailed Cell Stats
................................................................................................................... 58 6.13.4 Detailed Service Stats
...................................................................................................................................... 206.14 User Net Status
...................................................................................................................................... 206.15 Spectrum
MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide
...................................................................................................................................... 206.16 User Summary
................................................................................................................... 62 6.16.1 Summary tab
................................................................................................................... 62 6.16.2 Detail User Summary
...................................................................................................................................... 206.17 Provisioning System
................................................................................................................... 63 6.17.1 Theory of Operation
................................................................................................................... 70 6.17.2 User and Group Provisioning
................................................................................................................ 72 6.17.2.1 Adding new user
................................................................................................................ 73 6.17.2.2 Adding a new group of users
................................................................................................................ 75 6.17.2.3 Editing user / group
................................................................................................................... 76 6.17.3 Service Flow provisioning
................................................................................................................ 76 6.17.3.1 Service Setup
................................................................................................................ 80 6.17.3.2 Classifier desctiption
................................................................................................................... 85 6.17.4 Network provisioning
...................................................................................................................................... 206.18 Certification Authority
...................................................................................................................................... 206.19 Network Setup
................................................................................................................... 96 6.19.1 Interfaces setup
................................................................................................................... 97 6.19.2 Routes setup
................................................................................................................... 97 6.19.3 Name Resolution
...................................................................................................................................... 206.20 Bridging Setup
...................................................................................................................................... 206.21 VLAN Setup
...................................................................................................................................... 206.22 Network Tools
............................................................................................................................................... 103 7. Command Line Interface
...................................................................................................................................... 1037.1 Accessing the CLI Interface
...................................................................................................................................... 1037.2 Menu description
............................................................................................................................................... 114 8. Appendix A
...................................................................................................................................... 1148.1 VLAN models
...................................................................................................................................... 1148.2 VLAN configurations
................................................................................................................... 119 8.2.1 Transparent VLAN with Native Management
................................................................................................................... 120 8.2.2 Transparent VLAN with Management VLAN
................................................................................................................... 122 8.2.3 BS PVID with Management VLAN
................................................................................................................... 129 8.2.4 BS VLAN ACCESS with Management VLAN
............................................................................................................................................... 137 9. Appendix B
............................................................................................................................................... 143 10. Appendix C
5MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Introduction
© 2011 UNIDATA
1 Introduction
Revison history: MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide
Rev. Date Author Description
1.4 09.07.2009 Vasilyev V. s/w Release 2.0
1.5 02.10.2009 Safonenko A. s/w Rel 3.0
1.8 30.04.2010 Safonenko A. s/w Rel 3.1
2.1 10.06.2010 Safonenko A. s/w Rel 3.3.7771
3.0 10.02.2011 Vasilyev V.
Lavee P.
s/w Rel 3.3M2 (3.3.8245)
6MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Introduction
© 2011 UNIDATA
Glossary
AFSAFSARQBEBPSKBSBWBWACICINRCLICPCPECSDESDHCPDLFTPHTTPHTTPSIEEEIPISMIP66LANLEDMACMANMSTRMRTRNATNearLOSNTPOFDMPKMPOEQAMQoSQPSKRSSIRTPSRTTSNRSNMPSSHSSL
Advanced Encryption StandardAutomatic Frequency channel SelectionAutomatic Repeat reQuestBest EffortBinary Phase Shift KeyBase StationBandwidthBroadband Wireless AccessConnection IdentifierCarrier to Interference and Noise RatioCommand-Line interfaceCyclic prefixCostumer Premise EquipmentConvergence SublayerData Encryption Standard
Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolDownLinkFile Transfer ProtocolHyperText Transfer Protocol HyperText Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket LayerInstitute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersInternet ProtocolIndustrial, Scientific and Medical bandInternational Protection RatingLocal Area NetworkLight-Emitting DiodeMedium Access ControlMetropolitan Area NetworksMaximum Sustained Traffic RateMinimum Reserved Traffic RateNetwork Address TranslationNear Line of SightNetwork Time ProtocolOrthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingPrivacy Key ManagementPower Over EthernetQuadrature Amplitude ModulationQuality Of ServiceQuadrature PSKReceived Signal Strength IndicationReal Time Polling ServiceRound-Trip TimeSignal to Noise RatioSimple Network Management ProtocolSecure Shell
7MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Introduction
© 2011 UNIDATA
SOHOSMESWTOSTDDTDMATCPTPCTFTPUDPUGSULVLANWiMAXXMLXML- RPC
Secure Socket LayerSmall and Home OfficesSmall and Medium Enterprises SoftwareType of ServiceTime Division DuplexTime Division Multiple AccessTransmission Control Protocol Transmit Power ControlTrivial File Transfer ProtocolUser Datagram Protocol Unsolicited Grant ServiceUpLinkVirtual LANWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessEXtensible Markup LanguageXML Remote Procedure Call
8MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Introduction
© 2011 UNIDATA
The MAXBridge BS 33 is a carrier class Fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) system that
operates in the 3.3 GHz band. It complies with the WiMAX IEEE 802.16-2009 standard.
The MAXBridge is a TDMA point-to-multipoint platform:
it delivers high throughput, long range and excellent link quality;
it utilizes OFDM technology and provides near LOS capabilities;
it can provide different Quality of Service (QoS) levels in terms of desired throughput, latency and
jitter to various traffic streams - data, voice, video and others;
it is made up of a fully featured fixed WiMAX Base station and outdoor low cost CPE - the ideal
economical solution for a high performance fixed Broadband Wireless Access network.
The MAXBridge is “last mile” solution, that provides long-range carrier class fixed Broadband Wireless
Access to Small and Medium Enterprises (SME), Small and Home Offices (SOHO) and individual
Residential users in urban, suburb and rural regions. MAXBridge is also a superior corporate broadband
wireless network solution across a large geographic region for business enterprises and campuses,
industrial complexes as well as corporate and municipal video surveillance.
The key benefits of the MAXBridge WiMAX fixed BWA network are:
high throughput as a result of high spectral efficiency of WiMAX equipment;
long communication range due to a high radio link budget;
stable connection in near Line-Of-Sight due to resistance of OFDM radio signal to multipath
propagation;
large number of simultaneous servicing by one Base Station CPEs with a high-quality connection as
result of utilization of an efficient TDMA multiple access protocol;
great performance and resistance to high level radio interference due to use of an adaptive
modulation according to link state information, measured Carrier to Interference + Noise Ratio
(CINR) and error-correction ARQ and FEC techniques.
9MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Introduction
© 2011 UNIDATA
2 System overview
The MAXBridge BS 33 is outdoor Base Station for fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) in the
3300-3500 MHz frequency bands. It delivers up to 20 Mbps (uplink + downlink) throughput in the 7
MHz channel bandwidth in multipoint topology to over 100 CPE at 15 km LOS distance. Maximum
communication range in LOS conditions at a speed of 1 Mbps is 30 km.
The MAХBridge BS 33 has bridging and routing mode. The unit supports Quality of Service (QoS )
capability with required throughput (Minimum Reserved and Maximum Sustained Traffic Rate),
maximum latency (network delay) and tolerated jitter (delay variation) for data, voice, video traffic
streams, traffic for particular network devices, computers, ports and group of users.
The unit has IP66 protection level, can be installed outdoors and operates at -45 to +55 C. The unit is
powered via PoE. The unit has N-type connector to connect external sector or omni directional
antenna and 10/100 Base T interface for connection to network switch or router.
10MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide System overview
© 2011 UNIDATA
MAXBridge BS 33 specifications
Radio
Standards EN 302 326, IEEE 802.16-2009 (Fixed WiMAX)
Chipset Wavesat DM256
Frequency Range 3300-3500 MHz
Radio Signal OFDM 256 FFT
Duplex Technique TDD
Multiple Access Method TDMA
Transmit Tx Output Power , max 20 dBm @ 64QAM 3/4
Channel Size (BW) 3.5, 7 MHz
Transmit Spectral Mask EN 302 326-2 (EqC-PET=O, EqC-EMO=6)
Max Receiver Sensitivity, dBm BW=7 MHz BW= 3.5MHz
64-QAM ¾ -74.0 -77.0
64-QAM 2/3 -75.0 -79.0
16-QAM ¾ -80.0 83.0
16-QAM ½ -83.5 86.5
QPSK ¾ -86.5 -89.5
QPSK ½ -90.0 -93.0
BPSK ½ -92.0 -95.0
Receiver SNR 21dB @ 64QAM ¾ , 3dB @ BPSK ½
Supported Frame Lengths 2.5, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12.5 & 20 ms
Supported Cyclic Prefix Lengths ¼ , 1/8, 1/16, 1/32
ARQ Yes, per Service Flow, Optional
Antenna External, N-type connector
Networking and Management
Limitation of served CPE q-ty,max*
Pico Pico+
30 unlimited
Throughput (Raw/Effective) 21/19 Mbps @ BW=7 МHz
Network Interface 10/100 Base-T
Bridge Functionality Yes, MTU up to 1600
Routing Static, NAT functionality
Supported QoS BE, rtPS, nrtPS, UGS
Convergent Sublayers IEEE Std 802.3/Ethernet, 802.1Q-1998(VLAN);IP over Std 802.3/Ethernet, 802.1Q-1998,
Service differentiation MAC source/destination/mask,VLAN ID, IP TOS address/mask, source/destination,
11MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide System overview
© 2011 UNIDATA
TCP, UDP protocol number, source/destin.,Port range
Management Web, CLI
Remote Management, Upgrade SNMP, XML-RPC by NMS
Security IEEE 802.16-2004-Cor1
Regulation
EMC EN 301 489
Safety IEC 60950-1
Power / Environment
Power Consumption Max 20W
Operating Temperature Indoor (PoE injector): 0° C to 40° C,Outdoor: -45° C to 55° C
Input Voltage 48 V DC PoE / 220 VAC (802.3af+ compliant)
Size, Weight 235x 235 x60 mm, 3 Kg
* Features upgrade procedure from BS 33 Pico to BS 33 Pico+ can be done remotely
3 Package contents
The MAXBridge BS 33 includes the following items:
metallic outdoor enclosure with PG-18 Ethernet gland, RJ-45 connector, N-type connector for connectexternal antenna (Figure 3.1);
mounting kit with the required screwing elements;
AC/DC power supply PoE adapter 48 VDC/ 220 V AC ( Figure 3.1).
Figure 3.1 MAXBridge BS 33 Figure 3.2 Power supply PoE 48V DC / 220V AC
12MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Package contents
© 2011 UNIDATA
Figure 3.3 Mount Kit
The PoE 48 VA for BS 33 pinouts is described in Table 3.1 Table 3.1 PoE pinouts
№ сontact RJ-45 RJ-45 (data + power)
1 Ethernet (TXp)
2 Ethernet (TXn)
3 Ethernet (RXp)
4 Power (V+)
5 Power(V+)
6 Ethernet (RXn)
7 Power (V-)
8 Power(V-)
13MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Hardware installation
© 2011 UNIDATA
4 Hardware installation
The MAXBridge BS 33 unit is designed for an outdoor application (IP66 compliant) and must be mounted
outdoors on a mast, pole on a tower or a building. Supplied mounting kit is used to secure the outdoor unit.
4.1 Mounting device and external antenna
During outdoor unit installation on a pole unit should be oriented so, that the cable connectors are at the
bottom. If they are on top, water may penetrate into the unit causing damage.
Ethernet cable that connects PoE and outdoor enclosure should be suitable for outdoors environments and
should not be longer than 91 meters. It is recommended to use the CAT-5e 24AWG shielded/outdoor class
cable. A cable gland on the outdoor enclosure side provides hermetic sealing.
A PoE unit operates indoor and requires a power source with 100-240 VAC / 50-60 Hz. PoE unit has two
RJ45 connectors:
OUT: it supplies power and data to the outdoor unit;
IN: it is the data input to the unit. It can be connected to user’s switch, router, etc.
The MAXBridge BS 33 must be used with an external sector or omni antenna. The antenna can be
mounted on a pole, mast and must be connected to N-type connector of outdoor enclosure (Figure 3.1;3.4)
by LMR400/Belden 9913 or similar low lost coax cable. Coax cable length should not be longer than 2 m.
Ensure that there are no obstructions on a building roof, tower in region around direction of the antenna
beam.
NOTE
Be sure to apply a weatherproof silicone tape to all remote antenna and outdoor enclosure
connections. The antenna should be installed by experienced installation professionals. UNIDATA
and its resellers are not liable for injury, damage or violation of regulations associated with
installation of the outdoor units or antennas.
4.2 Lightning protection and grounding
The MAXBridge BS must be properly grounded and be protected against lightning.
For protection the system from damaging effect of lightning, coaxial cable, that connects the antenna and
the BS should be equipped by a Lightning Surge Arrestor (Protector). The lightning protector should be
placed next to the antenna N-type connector and properly grounded.
It is recommended, that the external antenna also should be grounded in dependence on the antenna type
via grounding connector or via a contact between the mount brackets and the grounded pole, must.
The MAXBridge BS features internal RJ-45 lightning protection circuits for data pairs (pins 1,2 & 3,6) 48
VA DC PoE.
Enclosure grounding connector (Figure 3.1, 3.4) must be connected to the ground point (external protective
ground conductor or to the grounded pole, mast) by a 10 AWG short copper wire.
For protection a network equipment (router, switch) from lightning induced currents an Ethernet Surge
14MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Hardware installation
© 2011 UNIDATA
Suppressor must be mounted at the building entry point and also must be grounded. This unit must be
mounted outside the building, located as near as possible to the entrance of the CAT-5e outdoor unit cable.
Grounding wire must be connected to the grounding rod or the building grounding system.
In case if the Ethernet Surge Suppressor at the building entry point is not used, outdoor unit cable shield
must be grounded. However, this shielding does not provide a good lightning discharge path, since it can
not tolerate the high lightning current surges.
NOTE
A pole can conduct high lightning strike energy into the unit. The poorly grounded unit can cause
the hardware failures from lightning induced currents.
4.3 Environmental conditions
The ambient outdoor operating temperature should be: -45 to 50°C
The unit has the internal temperature indicators, that show the internal hardware temperature in ºC.
A maximum allowed temperature, that is indicated on the system board and the radio module is:
MAXBridge BS 33 : + 63 ºC.
Under a normal environmental operating conditions hardware temperature does not exceed allowable
maximum limits .
Attention!
The unit can malfunction and be damaged as a result of overheating in a direct sunlight and an
extremely high ambient temperature above +50 ºC conditions. If the ambient temperature exceeds
+50 ºC,it is recommended to use the special cover (supplied optionally) to protect the unit from
direct sunlight.
Note.
To avoid hardware damage the MAXBridge BS 33 radio module automatically stops working and
appropriate message appears in the log file, when the hardware board temperature exceeds 63 ºC.
Note.
If the unit is powered off for some period of time in low (below 15-20 ºC) ambient temperature
conditions, it's start is not guaranteed.
15MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Getting started
© 2011 UNIDATA
5 Getting started
The MAXBridge BS 35 unit must be configured prior to deployment in a field. The unit has management
IP address (default value is 192.168.0.7/24). Detail description of default unit setting is shown in Appendix
C. The unit configuration can be made using a Web interface (through a HTTP/HTTP connection) and
using a Command Line Interface console (CLI, through a SSH connection). From these interfaces it is
possible to control all the aspects of the unit and the links. Both systems are described in Sections 6 and 7.
Access for unit configuring before the unit is mounted onto the pole.
1.Connect PoE and unit by patch cord cable.
2.Connect a computer to IN port PoE unit by using cross patch cord cable.
3.Power on the unit.
4.Be ensure that your computer IP address belongs unit management IP subnet.
5. Launch your Web Browser (i.e. Explorer or FireFox) and enter the unit management or IP address in the
address bar.
6. Press the Enter key. The login window appears.
7. In the Login window, enter your provided User name and Password.
Default User (administrator, operator ) name: wmax; Password: wmax.
User name wmax alows to operate as administrator (default administrator user name can be changed ).
8. The main page of the Web-based management opens, as displayed below ( Figure 5.1)
Figure 5.1 Web management main window
16MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Getting started
© 2011 UNIDATA
Prior deployment the following minimum required BS parameters must be assigned.
WiMAX/RADIO SETUP CONFIGURATION ( Figure 5.2).
Channel Frequency,
Frame Duration ( recommended value is 10 ms),
Channel Bandwidth ( recommended value is 7 MHz),
Cyclic Prefix: ( recommended value is ¼ ),
WiMAX RADIO STATUS CONFIGURATION ( Figure 5.2).
Tx Power is defined (recommended value for BS is 20 dBm.
Target RSSI - maximum received signal level at the BS from SS, dBm. Recommended value is -62
dBm ( default). It is used for Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC) of the SS units.
Figure 5.2 Setup radio parameters
The unit has default Service Flows configuration for default Provisioned Group of users (SS units).
Default Provisioned Group of SS units (Figure 5.3. Local AA/Provisioned Groups section) is included
the all SS units with any MAC address, that can be connected to BS with default Service Flows. Default
Service Flows configuration is shown in Fig. 5.4.
17MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Getting started
© 2011 UNIDATA
Figure 5.3 Default Provisioned Group of SS units
Figure 5.4 Default Service Flows
18MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Getting started
© 2011 UNIDATA
Default Uplink and Downlink SF configurations (Figure 5.4) defines:
CS Ethernet;
MSTR- 32000 Kbps;
UL QoS BE;
no priority;
ARQ -Off and other parameters with default value.
Before installation it is recommended to test units working configuration in office (laboratory). For this
purpose MAXBridge BS must be connected to one or few SS units via coaxial cable with attenuators.
Possible connection scheme of devices is shown in Figure 5.5. In these tests CPEs with N-type for an
external antenna should be used.
Figure 5.5 Connection scheme in lab testing
Attention!
A radio signal level RSSI above -35 dBm may damage units. For this reason attenuation between BS
and SS, must be not less then 80 dB. The RF splitter channel isolation must be above 20 dB and
total attenuation between SS must be not less then 60 dB.
Attention!
Devices may be powered on only after all coaxial cables are connected and all works with them are
completed. It is prohibited to work with cables when devices are powered on.
Unit testing can be carried out in office without using an coaxial cable and attenuators.
In this case to avoid hardware damage from high power radio signal:
the BS Tx power must be set to 0 dBm. After establishing a connection between BS and SS units, BS Tx
power may be increased to get proper RSSI level at SS devices.
all devices must work without external antennas.
all devices should be located at least 1 meters distance from each other.
If SS units are equipped with an integrated antenna minimum distance between the devices must be 3
meters.
19MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Getting started
© 2011 UNIDATA
NOTE
Test results in an office conditions can show wrong RSSI and CINR parameters values and poor
system throughput. It is explained, that fixed WiMAX equipment is not designed to work in an office
conditions (office multipath effect). To get proper laboratory testing results the equipment should
be tested with the coax cable and attenuators.
After establish a connection all connected SS and their radio parameters can be viewed on CPE Stats
page (menu User Stats) as is shown in Figure 5.6.
Figure 5.6 SS connection radio parameters
20MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Web managing interface
© 2011 UNIDATA
6 Web managing interface
The unit has the Web-based management tool for viewing and configuring a unit parameters and logged
traps. The web interface can be accessed remotely using any standard Web browser (e.g. Microsoft
Internet Explorer) from anywhere in the network. HTTP (port 80) is the default protocol, HTTPS (port
443) can be turned on for a more secure communication. Thus, no installation of any additional software
is required.
6.1 Accessing the Web Interface
To enter the web interface, just open a web browser and make an HTTP/HTTPS connection using the IP
address of the unit. The unit has management IP address (default value is 192.168.0.7/24). If everything
is correct, a login window will be shown, asking for user name and password. There are two possible
modes of authenticating: Installer and User administrator profiles.
INSTALLER profile has fewer privileges than the WIMAX USER administrator profile. It is intended to
be a reduced version of the complete web interface, including status information about the unit and about
the connected SS units, but only for monitoring purposes. The modification of any parameter is not
allowed for this profile. The web interface will present just a few subsections, as shown in Figure 6.1, and
it has been specially designed for CPE installers that need to know the radio status when pointing the
antenna to the unit.
The Installer login is performed with the following data:
user installer, password wmax.
After entering installer profile login name and password the home page of the Web-based management
opens, as displayed in Fig 6.1.
21MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Web managing interface
© 2011 UNIDATA
Figure 6.1 Web interface for Installer profile
User profile allows the user to operate as Administrator in the web Interface, so all the sections and
the configuration options will be enabled. The User login is performed with the following data:
user wmax, password wmax.
After entering User profile login name and password the home page of the Web-based management
opens, as displayed in Fig 6.2.
Figure 6.2 Web interface for User administrator profile
The web interface is divided in four different sections: a main section in the centre (Main View), a
selection menu in the left side (User Menu), an upper-right information bar (System Connection), and a
refresh control bar (Refresh bar), as shown in Figure 6.2.
22MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Web managing interface
© 2011 UNIDATA
6.1.1 Main View
The main section is called the Main View and it shows the contents the menu that has been selected from
the User Menu section. Some menus include too much information to be displayed in one unique screen,
so these sections will include a Tabs section (squared in red inside the Main View section) to select
different sections of the current menu.
6.1.2 User Menu
The User Menu is located in the left side of the page (squared in orange in Figure 6.2), and it offers a list
of all the available menus, allowing the user to jump into the different parts of the web interface. This
section is divided into different blocks:
SYSTEM
This block refers to the internal information and operation with the BS: status information, log, configuration
slots,etc. It contains the following sections: Status & Alarms, System Tools, Administration Setup,
Management Setup, Configuration Files and System Log.
WIMAX
This block refers to all the WiMAX aspects: radio link, cell parameters, traffic statistics, etc. It contains the
following sections: Radio Setup, Cell Setup, Bandwidth & Scheduler Setup, User Stats, Bandwidth Stats
, User Net Stats, Spectrum Analyzer and User Summary.
PROVISIONING
This block refers to the BS provisioning system, where the admitted SS units (CPE) units are defined and
the service flows and QoS options can be selected. It contains the sections Local AA and CA Certificates.
CONNECTIVITY
This block refers to the all networking possibilities: routing, bridging, multicast, DHCP, NAT etc. It
contains the following sections: Network Setup, Bridging Setup, VLAN Setup and Network Tools.
NOTE
The title of every these four blocks is followed by a + or – symbol (displayed on-mouse-over) which
may be used to collapse or expand the contained section labels.
6.1.3 System Descripton
This section, located in the upper-right side of the screen (squared in blue in Figure 6.2), provides some
status information about the unit, and is shown every time in the web interface (regardless the active menu).
The parameters are the following:
Equipment it shows unit’s commercial name (i.e. MAXBridge BS 33).
Version: it shows the software release number of the unit.
Name: it shows the alias of the unit, which may be defined in the Admin Setup section.
Location: it shows the location of the unit, which may be defined in the Admin Setup section.
23MAXBridge BS 33 User Guide Web managing interface
© 2011 UNIDATA
Type : it shows the type of the unit (BS, SS).
Status: it shows the system status (Running, Stopped, Scanning, etc.).
Stop/Start button: it stops the unit’s WiMAX driver when it is running, and starts it when it is stopped.
Profile : it shows the current user profile that is logged on.
6.1.4 Refresh Timeout Bar
Displayed web page is constantly automatically refreshed and shows updated information in every precise
moment. The default refreshing time is 5 seconds. This time can be configured using the Refresh Timeout
Bar, which will be located in the top or in the bottom of the screen. The sections where the Refresh
Timeout Bar is available are the following: Status and Alarms, System Log, User Stats and BW Stats.
Figure 6.2 shows this bar in a green-colored square.
NOTE
All along the web pages some help “tooltips” may be found. They are represented by the “[?]”
symbol, and they will display help information when the mouse pointer is located over them.
6.2 Status & Alarms
This section is the welcoming page of the unit when the web interface is opened, and shows important
information such as the system general status and some alarms ( Figure 6.3)
Figure 6.3 System Status & Alarms
The information is divided in five different subsections:
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SYSTEM INFO
Name: it shows the alias of the unit, which may be defined in the “Admin Setup” section.
Location: it shows the location of the unit, which may be defined in the “Admin Setup” section.
Version: it shows the software release of the unit.
Board info: it shows information about the board of the unit and about the current firmware version.
Equipment: it shows unit’s commercial name (i.e. MAXBridge BS 33).
Serial Number: it shows the unit serial number.
SYSTEM STATUS
Time/Date : it shows the current time and date. This value may be adjusted in Admin Setup.
Uptime: it shows the time of operation since the unit was powered on.
Memory Usage : it refers to the percentage of internal memory that is currently being used.
Traffic Memory usage : it refers to the percentage of packets that are queued in the internal memory.
Main Interface Link: it shows whether there is connectivity in the Ethernet interface or not.
Main Interface Mode : it shows the current operation mode of the Ethernet interface: speed (10 or 100
Mbps), negotiation (auto or forced), and transmission mode (full/half duplex). This mode can be set in the
Network Setup section. If the Main Interface Link parameter is set to No, the Main Interface Mode
shows BAD Value.
WIMAX STATUS
HW Address: it shows the BS MAC address.
WiMAX Mode/Status: it shows the type of the unit (BS, SS) as long as the current status of the
WiMAX system (Running, Stopped).
MAC Runtime: it shows the time that the unit has been working until this moment. It is shown in a
format hh:mm:ss.
Downlink QoS Conflict: it shows if the unit is having any problem on provisioning the configured
services, in the downlink. This could happen when the BS is not able to guarantee certain QoS services,
for example because there is not enough aggregated throughput for all. When this happens, a counter
appears after the “Yes” or “No” indication, showing the number of frames with exceeded bandwidth
requests.
Uplink QoS Conflict: it shows if the unit is having any problem on provisioning the configured services,
in the uplink. When this happens, a counter appears after the “Yes” or “No” indication, showing the
number of frames with exceeded bandwidth requests.
Temperature (RF): it shows the radio module ( BS Light/Hight End ) temperature, expressed in C.
Temperature (Board): it shows the internal temperature of the unit, expressed in C.
CPE SUMMARY
Active : it shows the number of SS, that are connected to the BS at this moment.
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Connecting/Disconnecting/Warn: it shows the number of SS units, that are currently connecting or
disconnecting to the BS at this moment, as long as those ones in a “warning” state, such as SS units, that
have failed in the negotiation with the BS or SS units with bad link conditions which cannot complete all
the connection phases.
Total CPE: it shows the total number of SS units in the systems (Active, Connecting, Disconnecting
and Warning).
EVENT SUMMARY
Ranging Request/Allowed/Denied: it represents the total amount of Ranging Request (RNG-REQ)
messages that the BS has received since the last time it was powered on, as well as how many of them
have been successfully accepted and how many have been denied. Initial Ranging is the process of
acquiring the correct timing offset and power aligned in the WiMAX adjustments such as the SS’s
transmissions are perfectly synchronized.
Reg Request/Allowed/Denied: it represents the total amount of Registering Request (REG-REQ)
messages that the BS has received since the last time it was powered on, as well as how many of them
have been successfully accepted and how many have been denied.
Flow Provisioning: it indicates the total amount of Service Flows that the BS has provisioned to all SS
units since the last time it was powered on.
6.3 System Tools
This section performs five important operations for the unit:
updating the firmware,
changing the system password,
rebooting the unit,
rebooting the unit after a specified reboot timeout,
returning the unit to the factory values.
SYSTEM TOOLS page is shown in Figure 6.4
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Figure 6.4 System Tools FIRMWARE UPDATE
Current unit software release number is displayed in Version field on System Info page. It is
recommended to periodically update the unit by up-to-date software release since new functionalities are
added to the system. The updating process consists of uploading the firmware files into the unit and letting
it to be installed. The updating process must be performed carefully, because data is overwritten in memory
and this process should not be interrupted. his process consists of uploading a .bin file to the unit and letting
it to be installed. This upgrading file should be provided by UNIDATA.
To update firmware select the .bin file and press the Upload button. Once the file has been uploaded (this
operation takes some seconds and shows an animated moving bar), a new page asks for confirmation to
continue or not, as shown in Figure 6.5.
NOTE
If the process is stopped at this point, the file will be discarded and the SW of the unit will remain
unalterable.
Figure 6.5 Upgrade confirmation Then if button Continue is pressed, the software will be completely installed in the unit. This process takes
about 5-7 minutes, and during it some messages is displayed in this page informing about the different
phases of the upgrade. After the process finishes the unit is automatically rebooted, and when it comes up
again the web interface will show the new SW version, that means that the updating operation has finished
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successfully.
Attention!
Updating is a process that must be performed carefully. Make sure the power supply is not
interrupted during the upgrade; otherwise the unit could become unusable.
NOTE
Updating the unit will reboot the device when finishing. As the configuration files are not modified in
this process, the unit will be recovered with the configuration specified in the default XML file. See
chapter 6.6 for more information about configuration files.
PASSWORD MODIFICATION
To change the password for accessing the web interface type the current password and the desired new
one into the appropriate fields in Change Password section. Then press the Change Password button and
the operation will be performed. The new password must be formed by five or more ASCII characters.
SYSTEM REBOOT
This unit may be remotely rebooted by the operator using the web interface. This reboot operation can be
considered as a “hard reboot". To perform a reboot, just click on the System Reboot button. A message
asking for confirmation will be shown. After rebooting, the unit restarts with the configuration stored in the
default configuration file. Note that changes that have not been saved in this file will be lost.
SYSTEM DELAYED REBOOT
This functionality allows to perform a delayed unit reboot. This could be useful, for example, when
accessing to the web interface via wireless. In this case, if any configuration parameter is changed wrongly
or if the BS is stopped and the wireless link fails, the BS may become unreachable from its wireless
interface. To avoid this, the delayed reboot may be programmed. The operator could configure the unit
(without saving the changes in the default configuration file), and if something gets wrong, the BS will be
rebooted with the previous configuration. To perform the delayed reboot, first set the time before rebooting
the BS, which is selectable from 5 seconds to 10 minutes. Then press the Delayed System Reboot
button and a message asking for confirmation will appear, as shown in Figure 6.6. After rebooting, the unit
restarts with the configuration stored in the default configuration file. Note that changes that have not been
saved in this file will be lost.
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Figure 6.6 Delayed Reboot (confirmation)
Once the Delayed Reboot is applied, the countdown of the remaining time to reboot is shown ( Figure 6.7
), measured in seconds. Note the countdown is also shown in the top of the page while using the web
interface. This reboot may be canceled any time pressing the Stop Reboot button.
Figure 6.7 Delayed Reboot (countdown)FACTORY RESTORE
To return the unit to its factory configuration press the Restore button included in the Factory Restore
section. This operation deletes all the current state, configuration files, network configuration and
provisioning database, so a warning message informing about the consequences is displayed before
performing the reset, as shown in Figure 6.8. If the operator still wants to reset the unit, the Restore button
should be pressed.
Figure 6.8 Factory Restore (confirmation)
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6.4 Admin Setup
This section allows to introduce administrative information of the unit and to configure it's local time ( Figure
6.9).
Figure 6.9 Admin Setup ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION
This block allows the operator to specify some administrative information to identify every unit. The fields
are the following: Name, Owner, Location, Coordinates, Address and Description. Note Name and
Location fields are shown every time in the upper side of the screen, in the System Connection section.
LOCAL TIME
The unit, when is first powered on, starts counting with it's internal clock from this date: 01 January 1970,
00:00:00. This date may be modified by filling in the appropriate spaces (day, month, year and time-24h)
and pressing the Set Time button. The new date will be updated and all the new information will be
displayed in the System Log refer to the new date. The unit include Real Time Clock (RTC) support, so
this time configuration is maintained although the unit is powered off, due to an internal battery. In addition,
the UTC Diff field allows to insert a time difference respect to the Universal Time Coordinated, that is
useful when time is synchronized from a foreign time server.
Unit also supports NTP (Network Time Protocol), a time synchronization system through the Internet that
provides automatic and accurate timing. If the unit has access the Internet, the operator may activate “
Status” field and introduce an available public NTP server, as long as the refresh time in seconds, and
click on the Set NTP button. Then the unit will periodically and automatically refresh the current time
querying the specified NTP server. One example of NTP Public server is ntp.time.in.ua.
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Relaxed mode
When the NTP client receives the time information from the NTP server, there is a field in the NTP header
of the received packet which indicates if the server is correctly synchronized or not. When this field, called
Leap Indication, is set to 3, it indicates that the server may not be synchronized, what means that the
received time may be wrong.
The RFC-4330 recommends that the NTP client should always verify the received time-packet, and if those
verifications fail, the time information should be discarded. When the Relaxed Mode tag is activated, the
NTP client is not perform any verification, enabling the BS to accept time information form not
synchronized server. For more information, please refer to the RFC-4330 document.
NOTE.
In order to use the NTP system, the BS must be able to reach the server IP address. If the NTP server
field is filled in with the server host name instead of its IP address, the unit should also have defined
one DNS server in the Network Setup section. Otherwise, the NTP service is not be shown as
enabled.
6.5 Management Setup
This section allows to define the management interfaces and to configure the management protocols (
SNMP and XML-RPC). It is structured in two tabs, Interfaces and SNMP, which are explained bellow.
REMOTE MANAGEMENT
This block only appears when the BS is being controlled by an XML-RPC based system, such as the
Network Management System (NMS). Together with this section, an information message appears at the
top of the page when the BS is being configured through its XML-RPC interface. This message displays
Remote Management Mode. It is also displayed, when BS is managed by HTTP/HTTPS from other
place.
Changes in the BS can only be made through one management interface at the same time. Before
performing a modification in the BS, the XML-RPC system blocks the Web interface ability for making
changes. The Force Local Management button allows the user to recover the BS control from the Web
interface.
6.5.1 Interface Setup
This section includes next different functionalities ( Figure 6.10):
to configure the input management policy,
to configure the XML-RPC protocol,
to enable or disable HTTPS mode.
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Figure 6.10 Management Setup, Interfaces tab
MANAGEMENT INTERFACES
This section allows controlling the input management policy, applied to the Input Management traffic (that
management traffic whose final destination is the BS). It may be applied to all the existing interfaces in the
unit: eth0, wethx wireless interfaces, lanx bridges or VLANs.
All the Input Traffic may be treated with an ACCEPT or DROP policy. When ACCEPT is selected in one
interface, Input Traffic coming from this interface is allowed, and when DROP is selected, Input Traffic
from that interface is discarded. A DROP policy is only selectable one there is art list one interface with an
ACCEPT policy, in order to always keep the unit reachable.
Section is divided in two blocks: the first one defines the Default Input Policy that is applied to all
interfaces. The units start working with the ACCEPT ALL default filtering policy, but the operator could
change it to the DROP ALL mode. On the other hand, the second block is able to create individual input
policy rules to the defined interfaces. That means that the BS applies the Default Policy to all interfaces
except to that ones with defined specific input policies. An individual policy takes precedence to the default
policy. As the https connection to the web interface of the BS is a type of Input Traffic, this functionality
may be used, for example, to avoid the SS entering the BS configuration page, or to limit the access to the
BS to hosts belonging to a specific VLAN, for example.
NOTE
Setting DROP mode as the input policy must be performed carefully, as the unit could remain
unreachable from the selected interface.
HTTP/HTTPS MODE
This button allows selecting the protocol used to access the BS through Web interface. HTTPS is securer
than HTTP. On the other hand HTTPS uses more resources, so it could be useful to change it to HTTP
when having a very slow remote connectivity to the BS, for example. By default the unit uses HTTPS
protocol in order to assure a secure communication, but this section allows the operator to change it the
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HTTP protocol.
XML-RPC INTERFACE CONTROL
This section gives the opportunity to select the interfaces that will be controlled using XML-RPC protocol.
6.5.2 SNMP Setup
As shown in Figure 28, the SNMP Interface control can be enabled. This block allows setting all the
parameters related to SNMP.
Figure 6.11 Management Setup, SNMP tab
The 3rd version of SNMP protocol introduced a whole slew of new security related features that have
been missing from the previous versions. In SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c, a simple community string was put in
clear text into the packet to authenticate the request, which is highly insecure.
SNMPv3 introduces advanced security which splits the authentication and the authorization into two pieces:
The USM is the default Security Module. The U stands for User-based, as it contains a list of users
and their attributes. The USM is described by RFC 2574.
The VACM is the View-based Access Control Module and controls which users (and SNMPv1/v2c
communities as well) are allowed to access and how they can access sections of the MIB tree. The
VACM is described in RFC 2575.
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Default configuration includes a community called “public” for SNMP v.1 and v2.
The user and password defined for SNMP v3 are “wmax” and “wmaxsnmp” respectively.
SNMP settings are stored into an XML configuration file which is be explained below. After configuring
SNMP parameters it is important to save the whole configuration in order to avoid losing changes. It is also
required to disable and enable SNMP by click on the Disable/Enable SNMP button in order to apply the
modifications.
6.6 Configuration Files
The current configuration of the unit can be saved in XML format files. When selecting the Configuration
Files menu in the left-side of the screen, ten XML files are listed as shown in Figure 6.12.
Figure 6.12 Configuration Files
The user may save up to 10 different configurations into these slots, which are stored in the internal memory
of the unit. If the slot is used, it is dark colored, and if it is empty the name of the file is shown in bright
grey.
The first file in the list, called default (wimax.xml), is the default configuration file of the unit. This means
that when the unit is powered on the configuration saved in this file is automatically loaded. Due to this, it is
highly recommended to keep saved in this file the desired configuration of the unit, so the unit could recover
properly from a punctual power fail, for example.
Remember that when any parameter of the unit is changed, this change takes effect immediately but it is not
saved into any configuration file. The user should take care of saving the configuration manually when a
configuration change has been made.
XML is a very versatile format which can keep the configuration options perfectly structured. The operator
may view and understand these files, and even create his ones. The system offers the possibility to
download these files, modify them or upload user-made ones.
Operating with these configuration files:
Saving: to save the current configuration into the configuration slot, just select the destination file and
press on the Save button.
Loading: to load the stored configuration, just select the desired source file and press on the Load
button.
Clearing a slot: to delete the configuration of the XML file, simply select it and press on the Delete
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button or the Delete icon.
Downloading: when pushing the Download button, or the Download icon, the selected file will be
downloaded into the computer.This allows storing many different configurations into other storage units.
The stored files can also be modified with a simple text editor, for example, and can be uploaded again to
the unit with the new modified configuration. The Downloading process can be viewed in Figure 6.13.
Uploading: to upload the configuration XML file into the unit just click on the Browse button, select the
desired file, and press the Upload button. The system will check first if the XML file is grammatically
correct, and if so the new configuration may be applied or saved. Configuration XML file is shown in the
Figures 6.14.
Figure 6.13 Download configuration file
Figure 6.14 Sample XML configuration file
6.7 System Log
The System Log is a powerful tool to visualize every action the BS is performing in order to keep stored the
BS operation sequence, which could be helpful if the unit suffers from some problems or simply to have a
detailed historic file about what happens inside the BS. The unit always saves this log into a .log file, so in
case of malfunction the operator may examine this file and try to detect the problem.
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Every relevant operation in the BS is represented as a line of this log, describing the type of the event and
the time when it happens (referred to the Local Time Setup explained in section 6.4). In case the event is
related to a SS, the MAC address of the SS is also showed. There are many different operations that are
shown in the log, such as: MAC stop/start, Initial Ranging operation, Negotiating, Authenticating,
Registering, Flows added, etc. Some relevant messages are explained in the following.
The log is automatically filled and refreshed periodically, as specified in it's Refresh Timeout control bar.
However, if the log gets too long only the most recent entries are shown, as long as the original and
complete .log file keeps stored in the unit even if it is powered off. The most recent entries are added in the
first lines of the log, as shown in Figure 6.15.
The Clear Log icon cleans the page screen in the web interface, although the complete log remains
unalterable in the unit. The Download Log icon allows downloading the complete log in the wimax.log file,
which can be opened with a standard text editor.
Figure 6.15 System Log REMOTE SYSLOG
Syslog is a client-server protocol that is used for forwarding log messages in an IP network. The BS
includes the Syslog Client which sends the generated log messages to some Syslog server (for example,
syslogd in Linux or Kiwi Syslog Server in Microsoft Windows™).
The Client is simply configured setting the IP address of the destination Syslog server in the Remote
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Syslog block. The BS send automatically and periodically the new log messages to the specified destination
Syslog server.
LOG MESSAGESThere are three types of log events: “wimax”, “system”, and “network” messages. The type of everymessage is included in the message, just after the timestamp, as it is shown in Figure 6.15.“Wimax” messages show information about WiMAX transactions and will be usually related to a certain SS(the MAC is shown in the message). “System” messages show general and status information about the BS,and “network” messages show information about the networking in the BS. In the following some of themost common log-messages, that may appear in the log of the BS, are listed.
1) WiMAX MESSAGES SS initialization and Network entry:
When a new SS is detected by the BS, the network entry and initialization process that is defined inWiMAX starts: Authentication, Registration, etc., and after all the phases are successful, the SSbecomes Active, the provisioned flows are added and the networking is configured. The sequence of that appears in the following log:
Initial Ranging, starting cell entry processACTIVE, RSSI: -62dBm, CINR: 25 dB, Managed: No, Auth: MAC Addr2 provisioned flows,Net config: Bridged dev weth1 in bridge lan0Flow Added. CID: 6, SFID: 65536Flow Added. CID: 8, SFID: 65537
If this sequence is not finished completely, the log shows in the message which phase has failed. Forexample, when the registering timeout has been exceeded the message will be:Disconnecting. Reason "Registration time out"When the authenticating process has failed the messages is:
Initial Ranging, starting cell entry processInitial ranging MAC unauthorized
When the SS is active, the BS tries to create the provisioned flows, using DSA (Dynamic Service Addition)WiMAX messages. If certain number of DSA retries (configurable in Cell Setup menu) is exceeded without getting anyresponse from the SS, there are two possibilities, according to the LocalAA configuration. If the Disc on DSA Fail field is not active, the SS remains active but some of the provisioned ServiceFlows are not added.If the Disc on DSA Fail field is active, the is dropped from the BS instead of being added without ServiceFlows. After being dropped, the following log messages is shown. After dropping the SS, the BS startsagain the registering process.
Flow Added. CID: 15, SFID: 65536Flow Failed. CID: 16, SFID: 65537Disconnecting. Reason "DSA Transactions failed and required disconnect"
Disconnecting causes: An active SS may be dropped from the BS for different reasons. One possible cause of dropping a SS maybe when the maximum allowed signal correction retries, that are sent by the BS to the SS are exceeded.The BS sets a desired Uplink RSSI value with the Target RSSI parameter, and continuously corrects thetransmitted power of the SS to achieve this value. The BS has a maximum/minimum allowed RSSI error,selectable in the Cell Setup menu, to maintain SS, that are connected to the cell. If this dB margin isexceeded after certain number of corrections, the SS is dropped from the cell. The log message is thefollowing:
Initial Ranging, starting cell entry processInitRng Correction retries exhausted (Max: 16 -Time err: 0 smpl - RSSI Err: 11dB)Disconnecting. Reason "Init ranging failed"
After completion of ranging, the SS informs the BS of its basic capabilities.Another possible cause of dropping a SS may be that time slot reserved for that negotiation is over:
Disconnecting. Reason "Capabilities negotiation timeout"
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Another possible cause of dropping a SS may be that the BS is not receiving any response from it,commonly due to bad radio signal levels. If the BS offers a time slot to the SS and it does not get anyresponse, the SS will be dropped after a certain number of opportunities.
Disconnecting: Invited retries exhausted (Max: 128)"Disconnecting. Reason "Periodic ranging failed"
During the Authentication process, if the RSA Auth Required mode is enabled, the SS (CPE) must supportthis option, otherwise following message appears:
Disconnecting. Reason "Authentication required but CPE does not support it"After the Disconnecting alert and the reason explanation, the SS dropping process continues deleting theassociated network interfaces. After all the processes are finished, the SS will be shown as Disconnected.The following messages show the elimination of the network interfaces for a SS in Local Network mode:
Removing Local Network for device weth82: Public IP:192.168.0.137,Private IP: 192.168.101.100 Bridge: lan99Removing hook for device weth82 from hidden ip 192.168.101.151 to private ip192.168.101.100
Local Network: the following log messages represent the typical transactions for a SS using LocalNetwork mode with DHCP and a Net-Hook .
DHCPDISCOVER dev "weth0" via "lan0"DHCPOFFER on 192.168.0.84/23 received for weth0Net config: Local Network dev weth0: Public IP: 192.168.0.84, Private IP:192.168.101.128 Bridge: lan99Setting hook for device weth0 from hidden ip 192.168.101.151 to public ip192.168.101.128
Other messagesa) when a certain SS is provisioned with more Service Flows than the maximum-flow number- per-userparameter of the BS, the BS is not create the exceeding flows, and the log shows the following :
Error creating Flow. Max Num Flows Rx reachedb) there is also a log message when exceeded the maximum allowed number of active SS units (users):
Aborting initial ranging, max total users exceededc) during the SS initialization and Network entry process, when in AUTO mode some SS is assigned to abridge without IP direction, a warning message appears. It is necessary to configure the lan0 with an IPdirection.Attention!Private IP not configured for weth0 in AUTO mode. Please, check bridge ID 1 configurationd) Stopping and starting the radio:
StoppedStarted
e) Spectrum Analyzer operation:Spectrum Analyzer mode enabledSpectrum Analyzer mode disabled
2) SYSTEMThese messages show status information about the BS after performing some operations.
Software update:Updating system software versions. From 3.3.7605 To 3.3.823System software updatedRebooting device
Reboot:System Reboot
Delayed Reboot:Delayed reboot cancelledDelayed reboot scheduled in 300s
Syslogd configuration:syslog running (remote logger: 192.168.70.11)
Syslogd configuration:
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syslog running (remote logger: 192.168.70.11)
System time configuration:setting new time – 22/11/2010 – 16:15 – TZ: 0
3) NETWORKThese messages give information about the physical interfaces, such as the status, the mode (Auto/Manual), and the speed:
eth0 no linketh0 is downeth0 is auto - 100Mbit/s FDeth0 link up (auto - 100Mbit/s FD)
6.8 Device Features
Device Features page allow remote upgrade of features.Below ( Figure 6.15) is example of typical BS 33 features.
Figure 6.16 Device features
6.9 Radio Parameters
This section allows to view and to modify the unit’s radio configuration ( Figure 6.17). This is a very
important section, because in order to establish a WiMAX communication the first thing that should be done
is to configure properly the physical part of the link, which can be done in this section. In the tables, every
parameter is shown with the active selected value. In the right side the New Value column can be found,
which allows modifying the active value of every parameter, just by selecting the new value and clicking on
the Modify button. This button is able to modify several parameters at the same time. The Radio
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parameters section can help to optimize the performance of the link, since some parameters have a direct
impact into the communication’s maximum throughput, minimum latency/jitter, or robustness against
multipath, for example. This will be explained below and also in Appendix B. System parameters
adjustment chapter .
Figure 6.17 Radio Setup
6.9.1 Parameter list
The BS allows controlling the most relevant physical transmission to establish the right balance between
capacity and several specific performance parameters like latency, sensitivity, achievable link distance,
immunity against multipath and Bit Error Rate (BER). On Radio Setup page is defined following
parameters:
Channel Frequency
It is the operating channel frequency, expressed in MHz.
Selection: Every frequency in the valid in dependence of the BS type range, in steps of 1 MHz.
Frame Duration
It refers to the WiMAX frame duration, expressed in milliseconds. This parameter is strongly related with
system’s latency, and also with the overall throughput. Short frames help to reduce the round-trip latency of
the system, and larger ones optimize the overall throughput of the system, due to the shorter overhead.
Selection: 2.5, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12.5 and 20 ms. Recommended value is 5 ms for 10 or less CPEs on BS and 10
ms for more than 10 CPEs.
Channel Bandwidth
It refers to the channel width, expressed in MHz. This parameter can be used to control the system
throughput and receiver sensitivity. Overall net throughput (at Ethernet interface ) is near 30-32 Mbps for
10MHz. Using a large bandwidth maximizes the capacity, whereas a narrower one increases receiver
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sensitivity and the link budget.
Selection: The BS 3.5, 7 MHz.
Cyclic Prefix
The OFDM Cyclic Prefix (CP) is expressed as a fraction of the current frame duration, and represents the
guard time slot allocated before the data frame in order to be able to receive delayed symbols, for example,
those proceeding from the reflected radio waves (multipath radio wave propagation). Thus, CP is a useful
parameter that controls the immunity against multipath fading: a short CP maximizes the link capacity as it
reduces the guard time, and a larger CP increases robustness against multipath radio wave propagation.
Recommended value: CP=1/16 in LOS/nearLOS conditions, CP=1/4 in nearLOS/NLOS conditions.
NOTE.
Symbol durations are: 32, and 64 microseconds for 7MHz and 3.5MHz channel bandwidth,
respectively.
Selection: 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 of the OFDM symbol time.
Maximum User Distance
This parameter specifies the maximum link range measured in meters.This parameter represents the
distance in which the farthest SS may be located. It is highly recommended that this parameter is set to a
value slightly higher than the real maximum distance in order to have a certain margin. However, this margin
should not be too wide because this distance is directly related to the time spent by the BS while listening to
new SSs (Ranging mode). So if Max. User Distance value is too high, the BS may waste much time on
waiting for a response from inexistent SS, therefore decreasing spectral efficiency and total net capacity.
Selection: Any (consequent with the real scenario).
Recommended value: 1000 m more, then expected cell radius.
DL/UL Modulation
Unit supports different modulations, from the more robust ones to the ones that provide a higher throughput.
The DL/UL Modulation fields give possibility to limit the minimum and the maximum codifications that can
be used in both UL and DL.
The available modulations are the following: BPSK 1/2, QPSK1/2, QPSK3/4, 16QAM 1/2, 16QAM 3/4,
64QAM 2/3 and 64QAM 3/4. First ones offer more robustness and can reach longer distances, while last
ones can provide higher throughput.
Although modulation may be manually limited between a lowest and a highest scheme, the modulation used
at each time is automatically selected by the BS depending on the available CINR at that moment.
There are also two “Auto” labeled check boxes, which may be activated if no modulation limitation is
intended.
NOTE.
Modulation of each provisioned SS may also be restricted, but this condition will be less restrictive
than the DL/UL Codification parameter.
Selection: minimum and maximum modulation (7 different schemes).
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Tx Power
This parameter selects the Transmission Power at the output of the radio stage of the unit (transmitter),
measured in dBm. It refers to the transmission power that the unit has at the N connector. The BS works
with a fixed Transmission Power for communicating with all SS units.
Recommended value: for BS 33 20 dBm,
Target RSSI
This parameter specifies maximum possible received signal level RSSI at the BS receiver from all SS, that
allows to control Tx power of every SS.
WiMAX implements Automatic Transmitter Power Control ( ATPC) in Uplink channel, that limits
maximum signal level in the BS receiver by reducing the SS Tx power.
Target RSSI value is set by changing Rx Attenuation value.
In most cases it is not necessary to modify Target RSSI value. Recommented value: Target RSSI =-62
dBm, Rx Attenuation = 0 dB.
[+] Indicator: Target RSSI Range.
In the Active Value column, there is a [+] tooltip which shows the current Target RSSI Range. This range
is calculated from the currentTarget RSSI value and the RSSI maintenance error value, which is
configured in the Cell Setup section. All SS units with received RSSI levels out of this range will be dropped
from the cell.
[+] Indicator: RSSI Range Error
In the Parameter column, there is a [+] tooltip which shows if the current Target RSSI value is not in the
optimal RSSI range.
Warning State: The symbol is shown in orange ([+]) when the averaged received RSSI differs slightly ( 3-
6 dB) from the selected Target RSSI value.
Error State: The symbol is shown in orange ([+]) when the averaged received RSSI differs from the
selected Target RSSI value more than 6 dB.
Selection: Target RSSI values for a Rx attenuation between -20 dB and 35 dB (in 1 dB steps).
NOTE
If any physical parameter is modified, it is strongly recommended to save the configuration to avoid
losing it. In order to do this, the menu Configuration Files allows saving the current state of the unit
(parameters, users, flows, etc.) in the XML configuration file that can be restored in any time.
NOTE
Some modification may require stopping and starting the system to take effect. When it happens, the
system shows the notification page asking for confirmation. By pressing Accept the system continues
with the modification. The WiMAX module restarts in a process that takes 2 or 3 seconds
approximately. So if some service is being provided to users, the impact of this short unavailability
should be taken into account.
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6.10 Cell Setup
In this section the WiMAX cell parameters may be observed and modified within the allowed limits. The
coverage area of a BS may be considered as a Cell, so these parameters can be applied to all SS units,
that are located in this area (Figure 6.21).
Figure 6.21 Cell Setup
This section includes very technical and precise parameters which are specified and completely described
in the IEEE 802.16-2009 standard. The default values are supposed to be the most suitable ones for many
scenarios, so the general recommendation is to keep these default settings if the modification is not strictly
necessary.
Attention !
A wrong modification could make the cell operation worse. Remember, that there are two Restore
Default buttons to return to the original configuration.
In some specific cases it might be necessary to make some adjustment to improve system performance. In
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the following these parameters are going to be explained briefly. A more detailed view can be obtained in
the IEEE 802.16-2009 standard.
OPERATOR BS ID
This block allows changing the Base Station Identifier (hardware address). By default, the BS broadcasts
it's real MAC address (the one showed in the Default BS ID field) to all SS units (CPEs) in the cell. It is
possible to change the MAC address, that the BS broadcasts to it's cell by selecting the Override BS ID
option and filling in the field with a new Virtual MAC Address. This may be useful in an scenario where the
SS units are forced to connect always to the same BS. If this BS is replaced by a new one (which has a
different MAC address), it is possible to configure this one so it broadcasts the MAC address of the
previous one, and therefore SS units do not have to be configured individually to connect to the new MAC
address.
NOTE
This section changes the MAC address that the BS broadcasts to the SS units , although the BS
keeps it's real MAC address. Only the information messages sent to the SS units are changed, but
the real MAC keeps unmodified.
NETWORK ENTRY PARAMETERS
The network entrance parameters are listed and explained below, with some configuration
recommendations.on
Max num of Active users
It specifies the maximum quantity of active SS units (CPE) that the BS is allowed to accept in the cell.
Selection: the minimum and maximum values of this field may vary depending on the particular features of
the BS. “0” establishes no limit.
Default value:
MAXBridge BS 33 Pico max active SS value is 30;
MAXBridge BS 33 Pico+ max active SS is 100;
Max. number of in-entry users
The “in-entry” phase is situated between the Initial ranging phase and just before activating the SS. A
non-authorized SS units are always located in this state, trying to enter the network. With this parameter
the overall number of SS in this “in-entry” phase may be limited. Selection: at operator ’s choice. “0” value
establishes no limit.
Check HW address in Init-Rng
When this field is activated, the BS only gives access to the network to those SS units whose MAC address
is specified in the provisioning database. This condition is checked during the Initial Ranging phase, and
those SS units that are not allowed will be dropped. The System Log shows the MAC address of these
unauthorized SS units.
If this field is not activated, all the SS units in the operating range of the BS are added to the cell: the ones
that are provisioned in the provisioning system are registered with the correspondent Service Flows and
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network configuration, and long as the ones that have not been provisioned are added to the network with
no Service flows or network configuration, so they are shown in the User Stats section but are not be able
to transmit/receive data with the BS.
Max. Init-Rng invited opportunities
The total amount of slots that the BS assigns to perform Initial Ranging.
Max. negative RSSI error
When a SS tries to enter the network, the BS makes power corrections to take the SS into a working RSSI
range. This parameter sets the minimum value of this range.
Max. positive RSSI
Analogue to the previous parameter, it sets the maximum RSSI value error into the operating range.
Max time error
In relation with the previous two parameters, this field sets the maximum number of Physical Slots that are
let until the SS is inside the allowed RSSI range.
Max Initial-Ranging corrections
It sets the maximum number of power and synchronism corrections that are allowed to be made with every
SS in the Initial Ranging phase.
Min. SS apply corrections time
It is related with the SS units and their adjustment speed. When the BS sends a correction to a SS, it lets
the SS a minimum time until it considers that the SS has been able to apply the correction. This parameter
fixes this waiting time.
T9 Registration Timeout. It is allowed time between the BS sending a RNGRSP (success) to an SS, and
receiving a SBC-REQ from that same SS.
T13 Maximum time allowed for an SS to send a TFTP message to the BS.
T17 Auth Maximum time allowed for a SS to complete SS Register, Authorization and Key Exchange
in it's network entrance procedure.
T17 Auth Disabled SS register timeout when RSA Authentication is not enabled.
RSA Authentication required
When this field is activated, the SS Authorization and Key Exchange are performed using X.509 digital
certificates, which is a public-key certificate that binds the SS’s identifying information to it's RSA public
key in a verifiable manner. The X.509 certificate is digitally signed by the UNIDATA and that signature
can be verified by the BS. The manufacturer’s public key is placed in an X.509 certification authority (CA)
certificate. The manufacturer’s certificate may be replaced by a higher level CA.
NETWORK MAINTENANCE PARAMETERS
The network maintenance parameters are listed and explained below, with some configuration
recommendations.
Max. UL opportunities not used.
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When a BS gives Time Slots to a SS, these opportunities should be used or not. If the SS does not respond
and does not use a certain amount of opportunities, the BS drops it from the network. This parameter sets
this number of maximum opportunities.
Max. Rng failed corrections.
It has the same meaning that the analogue parameter for Network Entrance; this one applies to a SS, that
is already inside the network. It sets the maximum number of power and synchronism corrections that is
allowed to be made with every SS in the Ranging phase.
Max. negative/positive RSSI error (dropping).
These parameters specify the maximum difference from the Rx RSSI level at the BS. If a SS has RSSI
with a range that exceeds these parameters, the BS tries to correct using ranging procedures and if the
number of retries defined in Max. Rng failed corrections also expires the SS will be dropped with cause
Periodic Ranging Failed.
Max. negative RSSI error (not dropping). If this range is exceeded, the SS is not dropped; the BS
will try to adjust the RSSI levels.
Max. time error. It has the same meaning that the analogue parameter in the Network Entrance.
DSA/DSD/DSC Request retries.
It defines the number of times that the BS is allowed to try to create a Service Flow if the SS does not
respond. If this number of retries is exceeded, the SS remains in the network but Service Flows are not
provisioned. It is recommended to use value not lower than 15.
RSSI maintenance interval. It defines the periodic time where the BS sends power corrections to a SS
that is on a non-dropping RSSI error value.
UL report request interval. It defines the time between every UL-stats request.
T27 Idle - maximum time between unicast grants to SS when BS believes SS Uplink transmission
quality is "good enough".
T27 Active - maximum time between unicast grants to SS when BS believes SS UL transmission quality
is "not good enough".
As long as the SS remains active, the BS does not specifically grant bandwidth to the SS for a ranging
opportunity.
T7 - maximum DSA/DSC/DSD Response timeout. It sets the timeout between every DSA/DSD/DSC
request retry.
T10- maximum wait for transaction end time. Once a response is received, the BS waits a guard time.
This parameter sets the value of this time.
AK Lifetime. When a SS sends an Auth Request message, the Auth Reply message contains several
parameters like the AK (Authorization Key) and the key’s lifetime. This AK shall remain active until it
expires according to its predefined AK Lifetime. This parameter allows the operator to set the time this
key is valid.
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TEK Lifetime. This parameter is used for setting the lifetime of the new Traffic Encryption Key at the
target BS.
Rx CINR – Modulation Table Adjustment.
This parameter allows the adjustment of the internal CINR Modulation tables. Positive values (>0)
artificially increases the measured CINR, thus allowing higher modulations. Negative values (<0) artificially
decreases the measured CINR, forcing to lower modulations.
6.11 BW & Scheduler Setup
Unit implements QoS mechanisms and performs differentiated functions: Admission Control, Service
Classification, Traffic Shaping & Polling, Scheduling.
Scheduling is performed by the MAC Scheduler, which is responsible of transmitting the data packets in
base of every packet’s priority. It is responsible of filling in the Time Slots in the WiMAX frame with the
data from all the SS units, fulfilling the requests of the provisioned Service Flows. Thus, the Scheduler is an
essential component in any QoS granting architecture, as it performs the resource allocation for all the
active SS units.
This section allows configuring some parameters around the MAC Scheduler and the frame distribution, as
it is explained below. BW & Scheduler Setup menu is shown in Figure 6.22.
Figure 6.22 BW & Scheduler Setup
SCHEDULER BW EQUALIZER
The BS Scheduler can be equalized in this block, allowing the operator to configure it in Equal Rate, Equal
Symbol or any other combination, using a defined weight scheme per modulation, independently in the
Uplink and in the Downlink .
Note Equalization will only affect the Best Effort traffic.
The mode of the BS Scheduler can be set by the operator in the Mode labeled box located on the top,
where the three options may be chosen: Equal Rate, Equal Symbols and User Defined. By selecting one
of the first two options, the unit configures the weights automatically as explained below, whereas the last
option gives the operator total control in the assignment.
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The Mode Equal Rate configuration follows the idea: every modulation is given the same weight (i.e. 1), so
the BS tries to offer the same binary rate to every active SS. This means that if one SS with poor link
conditions is forced to use BPSK1/2, the BS has to give him much more symbols than to a 64QAM3/4
operating SS (approximately nine BPSK1/2 symbols for every 64QAM3/4 symbol).
This guarantees that users are treated equally regardless their link conditions.
ATTENTION The disadvantage of Mode Equal Rate configuration is that the overall throughput
provided by the BS gets reduced for those SS units with poor modulations that use many symbols at
slow binary rates.
The Equal Symbols mode gives different weights to the different modulations, so the overall system
throughput could be enhanced giving more symbols to the SS units with the highest modulations. Referring to
the example mentioned earlier with a BPSK1/2 SS and a 64QAM3/4 SS , if the weight given to the
64QAM3/4 modulation was “9” instead of “1”, the Equalizer would operate in Equal Symbols mode. The BS
tries to offer the same time slots to both SS units , so if the symbols used by both SS units are the same, the
higher modulation one achieves a much higher binary rate than the BPSK1/2 one.
Finally, by selecting the User Defined mode, the operator may decide the weight that should be assigned to
every modulation. In conclusion, this block gives the operator completely control in the MAC Equalizer.
Default configuration is Equal Symbols weight "1" given every modulation.
FRAME DIVISION
As explained before, IEEE 802.16-2009 is designed to function in a framed format. The frame concept
can be defined generally as a structured data sequence of fixed duration. In a TDD system the Uplink and
Downlink transmissions share the same frequency but are separated in time. Thus, the WiMAX frame is
divided into one Downlink subframe and one Uplink subframe, as shown in Figure 6.23
Figure 6.23 TDD frame format
TDD framing is adaptive in that the link capacity allocated to the Downlink versus the Uplink may vary.
Allocation Start Time (AST) is the parameter, that allows specifying the percentage of frame that is
allocated to Downlink (so it also controls the Uplink time). Many Point-to-Point scenarios ( for
example, communication between corporate branches) require symmetric throughput between UL and DL,
that means both subframes should have the same length. However, AST gives the chance to personalize the
distribution of UL/DL for non-symmetric applications such as video broadcasting.
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The BS lets to customize the frame distribution with the following parameters:
Frame Division: as it has been explained before, the duration of DL and UL subframes may vary
depending on the operator’s needs. This parameter defines the percentage of the WiMAX frame, that is
assigned to the DL subframe. As this percentage is referred to all frame, including overheads and control
information at the beginning and at the end of the frame, the Frame Division value is limited
automatically by the web interface if the allowed limits are exceeded. The limitation varies with the
current Frame Duration in Radio Parameters section.
DynAST: in this mode the BS automatically and dynamically divides the frame relying on the UL and
DL traffic needs. This allows an efficient usage of the total available over-the-air throughput when the
needs are variable between UL and DL. When this option is enabled, two new fields are activated: Min
frame Div and Max frame Div, trimming the dynamic range of the frame division.
Minimum Frame Division. This parameter is associated to the DynAST functionality. It sets the
minimum selectable Frame Division. It is strongly recommended to set it as 25%.
Maximum Frame Division. This parameter is associated to the DynAST functionality. It sets the
maximum selectable Frame Division.
Next Frame. This parameter indicates how the BS schedules consecutive UL data slots, both in the
current frame or in the next frame. If Next Frame is selected, the slots allocated by the BS in the current
frame is transmitted by the SS units in the next frame. If Next Frame is not selected, the SS transmits
allocated slots in the current frame. Next Frame selection allows some third party SS to have better
performance in the Uplink channel. In most cases it should be left disabled.
DL->UL Extra gap. This parameter selects the number of extra symbols to include as a separation
between Downlink and Uplink subframes. Generally it is recommended to leave it as default (0
symbols).
UL->DL Extra gap: number of extra symbols to include as a separation between Uplink and Downlink
subframes. Generally it is recommended to leave it as default (0 symbols).
SCHEDULER CONFIGURATION
Max. Contention RNG. Maximum number of broadcast contention ranging opportunities, that the BS
schedules in the Uplink per frame. These opportunities are scheduled using the symbols not needed for
data traffic. The remaining symbols after ContRNG are used for broadcast contention BW request
opportunities.
Min. Contention Bandwidth. This parameter refers the minimum number of broadcast contention
bandwidth request opportunities to be scheduled in the Uplink in each Contention BW Period frames.
Contention Bandwidth Period. It indicates the number of frames the BS waits to schedule at least Min
Contention BW UL broadcast BW request opportunities. Setting this parameter to “1” forces the BS to
schedule at least Min ContBW every frame.
Minimum Poll Rate. This parameter adjusts the minimum number of connected SS units, that the BS
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polls each frame. Higher values increase the frame overhead, but also reduce the overall latency.
DL Preambles. By selecting this mode the BS inserts a preamble for each burst in the Downlink
subframe. These preambles may help in the Downlink reception in some radio conditions.It is
recommended to leave it as disable.
UL Gaps. If this mode is enabled, the BS allocates one extra free symbol between Uplink bursts.It is
recommended to leave it as disable.
AGGREGATED BW
The throughput towards the wireless link can be adjusted using Service Flows with QoS specifications.
However, if the cable link (i.e. the backbone) cannot provide as much throughput as the WiMAX link, those
QoS mechanisms should not be ensured end-to-end. To avoid this, the BS also allows the operator to limit
the total aggregated traffic in the DL and in the UL directions. This is a very powerful tool are the following:
Maximum Sector BW: specifies the maximum allowed aggregated throughput, expressed in Kbit/s. “0”
value sets this field to No Limit state (default configuration).
Maximum UL BW. Specifies the maximum allowed throughput in the Downlink , expressed in Kbit/s.
“0” value sets this field to No Limit state (default configuration).
Maximum DL BW. Specifies the maximum allowed throughput in the Uplink , expressed in Kbit/s. “0”
value sets this field to No Limit state (default configuration).
SCHEDULER STATS
Scheduler Stats Weight. Scheduler statistics are averaged by low-pass filtering as they are collected.
This parameter allows this filtering to be adjusted. Averaged values are calculated by weighting the previous
sample with this parameter and adding the current sample with the complimentary weight. It is strongly
recommended to set it as 30%.
Attention!
To get high efficiency of multiple access it is strongly recommended to set Scheduler important
parameters ( marked green and red in Figure 6.22) as:
min Frame div =25%,
DL->UL Extra Gap =0, UL->DL Extra Gap =0,
DL preambles -disabled,
UL Gaps -Disable,
Shed Stats Weight -30%.
6.12 User Stats
There is a set of statistical parameters that can be studied in order to analyze the link state of every SS in
the system. It shows the link statistics of users connected to the cell. The User Stats section is split in two
tabs, where either a Basic View or a Detailed View can be found in order to get quick and basic
information about the link state and also monitoring in more detail all the parameters. This section is very
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useful to determine the optimal values for the radio parameters of the Radio Setup menu.
6.12.1 Basic View Stats
This tab is represented in Figure 6.24. In this tab the link state indicators are shown in a table, while each
row represents a unique SS. The page shows only those SS units, that are currently in the system or that
are trying to connect or disconnect to the BS, so SS units, that are not authorized to enter the network,
does not appear as Active. The Web browser’s page is automatically refreshed to get updated values for
every indicator.
Figure 6.24 User Stats, Basic View tag
The most indicative link state parameters are the following: RSSI, CINR and Modulation, both for Uplink
and Downlink . The BS is capable to read these parameters from every SS unit and to show them in this
section. These parameters are explained below.
Disconnect checkbox. This checkbox allows selecting one or many SS units to force a manual
disconnection from the BS. Remember that when a SS is forced to disconnect from the BS, it will try to
reconnect immediately. To definitely disconnect from the BS, it should not be provisioned in the Local AA
database.
CPE. It indicates the MAC address of the associated SS as long as the SS alias (if specified). It includes
a link to the Data Services submenu.
Status. It indicates the status of that user (Active, Connecting, Registering, etc);
Uptime. It indicates the time that has passed since the last time the SS was connected to the BS.
Flows. It indicates the number of Service Flows that have been correctly provisioned for that SS. It
includes a link to the Data Services submenu.
SS Tx Power. It is the transmission power of the SS , expressed in dB. This parameter value is fixed
automatically by the BS using Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC) procedure.
UL/DL RSSI. The Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) is a measurement of the power
received by the radio-communications equipment. When referring to the UL RSSI, this parameter
represents the power received by the BS from this SS. The DL RSSI represents the received power level
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by this SS from the BS. It is measured in dBm.
UL/DL CINR. The Carrier to Interference plus Noise Ratio (CINR ) is a measurement of signal
effectiveness, expressed in dB. The carrier is the desired signal, and the interference is co-channel radio
signal from other wireless systems. The Noise is thermal noise of receiver. In order for the signal
receiver to be able to decode the signal, the signal must fall into an acceptable CINR range. A better
CINR allows to use a higher modulation and as result to get a higher throughput, so the operator should
try to maximize this parameter in both UL and DL.
UL/DL Modulation. This value indicates the modulation type that is being used both in UL and DL.
Recall that this modulation will be selected by the BS at each moment depending on the current CINR
values. The BS selects the modulation that offers the higher throughput for the current CINR.
UL/DL BW. This value indicates the throughput that the SS is currently using, in Uplink and
Downlink channels, measured in bps/bps/Mbps.
Distance. It is the estimated distance from the BS to that SS , expressed in kilometers. The distance is
calculated by the BS using the delay time of the transmitted messages, and it has an overall error margin
of 500 meters, approximately.
Disconnect selected CPEs button. When clicking on this button, all the SS units, that Disc. checkbox
is activated, are forced to disconnect from the BS.
Disconnect all CPEs button. When clicking on this button all the SS units are forced to disconnect from
the BS.
Download CSV button. When clicking on this button a text file in Comma-Separated Values (CSV)
format (a simple text file for a database table) will be downloaded, containing the link state parameters
that are shown in the page .
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6.12.2 Detailed View Stats
This tab shows a wide amount of more detailed statistics related to the link status ( Figure 6.25).
Figure 6.25 User Stats, Detailed View tag
SUMMARY
This block indicates the statistical information about the CINR and the RSSI measured for all the active SS
units , both in the UL and DL. The table includes the Mean Value, Standard Deviation, Minimum Value
and Maximum Value for CINR and RSSI.
BS CONFIGURATION
This informative block indicates the current BS radio configuration, that has been set in the Radio
Parameters section: Transmission Power, Frequency, Target RSSI, Frame duration, etc.
USER MODULATION
This table summarizes the number of active SS units, that are working on each modulation, both in the UL
and in the DL.
MAXIMUM PHYSICAL RATES
This table informs about the maximum theoretical throughput at the Physical Layer for each modulation.
The achievable bit rate for each modulation is different depending on the current radio configuration of the
BS: Channel Bandwidth, Frame Duration, Cyclic Prefix, etc.
SIGNAL STATS
Besides the link state parameters already shown in the Basic View tag (modulation, RSSI, CINR, etc.),
this block contains new indicators for UL and DL: the Virtual Noise Floor (VNF) and the System Losses
(SL):
- VNF: it gives an overview of the unwanted signal level such as noise and interference at the
receiver. In the Uplink section the receiver is BS, and in the Downlink section the receiver is the SS.
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It is calculated by subtracting the CINR value from to the received signal level RSSI.
- SL: it shows the signal losses from transmitter to receiver radio connectors. It is useful for for link
adjustment (see Appendix B)by evaluation the total radio wave propagation losses including the
antenna gain.
6.12.3 Data Services
This section is shown when clicking on the SS or Flows fields in the Basic View tag page. It displays the
provisioned Service Flows and describes specific information about the current SS. The page is shown in
Figure 6.26, and it consists of two blocks: CPE Summary and Flow Management.
Figure 6.26 Data Services
CPE SUMMARY
It shows general information about the SS, such as:
Basic CID: every user will be assigned a CID identifier by the BS,
Alias: the user alias specified in the provisioning database (if any),
HW address: it indicates the MAC address of the associated SS,
Status: it indicates the status of that user (Active, Connecting, Registering, etc.),
Disc on DSA Fail. It shows the status of this option. If it is not active, after a certain number of DSA
retries without getting any response from the SS is exceeded, and the SS remains active, but some of the
provisioned Service Flows are not added. If the “Disc on DSA Fail” field is active, the SS will be
dropped from the BS instead of being added without Service Flows.
Flows: the total amount of provisioned Service Flows.
Capabilities. It includes a link to the User Capabilities submenu, which is explained in 6.11.4 section.
Disconnect User button: it forces to disconnect the current SS .
FLOW MANAGEMENT
Displayed in the table rows refer to the Service Flows, that show general information about the
provisioning. These parameters are explained below:
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Delete checkbox. It is situated next to the Service Flow and Delete flows button allows to delete
selected flows..
Alias: The Service Flow alias specified in the Flow Descriptor (if existing).
SFID: it indicates the Service Flow Identifier number. This identifier is assigned by the BS randomly to
every Service Flow (SF) when it is created.
Operator ID. It shows the Operator Identifier of the service. As opposed to the SFID, which is
different every time the SF is created, the Operator Identifier has a fixed value as defined in the BS
provisioning system.
Type : it indicates the type of the Service Flow (Tx or Rx).
QoS Type. It shows some QoS properties of the SF, such as minimum/maximum bit rate as long as the
type of QoS (BE, nRTPS, RTPS, UGS).
ARQ enabled: it indicates if the SF supports ARQ.
CSL Type : it indicates the current CSL type.
CSL Options: it shows information related to the SF priority and the specified classifiers, if any.
Delete flows button: it forces to delete the selected SFs.
6.12.4 User Capabilities
This section is shown when clicking on the Capabilities field in the Data Services submenu. It shows
different information about the SS and the negotiated capabilities with the BS ( Figure 6.27).
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Figure 6.27 User Capabilities and Info
As explained before, during the network entrance procedure and immediately after completion of ranging,
the SS informs the BS of it's basic capabilities.
6.13 BW Stats
This section shows information about the real-time traffic statistics: Bytes/sec per SF , total Packets/s,
aggregated traffic, frame utilization, etc (Figure 6.28). This is a very important section because it offers
useful traffic statistics and allows controlling that the traffic is being transported using the correct Service
Flows.
The section is divided in four tabs in which basic and detailed information about the cell stats and service
stats can be found. These subsections are explained below.
6.13.1 Basic Cell Stats
As shown in Figure 6.28, this tab gives information about the overall throughput in the cell, representing the
current usage of the frame. The upper block tells about the Aggregated Throughput, and the two blocks in
the bottom show information about the Downlink and the Uplink , respectively. These parameters are
shown:
Used: throughput that is being currently used in Mbps. It will not be higher than the allocated throughput.
Allocated: throughput of the reserved symbols by the BS. This value will vary depending on to the
current status of the cell (current modulations), the traffic demands of all SS units, and the provisioned
QoS mechanisms for the Data Flows.
Free : it indicates the current free throughput in the frame, taking into account the not-used symbols.
Total: it is the potential maximum throughput that can be obtained both in the Uplink and in the
Downlink with the current modulation schemes of the active SS units. When the frame is empty, the total
throughput will be approximately the same than the free throughput.
Frame Division: the percentage of duration of DL and UL subframes as configured by the operator in
the Bandwidth and Scheduler section.
QoS Conflict: it shows if the BS has any problem on provisioning the configured services (for example
when the BS has not enough free symbols in the frame to meet the established QoS requirements.
Besides the numeric information, the results are also shown graphically using bars and different colors. So
the operator can easily visualize what is going on in the cell.
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Figure 6.28 BW Stats menu, Basic Cell Stats tag
6.13.2 Basic Service Stats
This page ( Figure 6.29) shows basic information about all the active Service Flows. In the Tx (DL) Data
Service Stats and Rx (UL) Data Service Stats blocks, all the active Downlink and Uplink Service Flows,
respectively, are shown. This information is represented in a table where each row refers to a unidirectional
single SF, so it is possible to know all the information about how the traffic is being currently served in the
cell. This is useful for the operator to check how much throughput is used by every SS, as long as to check
if the Classifiers are correctly created and working. The parameters are:
User: the MAC address of the associated SS, the alias (if any) and the BS’s network interface that this
SF is using.
Service : it shows information about that single SF for it's identification, such as Service Identifiers (CID,
SFID and Operator ID) and Service Provisioned QoS (Type, Minimum rate and Maximum rate).
CS Queued: number of packets being queued by the BS in the Convergence Sublayer (CS) when
transmitting.
Dropping: it indicates if packets are being dropped in the BS when transmitting.
The BS begins dropping packets when the queue of that Service Flow is full.
Tx Rate : the throughput used by that Service Flow, measured in bps/kbps/Mbps.
Usage : percentage of the Service flow throughput capacity that is being used according to the
provisioned maximum bit rate for that Service Flow.
Two more blocks in the page give further information:
Summary shows the basic statistics: total amount of Service Flows, throughput in Mbps and packets,
both for Downlink and Uplink.
Ethernet Stats sums up the current traffic at the Ethernet interface of the BS - the received traffic via
wireless interface is transmitted via Ethernet interface and vice versa.
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Figure 6.29 BW Stats, Basic Service Stats tag
6.13.3 Detailed Cell Stats
As shown in Figure 6.30, this tab gives a very complete description of the allocated throughput scheduled by
the BS in the cell. It is structured in four sections where several statistics are shown . This information can
also be downloaded in text format by pressing on the Download CSV button.
Figure 6.30 BW Stats, Detailed Cell Stats tag
Modulation Stats.
This table describes the allocated throughput in the cell regarding the modulations currently used. For UL
and DL it informs about the number of SS units working in each modulation, the symbols per frame used by
each modulation, and the currently allocated throughput. It shows also the aggregated (UL and DL) rates
and the total traffic allocated when considering all the modulations, as well as the achievable throughput (in
the case all symbols were scheduled using the best modulation in terms of bytes per symbol). Finally the
Modulation Efficiency is also calculated, which gives an overview of the modulation efficiency of the cell
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taking into account the allocated throughput versus the achievable throughput.
NOTE
Despite no SS units are connected to the BS, a small permanent BPSK1/2 traffic may be shown in the
Downlink when the MAC is started. This traffic corresponds to broadcast messages sent by the BS to
inform about the frame configuration (DL-MAP, UL-MAP, DCD, UCD, and FCH, among others).
The standard IEEE 802.16-2009 sets that these broadcast messages must be transmitted in the worst
possible modulation.
Throughput Stats
This table summarizes for the UL and DL the allocated throughput, the used throughput and the efficiency,
as well as the aggregated statistics.
Frame Stats
This block gives an overview of the status of the frame. It shows information like the Frame Division, the
BW Request and Initial Ranging opportunities, the DL Burst, Preambles and the UL Gaps.
Symbol per Frame Stats
In this table some parameters regarding the symbols per frame for DL, UL and Aggregated are showed:
percentage of usage, free, allocated and total amount of symbols, and QoS conflict. Allocated symbols are
split between Data Symbols and Overhead (percentage of symbols filled with frame signalling information
versus symbols filled with data).
6.13.4 Detailed Service Stats
This section gives detailed information and statistics about the Service Flows (Figure 6.31). It follows the
same structure that the Basic Stat view but some more parameters are shown. In the Tx (DL) Data
Service Stats, Rx (UL) Data Service Stats and Secondary Management Channel Stats, all the active Tx,
Rx and SMC Service Flows are shown,
where some new statistics appear.
Figure 6.31 BW Stats, Detailed Service Stats tag
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Queued: it indicates the status of the transmission queues in the Convergence Sublayer (CS), expressed
in packets and bytes.
CS Tx: it indicates the overall and current traffic at the CS, expressed in packets (overall) and packets/
second (current). It informs also about the maximum length of the queue, the length of the queued data,
the maximum memory of the queue and the memory used.
CS Dropped: it indicates the overall and current dropped traffic in the CS, expressed in packets (overall)
and packets/second (current).
PHY Tx/Received: it indicates the overall and current traffic at the Physical Layer, expressed in
megabits (overall) and megabits/second (current).
In the right side of the page additional information related to the SF is shown. In UL Aggregated current
statistics are shown in bytes and packets, such as the total amount of received packets or the discarded and
dropped packets. In DL Aggregated the transmitted data and transmitted padded in bytes and packets are
displayed. Finally CS Memory Status and Mng CS Memory Status blocks show information about the
WiMAX Convergence Sublayer and the Management Convergence Sublayer, respectively, with the
following information: Maximum Available Memory, Currently Used Memory and Memory Queue Limit.
6.14 User Net Status
This page displays the current network configuration of all the virtual wireless interfaces (wethx), that are
currently active in the BS. The information ware displayed in up to four different tables, one for each
network operation mode: Routed, Bridged, Bridged VLAN and Local Network . In addition, a summary is
shown in the right side of the page (Figure 6.32).
Figure 6.32 User Net Status NOTE
When DHCP is being used, useful information is displayed in the DHCP State column. If the state is
Bound, a [+] tooltip appears, showing these parameters: DHCP Server IP address, Total Lease
Time and Remaining Lease Time.
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6.15 Spectrum
This section includes a very useful feature for field operation: the Spectrum Analyzer (SA). This tool scans
the radio spectrum all along available frequency band and measures the RSSI levels of the incoming signals.
It allows to detect other equipment working in the same frequency band. The recommended procedure is
to always run the Spectrum Analyzer before choosing the operating frequency of the unit, as it gives a good
idea about how the spectrum is being used in that location, showing the signal-free channels.
Figure 6.33 Spectrum analyzer
First step is to select the measurement steps for the SA: 1MHz, 2.5MHz, 5MHz, and 10MHz. A smaller
step involves a more complete and accurate radio analysis, but it will take more time to finish, because it has
to perform more measurements. On the other hand, the 10MHz step gives a less precise information, but
analysis is faster.
Note
When selecting the measurement step take into account, that measuring one channel takes about
2.5 seconds.
Once the operator selects the step and after pressing on the Add button all the channels appear in the
page screen automatically, as shown in Figure 6.33. For selecting a different channel step, just click on the
“Clear Freqs button to purge the current analysis results, and select the new step.
The Spectrum Analysis table includes one row for each frequency to be measured, and shows the
measurement Age (seconds since it was performed), the RSSI (in dBm), and a Level bar which is a
graphical representation of the measured RSSI for each frequency. Once the frequencies have been added,
the analysis starts after pressing on the Start SA button. An animated icon displays the Scanning status,
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and the obtained values are filling in the table.
Note
After finishing the scan of the last added frequency, the analyzer keeps on scanning starting again
from the first frequency. It must be stopped manually by the user, pressing the Stop SA button.
Attention!
While the SA is working, the BS stops the WiMAX transmissions, so all active SS units in the cell are dropped until
the SA is stopped. Once the SA is stopped by the operator, the WiMAX MAC remains stopped too, so it is necessary
to restart it manually , for example using the Start button in the System Connection section.
Attention!
Remember that once the SA starts measuring, it will not stop until the Stop SA button is pressed. When
the access to the web interface is being performed via a WiMAX link, using this tool may leave the
unit unreachable, because when it scans the WiMAX MAC is stopped and the SA must be stopped
manually.
NOTE
The measurements provided by the Spectrum Analyzer remain in memory as long as the unit is
powered on. If the unit is rebooted, the data will be lost and a new Analysis may be required.
6.16 User Summary
This section allows to obtain the overall status of every SS, that is connected to the cell, displaying a lot of
related information: radio levels, currently served traffic, service flow information, etc. It is intended to be a
very useful section for CPE installers, as long as they can have all the related information of a CPE that
they are installing. The first screen of this section is shown in Figure 6.34.
Figure 6.34 User Summary
First step is to select the SS, that is going to be looked up. It is possible to select one from the Active users
list, or to fill in the MAC address manually in the Search User field. When pressing on the View button, all
the information related to that SS appears, divided in two tabs: Summary and Detail.
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6.16.1 Summary tab
This tab is shown in Figure 6.35 and displays two main information groups:
Radio Levels: it shows basic current radio information, both in the Uplink and in the Downlink : RSSI,
CINR, Modulation and Transmission Power.
Traffic Summary: it shows aggregated throughput information, both in the Uplink and in the Downlink :
overall and instantaneous bit rate.
Figure 6.35 User Summary. Summary Tab
6.16.2 Detail User Summary
This tab is shown in Figure 6.36 and displays many information groups:
UL/DL Services: it shows information related to the active Service Flows, such as their alias, QoS,
classifiers, ARQ,etc., as long as their throughput information.
Network information: basic networking information such as the network mode (Bridging, Routing,
DHCP state, active Net Hook .
Radio Levels: current radio information, both in the Uplink and in the Downlink : RSSI, CINR,
Modulation, Transmission Power and Approximate Distance.
Status & Information: SS uptime, Authentication enabled, Secondary Management Connection
enabled.
Disconnect CPE button: this button disconnects this SS (CPE) from the cell.
UL/DL RSSI and CINR graphics: these graphics show different measures of CINR and RSSI, so it is
possible to watch the maximum achievable values while performing the SS antenna alignment. Each
graphic is prepared to show up to 14 measured values, and the Measure Age depends on the refresh
time of this tab (selectable by the Refresh Timeout bar).
All the groups may be minimized or maximized using the [-] an [+] icons.
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Figure 6.36 User Summary. Detail tab
6.17 Provisioning System
6.17.1 Theory of Operation
Fixed WiMAX IEEE 802.16-2009 networks can provide differentiated service levels of Broadband
Wireless Access (BWA) for Small and Home Office users( SOHO), Small and Medium Enterprises
(SME), Residential users. One of the main advantages of a fixed WiMAX network in comparison with
other BWA networks is support Quality of Service (QoS) capability with required throughput, maximum
latency (network delay) and tolerated jitter (delay variation) for data, voice, video traffic streams, traffic for
particular network devices, computers, ports, group of users and applications.
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The Fixed BWA for various types of users, especially corporate LAN users in opposite to a mobile BWA
is characterized by a significant traffic consumption and high requirements to a data transfer rate and link
quality. The WiMAХ network is able to provide the required parameters of the wireless communication for
different categories of users, devices and applications, that are critical to the link parameters (VoIP
telephony, corporate applications, multimedia services, etc.) especially with the limited network capacity or
high number of users.
For the service differentiation and support a quality service capability a WiMAX system has a special
software mechanism, that is similar to the ATM technology, that is called the Convergent Sublayer (CS).
WiMAX CS is a program interface between a data link and a network link layer according Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) Basic Reference Model. The CS filters and selects in a network traffic required
data streams (Service Flows), that are marked by the special identifiers (Classifiers), and provides for
each of them required QoS link parameters at MAC data link network level. A Service Flow is a key
MAC level concept of the WiMAX technology. The SF describes the specific unidirectional Downlink and
Uplink traffic with the QoS attributes, that set the required parameters for the data rate, delay, jitter. The
QoS description is included such parameters (attributes): Minimum Reserved Traffic Rate (MRTR);
Maximum Sustained Traffic Rate (MSTR); maximum Latency, which determines the allowable delay
wireless link; Tolerated Jitter (delay variation), etc.
All traffic in the WiMAX network must be classified by the Classifiers and divided into the Service Flows
( Figure 6.37).
Figure 6.37 Traffic classification in WiMAX network
The Service Flow differentiates a traffic by using following Classifiers: source and destination MAC
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addresses of the Ethernet data packets; Type of Ethernet packets; VLANs identifiers according standard
IEEE 802.11Q-1998; Type of service (TOS ) in IP network;source and destination IP addresses of IP
packet data; type of protocol, source port and destination of data (TCP, UDP, FTP, mail, HTTP, etc.).
Available traffic Classifiers depend on used Convergence Sublayer type. The Classifiers, that are used
in variousConvergence Sublayer types according IEEE 802.16 - 2009 standard are shown in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1 Convergence sublayers classifiers.
The QoS can be defined as a set of mechanisms that can guarantee the transmission of a certain amount of
data in a minimum specified time, or that can control the resource allocation between nodes in order to
perform a communication. A device that implements mechanisms for QoS should perform at least two
differentiated processes: traffic classification and resource allocation. This is shown schematically in Figure
6.38. In the first phase packets are classified into different data flows using the available criteria: DSCP/
TOS, VLAN tags, IP or MAC addresses, source or destination port, etc. Once these flows are created
and data is classified, the device routes the packets in a deterministic way, sending first the higher priority
ones. In conclusion, this structure of differentiated data flows allows implementing QoS mechanisms that
can guarantee some minimum parameters.
Figure 6.38 QoS mechanism block diagram
The MAXBridge system implements QoS mechanisms and supports four different types of service: Best
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Effort (BE), Real Time Polling Service (rtPS), Non-Real Time Polling Service (nrtPS) and Unsolicited
Grant Service (UGS). Extended Real Time Polling Service (ERTPS) will be implemented in next
MAXBridge BS, CPE software releases.
The QoS types and parameters for fixed BWA according IEEE 802.16- 2009 standard are shown in
Table 6.2.
Table 6.2 WiMAX QoS types
Service Abbrev Definition Applications
Unsolicited Grant
ServiceUGS
Real-time data streams comprising fixed-size
data packets with Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
and tolerated jitter.
T1/E1, transport,
VoIP
Real-time Polling Service rtPS
Real-time data streams comprising variable-
sized data packets with guarantied data rate
CIR and maximum data rate limitation MIR,
maximum latency and traffic prioritization.
Jitter level is not guaranteed.
MPEG Video, VoIP
Non-real-time Polling
ServicenrtPS
Delay-tolerant data streams comprising
variable-sized data packets for which
minimum data rate is required. Latency level
is not guaranteed.
FTP with
guaranteed
minimum
throughput
Best Effort BE
Data streams for which no minimum service
level is required and therefore may be
handled on a space-available basis
HTTP
The class UGS defines the QoS parameters that provide a Constant Bit Rate (CBR) - MRTR, that in the
UGS is equal to MSTR with minimum possible packet delay (latency) and jitter (variation in packet
delay).
The class rtPS defines the QoS parameters - MRTR, MSTR and delay (latency) and traffic priority. The
Latency defines maximum data packets Base Station’s processing time. The link packet’s delay value
depends on latency. Besides latency packet delay also depends on used frame size (length).
The class nrtPS defines the QoS parameters - MRTR, MSTR and traffic priority.
The class BE can define MSTR and traffic priority or be defined without requirements.
During service planing for every SS Uplink SF and Downlink SF with appropriate Classifiers must be
assigned (at least one SF for the Downlink and another one for the Uplink). For one SS can be assigned
maximum 16 SFs. Required service level with QoS parameters (at least BE as default service without any
requirements) must be specified for every SF (Figure 6.39). This service description procedure is called
Provisioning.
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Figure 6.39 WiMAX Service Flows
Provisioning should fully describe all traffic passing through the SS, all prioritization and processing rules.
NOTE
In this document and in the unit interface, the terms "Data service", "Data Flow”, “Service Flow”
and “Flow” are used as synonyms.
In the MAXBridge system all SS units and their associated Data Services must be previously defined
according to Provisioning System, so that when a new SS tries to get into the network, the BS decides
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whether to allow the new SS get into the cell or not. The BS must also know which Data services the new
SS is permitted to have. The mechanisms that control, over the air, the SS entry and the allocation of new
Data services are fully described in the IEEE 802.16-2009 standards.
BS and SS exchange messages to allow the SS to enter the network and, afterwards, to allocate Data
services. These procedures are covered by standard IEEE 802.16-2009, and are implemented by both BS
and SS equipment. MAXBridge BS 33 has internal local provisioning system to provide the SS network
entry information and this system architecture is shown in Figure 6.40.
Figure 6.40 Provisioning System architecture scheme
Using this local Provisioning system, the BS equipment holds a database in which all the allowed SS units
and their Data Services are stored. When a new SS has to be provisioned in the cell, the operator accesses
the Provisioning System using the BS's web interface. In order to open the local provisioning web
interface, log into the BS web and then click on the Local AA (Authentication and Authorization) button
on the left menu. Figure 6.41 shows the Local Provisioning main page.
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Figure 6.41 Local Authentication and Authorization
This interface allows the operator to provision SS or to delete existing ones, and to manage Data Services
of provisioned SS units. This system also informs the operator about which provisioned SS units are
currently active in the cell. In addition, the system provides the ability to provision groups of SS units ,
sharing the same configuration amongst them. A group of SS units is defined by a base MAC address and
a mask, proving that if a SS MAC address bitwise AND-ed with the mask is equal to the base address, the
SS belongs to that group.
Attention!
This web page is the front end to the Provisioning System. This implies that if the SS is active and it
is de-provisioned, it is not disconnected and only removed from the database. If the SS is dropped
using the tools available in the system, for example, in the User Stat menu, then it is not be able to
get into the cell again as it has been de-provisioned. This also applies to service provisioning. When
the SS that is already active in the cell and it is provisioned with a new service, or a current service
is changed, the changes will take effect the next time the SS connects to the BS.
Note
The title of the Provisioned Users, Provisioned Groups, AA Local Database and AA Database
Backup blocks is preceded by a - or + symbol which may be used to contract or expand the
contained elements.
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6.17.2 User and Group Provisioning
As explained before, the local provisioning system allows the operator to add, remove, and modify user/SS
or groups of users/SS units in the BS database. Only allowed or provisioned SS units in the local database
may connect to the cell. The SS can be directly provisioned as a standalone SS or can be included into a
user/SS group. The web tool to manage user/SS database is accessed via the Local AA menu. The main
view shows the current status of the database and a summary of the SS units that are connected,
connecting or disconnecting. In Figure 6.41 the provisioning database has defined SS units with the
different alias “SME”, “SOHO 2",and a group with the alias “EVERYBODY".
As shown in Figure 6.41, the Local AA menu presents different blocks in which the following information
can be found:
PROVISIONED USERS
SS Address: it indicates the MAC address of the associated SS . It includes a link to the SS/User
Description submenu.
Alias: is shows (if specified) a user-friendly text string that the operator may provide when allocating
new users/SS. This alias is used in many dialogues in the web and management system to make it easy to
manage.
Status: it indicates the current status of that user/SS (Active/ Disconnected).
Access: this tool allows the operator setting the access of a user/SS by pressing the Set button.
Sometimes the operator may want to temporarily forbid entering the WiMAX cell to a provisioned user/SS
or group, without deleting it from the database. There are 3 possibilities for the access: Allow means that
the user/SS is allowed to enter the cell; by selecting Reject, the user/SS or group are not be allowed to
enter the cell and the BS will drop it, and Deny refers that the user/SS is not allowed, but if the device is
rebooted, it will switched to allowed automatically. Clicking on Allow button again, the access to the
WiMAX cell will be restored, and the BS will not drop it any more.
Actions: is contains two buttons, Copy is used for creating a copy of the user/SS, so that it is not
necessary to specified every parameters of the new user/SS in case they are the same. Provisioned items
may be easily removed from the local database; the Delete button removes the user/SS or group for the
database.
PROVISIONED GROUPS
This menu allows also provisioning a group of users/SS units identified by a Group address and a Mask, (in
the example, 00:00:00:00:00:00 and 00:00:00:00:00:00, which means that every SS belongs to this
group). If there were another group identified, for instance, by a base address 00:50:C2:BE:90:00 and
mask FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:00, it would mean that every SS with a MAC address between 00:50:C2:BE:90:00
and 00:50:C2:BE:90:FF belongs to this group so it will be provisioned with the provisioning conditions
specified in the group. The Alias, Access and Actions parameters are the same that are explained for single
SS.
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NOTE
When denying or rejecting a SS, it will be automatically dropped by the BS, but in case of Groups of
users/SS, it is necessary to disconnect the group to apply the changes.
NOTE
In the case that a SS MAC address is provisioned as a single user/SS and also belongs to a
provisioning group, the former specification has a higher priority.
AA LOCAL DATABASE
The local database’s implementation is an XML file in this version of the system:
To download the image of the current database press on Download Current button and the web
browser downloads the XML file, named _config_AA.xml. This file can be viewed or edited using a
plain-text editor such as WordPad or vim.
The Browse and Upload New File buttons allows uploading the database back to a working BS, from a
previous backup or copied from another BS. This is an easy method to clone provisioning between
different BS.
The current local provisioning database may also be removed by pressing Clear Current.
AA DATABASE BACKUP
The current state of the Local Provisioning System is always saved in an XML file, as explained before.
When the Local AA section changes, the BS modifies automatically this file. Thus, this XML is modified
with every modification in the provisioning system. Due to this, there is another possibility to save the
current state of the AA: making a System Backup. When performing this action (pressing on the Backup
Now button), the current state of the system is saved in the .BKP text file. If an involuntary change is
applied to the provisioning system, the XML file will change too, but not the Backup file. This means that it
is possible to have a Backup copy of a previous state of the system. In addition, the last backup can also be
downloaded to the computer by pressing on Download Backup button, and uploaded back again like
explained in the Local AA Database section.
Note
To upload a Backup XML file to the unit using the Upload New File, remember to change the
extension from .BKP to .XML.
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6.17.2.1 Adding new user
To add a new SS/user to the local data base, just click the Add SS button in the provisioning main view.
The dialog in Figure 6.42 is shown.
Figure 6.42 Adding new SS
This dialog allows the operator to add a new user/SS to the database. The parameters are structured in the
following blocks:
USER CONFIGURATION
HW Address (mandatory): it refers to the MAC address of the new SS. This is the unique required
field in this dialog.
User alias (optional): it indicates a user defined text string that is used as an alias to the HW address.
This is an optional field.
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Max/Min DL Modulation (optional)
When these limits are set to other than the default values, the SS is bound to use those modulations as most/
least robust ones in the Downlink direction of the link. These are optional fields.
Max/Min UL Modulation (optional)
When these limits are set to other than the default ones, the SS is bound to use those modulations as most/
least robust ones in the uplink direction of the link. These are optional fields.
Disc on DSA Fail (recommended)
When this field is activated, if the maximum number of opportunities to create a Service Flow (DSA retries)
is exceeded, the SS is dropped from the BS instead of being added without Service Flows. After being
dropped the SS tries to start again the registering process.
Authentication: RSA authentication is performed if it supported by the SS. There are advanced options
when selected explained below.
Managed (SMC): Secondary Management Connection is negotiated if supported by a SS. The
configuration parameters are described below.
AUTHENTICATION
-Allow self signed certificate: if enable, the SS does not need to be certified by the chain of truth of the
BS. This option is by default disabled for more security.
SMC CONFIGURATION
SMC net type: there are two possible modes:
-Unified: both data and management traffic share the same wethX virtual interface, but use different
Service Flows. Traffic addressed to the user HW address uses the additional Secondary Management
Connection different from the provisioned data flows.
- Out of band: an independent methX interface is created for management traffic. Traffic addressed to the
SS HW address uses the Secondary Management Connection and device, whereas any other traffic
uses the data services.
Traffic priority: it indicates priority of the management traffic, from 0 to 7.
Max/Min Sustained Traffic Rate: allows setting the maximum and minimum management traffic rate
in kbps.
ARQ Enabled: this checkbox allows enabling the ARQ. If active, some parameters regarding the ARQ
can be set. They are explained bellow in section 6.16.3.1.
Once all the data is filled, clicking on the Save button the new SS will be added to the database.
6.17.2.2 Adding a new group of users
When referring to a group, the only difference is that it is necessary to provide SS base and mask MAC
addresses instead of a unique SS MAC address. To add a new group of users/SS units to the local data
base, click on the Add Group button in the provisioning main view. The dialog in Figure 6.43 is shown.
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Figure 6.43 Adding new groupNote
In the “Cell Setup” section, the Check Hardware Address field allows to enable/disable this
authentication control in the Initial Ranging. When this field is disabled, all SS units in the
operating range of the BS are accepted and able to enter the cell, but no SS Service Flows are
provisioned, so communication with SS is not possible.
There is another possibility to allow to every SS units entering the cell, assigning Service Flows to
them. This can be performed using the Add EVERYBODY button which creates a new group with the
less restrictive MAC Address condition:
-Group Address: 00:00:00:00:00:00
- Group Mask: 00:00:00:00:00:00
With this configuration ( default ), all SS units in the operating range of the BS are accepted and
able to connect to the cell. In addition, if Service Flows are provisioned to this group, all SS units
are provisioned with those SS Service Flows.
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6.17.2.3 Editing user / group
When two or more users/SS or groups are going to be provisioned in the same way, the provisioning system
provides a tool to make copies of a previously provisioned user/SS or group. In the Local_AA section,
every row representing a user/SS or group includes a button labeled Copy (Figure 6.41).
It allows the operator to set the new HW address and to change any other parameter. Once the Copy”
button is clicked on the new SS is added to the database. Note that Service Flows and network
configuration are also copied. This process can be performed similarly for groups of users/SS; where at
least the base and mask MAC addresses should be modified.
Note
If the user/SS or group has been provisioned with data services or if it has defined a specific
network configuration, these parameters are also copied to the new user/SS or group.
Provisioned items may also be modified. In the main provisioning dialog ( Figure 6.41), the different users/
SS and groups are listed as rows of the provisioning table. Every SS MAC Address field links to the Edit
Dialog dialogue, as shown in Figure 6.44
Figure 6.44 User modification
If any of the parameters of the user/SS or group needs to be changed, modify the correspondent field and
then click on the Update button. This dialog also allows adding new provisioned Service Flows.
Attention!
Remember that any change made with an active SS is only stored in the database and is not applied
to the active SS . If the SS is active, the Reconnect button is shown. Clicking on this button forces
the active SS to drop from the cell and to reconnect. In this new reconnection all the modified
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parameters are taken into account by the system.
6.17.3 Service Flow provisioning
Once the SS units have been defined and provisioned, the next step should be to create the appropriate
Service Flows for each SS. These SF are also provisioned in the BS, using the “Local AA” section. When
a provisioned SS enters the cell, the BS queries the Local Provisioning System about services provisioned
for it. If the local database has service descriptors for the SS, those are allocated using WiMAX
mechanisms on the air. The Local Provisioning System and it's front-end allows the operator to add,
remove and modify SFs for a provisioned user/SS or group. To get to the main provisioning dialog, proceed
following :
1. Get into the provisioning main dialog by browsing BS web and then click on the Local AA button on the
main menu.
2. Select the user/SS or group that needs to be provisioned with services and click on the link included in the
MAC address.
The provisioning page, unique for each user/SS or group, is shown in Figure
. Information referring to the Service Flows is displayed in the provisioned Service Flows DL Services
Description, UL Services Description table.
A brief description of the existing Service Flows is displayed as a row inside this table.
NOTE
There are some important points about services that must be noted:
Services are unidirectional: As the IEEE 802.16-2009 states, data flows are unidirectional. That
means that a Service Flow can only transport data either in the Downlink or in the Uplink , but not both
at the same time.
Direction of a service: In the Provisioning System, the service direction is noted as Tx or Rx. This
means Tx or Rx as seen from the BS. Thus a Tx provisioned service transports data in the Downlink ,
and an Rx provisioned service transports data in the Uplink. For any bidirectional communication, two
Service Flows are needed.
QoS of a service: QoS is independent by service. Each Service Flow has it's own QoS parameters, so
the UL and DL Service Flows do not have to be necessarily provisioned in the same way.
6.17.3.1 Service Setup
Add new Service Flows
To add new Service Flows get into the Service Provisioning main page and click on the link inside the
MAC address of the current SS. Then press the Add Service button link to show the Service Setup
dialog, as shown in Figure 6.45.
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Figure 6.45 Service Stup
This dialogue page allows the operator to change the QoS parameters such as the guaranteed traffic rates
or the peak traffic rates of the new provisioned Service Flow. Once all the parameters have been correctly
set, the pressing on Update button adds the new service to the local database.
This section is divided into few main blocks: Service Setup, QoS Parameters, ARQ Parameters and CS
Descriptor. They are explained in the following.
SERVICE SETUP Alias: it gives an alias to the current SF (optional).
Direction: selectable between Tx and Rx, it indicates the direction of the SF (mandatory).
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check): MAC PDUs may include an optional CRC fragment at the end. Thischeckbox activates/deactivates this feature.
Fragmentation: fragmentation is the process by which a MAC SDU is divided into one or more MACPDUs. This process can be necessary in order to accomplish QoS requirements of a connection’sService Flow. The authority to fragment traffic on a connection is defined when the connection is createdby the MAC SAP. Fragmentation may be initiated by a BS for Downlink connections and by an SS forUplink connections. This checkbox activates/deactivates this feature. For non-ARQ connections,fragments are transmitted once and in sequence. The sequence number assigned to each fragment allowsthe receiver to recreate the original payload and to detect the loss of any intermediate packets. For ARQ-enabled connections, fragments are formed for each transmission by concatenating sets of ARQ blockswith adjacent sequence numbers.
Piggyback Bandwidth Request: Requests refer to the mechanism that SS units use to indicate to theBS that they need Uplink bandwidth allocation. A Request may come as a stand-alone bandwidthrequest header or it may come as a Piggyback Request. Certain services need to request bandwidthbefore transmitting data. There are two mechanisms to request bandwidth: either an absolute request(standalone) or a Piggyback request. The capability of Piggyback Request is optional. This checkbox
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activates/deactivates this feature.
Broadcast Bandwidth Request: this field allows to use of the broadcast channel to send bandwidthrequests for the current SF.
Multicast Bandwidth Request: when SS units are divided into groups, this field activates multicastbandwidth requests, that is be only available for SS units belonging to that group. This procedure allowssegmenting the bandwidth opportunities.
SDU size : the value of this parameter specifies the length of the SDU for a fixed-length SDU ServiceFlow. This parameter is used only if packing is enabled and the Service Flow is indicated as carryingfixed-length SDUs. The default value is 49 bytes.
Long FSN size : Fragment Sequence Number (FSN ) refers to the sequence number of the currentSDU fragment. This field is increased by one with each fragment, including unfragmented SDUs. Thestandard defines that this size could be 3-bits or 11-bits. This checkbox activates/deactivates the 11-bitssize.
CSL Type (Convergence Sublayer): as the standard IEEE 802.16-2009 states, each allocated servicemust have an instance of a Convergence Sublayer (CS or CSL). This is related to the type of trafficthat a service can handle. All the available CSL types are those that can transport packetized traffic andare included into a higher level CS called Packet CS. The main difference between selecting one CSL oranother is the variety of available classifiers. For example, the CS ETHERNET CSL type is only able tomake filtering up to OSI-model’s Layer-2. Once the SF has been created, this option is the only one thatmay not be modified.
QoS PARAMETERS
- QoS Scheduling Type
The value of this parameter specifies the scheduling service that is enabled for the associated Service
Flow. Scheduling services represent the data handling mechanisms supported by the MAC scheduler for
data transport on a connection. Each connection is associated with a single Data Service (SF), and each
Data Service is associated with a set of QoS parameters that quantify aspects of its behaviour. For
services are supported: Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS), Real-time Polling Service (rtPS), Non-
realtime Polling Service (nrtPS), and Best Effort (BE). The following paragraphs provide a brief
description of each of the supported scheduling services.
Note
Extended Realtime Polling Service (ErtPS) will be supported in next s/w releases
The QoS concept is described in 6.16.1.The following section provides a more detail QoS description:
BE. This service is designed to support data streams for which no minimum service level is required andtherefore may be handled on a space-available basis. Best effort delivery describes a network service inwhich the flow does not provide any guarantees that data is delivered.
nrtPS. It is designed to support delay-tolerant data streams (non real time) consisting of variable-sizeddata packets for which a minimum data rate is required, such as high bandwidth FTP. The nrtPS offersunicast polls on a regular basis, which assures that the Service Flow receives request opportunities evenduring network congestion.
rtPS. It is designed to support real-time data streams consisting of variable-sized data packets that areissued at periodic intervals, such as Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) video. The service offersrealtime, periodic, unicast request opportunities, which meet the flow’s realtime needs and allow the SS tospecify the size of the desired grant. This service requires more request overhead than UGS, but supportsvariable grant sizes for optimum data transport efficiency.
ertPS. It is a scheduling mechanism that builds on the efficiency of both UGS and rtPS. The ertPS isdesigned for real-time traffic with variable data rate (such as VOIP service with silence suppression)over the WiMAX network.
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UGS. It is designed to support real-time data streams consisting of fixed-size data packets issued atperiodic intervals, such as T1/E1 or VoIP without silence suppression. The service offers fixed-size grantson a real-time periodic basis, which eliminate the overhead and latency of SS requests and assure thatgrants are available to meet the flow’s real-time needs.
- QoS Priority This parameter, also known as Traffic Priority in the standard IEEE 802.16-2009, specifies the priorityassigned to a Service Flow. Given two Service Flows with identical QoS parameters, the higher priorityService Flow should be given lower delay and higher buffering preference. For otherwise non identicalService Flows, the priority parameter should not take precedence over any conflicting Service Flow QoSparameter. Selectable from 0 to 7, higher numbers indicate higher priority.
- Maximum RateThis parameter, related with the Maximum Sustained Traffic Rate parameter in the standard IEEE 802.16-2009, defines the peak information rate of the service. The rate is expressed in kilobits per second andpertains to the SDUs at the input to the system. Explicitly, this parameter does not include MAC overheadsuch as MAC headers or CRCs. This parameter does not limit the instantaneous rate of the service sincethis is governed by the physical attributes of the ingress port. This field specifies only a bound, not aguarantee that the rate is available.
- Minimum RateThis parameter, related with the Minimum Reserved Traffic Rate parameter in the standard IEEE 802.16-2009, specifies the minimum rate reserved for this Service Flow. The rate is expressed in kilobits persecond and specifies the minimum amount of data to be transported on behalf of the Service Flow whenaveraged over time. The specified rate shall only be maintained when sufficient data is available forscheduling. When insufficient data exists, the requirement imposed by this parameter shall be satisfied byassuring that the available data is transmitted as soon as possible. The BS shall be able to satisfy bandwidthrequests for a service flow up to its Minimum Rate. If less bandwidth than its Minimum Rate is requestedfor a Service Flow, the BS may reallocate the excess reserved bandwidth for other purposes. Theaggregate Minimum Rate of all Service Flows can exceed the amount of available bandwidth. If thisparameter is omitted, then it defaults to a value of 0 bits per second (no bandwidth is reserved for the flow).
- Maximum BurstThis parameter, also known as Maximum Traffic Burst in the standard IEEE 802.16-2009, defines themaximum burst size that shall be accommodated for the service, expressed in bytes. Since the physicalspeed of ingress/egress ports, the air interface, and the backhaul will, in general, be greater than themaximum sustained traffic rate parameter for a service, this parameter describes the maximum continuousburst the system should accommodate for the service, assuming the service is not currently using any of itsavailable resources.
- Maximum JitterThis parameter, also known as Tolerated Jitter in the standard IEEE 802.16-2009, defines the maximumdelay variation for the connection. It is expressed in milliseconds.
- Maximum LatencyThis parameter, also known as Maximum Latency in the standard, specifies the maximum latency betweenthe reception of a packet by the BS or SS on its network interface and the forwarding of the packet to itsRF Interface. If defined, this parameter represents a service commitment (or admission criteria) at the BSor SS and shall be guaranteed by the BS or SS. A BS or SS does not have to meet this service commitmentfor service flows that exceed their minimum reserved rate. It is expressed in milliseconds.
- Grant IntervalThe BS gives a SS the bandwidth requested at least every Grant Interval time.
- Polling Interval
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It sets the maximum interval the BS will wait before making a Poling request, asking that user forbandwidth requests.
ARQ PARAMETERSARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) is a communication protocol in which the receiving device detectserrors and requests retransmissions. When the receiver detects an error in a packet, it automaticallyrequests the transmitter to resend the packet. This process is repeated until the packet is error free or theerror continues beyond a predetermined number of transmissions. ARQ may be used in WiMAXcommunications to guarantee data integrity. ARQ is enabled on a per-connection basis. The per-connection ARQ is specified and negotiated duringconnection creation. Similar to other properties of the MAC protocol, the scope of a specific instance ofARQ is limited to one unidirectional connection. A distinct unit of data is carried on an ARQ-enabledconnection. Such a unit is assigned a sequence number, and is managed as a distinct entity by the ARQ statemachines. Block size and other related parameters are negotiated during connection establishment.This section allows enabling the ARQ mechanism for the current SF as long as to modify some relatedparameters. However, UNIDATA recommends using the default parameters, which will be automaticallycalculated to be the more efficient ones for the current SF. The parameters are explained in the followingpoints:- ARQ Enabled checkbox: it indicates whether or not ARQ use is requested for the current Service Flow.- Window Size : it is the maximum number of unacknowledged ARQ blocks at any given time. An ARQblock is unacknowledged if it has been transmitted but no acknowledgment has been received.- Block Life Time : it is the maximum time interval an ARQ block shall be managed by the transmitterARQ state machine, once initial transmission of the block has occurred. If transmission (or subsequentretransmission) of the block is not acknowledged by the receiver before the time limit is reached, the blockis discarded.- Retry Timeout: it is the minimum time interval a transmitter shall wait before retransmission of anunacknowledged block for retransmission. The interval begins when the ARQ block was last transmitted.- Sync Loss Timeout: it is the maximum time interval ARQ_TX_WINDOW_START orARQ_RX_WINDOW_START parameters shall be allowed to remain at the same value before declaring aloss of synchronization of the sender and receiver state machines when data transfer is known to be active.The ARQ receiver and transmitter state machines manage independent timers. Each has its own criteria fordetermining when data transfer is “active”.- Purge Timeout: it indicates the time interval the receiver shall wait after successful reception of a blockthat does not result in advancement of ARQ_RX_WINDOW_START value, before advancing to a newARQ_RX_WINDOW_START. - Block Size : it indicates the length used for partitioning an SDU into a sequence of ARQ blocks prior totransmission.
NoteARQ is referred to unidirectional Service Flows, what means that it may be applied only in onedirection (Uplink or Downlink).
Deleting an existing Service Flow
Data flows may also be deleted or de-provisioned. To do this just get into the User Description menu
page, choose the required SF and click on Delete button.
6.17.3.2 Classifier desctiption
Once the Service Flow has been created, in the Flow Description dialog page this new section appears
in the down side of the screen (squared in yellow in Figure 6.46). From this section, the flow classifiers can
be added and modified.
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Figure 6.46 Convergent Sublayer Descriptor
Classifiers
The WiMAX systems allow the data to be filtered by certain criteria and mapped to specific Service Flows,
so that QoS might be different depending on the traffic types. This is done by the Classifiers mechanism,
that is associated to the Convergence Sublayers of the Service Flow. Once a new service has been
provisioned, classifiers can be added to the Service Flow so that only the desired traffic is transported
through it. To do this, get into the CS Descriptio” section and click on the Add New Classifier button. In
Figure 6.47 and Figure 6.48 different Classifier Description dialogues are shown .
Note
The available Classifiers are different depending on the selected Convergence Sublayer, so only
some matching criteria can be selected according to the selected CSL type. For example, CS
IPv4overEthernet CSL type offers much more possibilities than CS Ethernet CSL Type.
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Figure 6.47 Classifier Description over a CS Ethernet CSL type
Figure 6.48 Classifier Description over a CS IPv4overVLAN type
The classification rules are various: Destination/Source IP address, Destination/Source MAC Address,
Destination/Source Port range, TOS field, VLAN User priority, etc, giving the operator a great filtering
flexibility. They are all described in Table 6.3 below.
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Table 6.3. MAXBridge system Classifiers
IP TOS/DSCP The IPv4 frame header includes an 8-bit Type of Service fieldthat specifies the parameters for the requested service toperform Layer-3 QoS. The bits are structured as follows: Bits7-5: Precedence, Bit 4: Delay, Bit 3: Throughput, Bit 2:Reliability, Bits 1-0: not-used. Later the TOS was redefined to the DSCP value (Differentiated Services Code Point, as in RFC2474 andRFC2475). Routers that support DiffServ use this DSCP valueto select per-hop behaviour and provide the appropriateLayer-3 QoS service to traffic. The bits are structured asfollows: Bits 7-2: DiffServ Codepoint (DC), Bits: 1-0: ECN(Explicit Congestion Notification).DC field in DSCP is backwards compatible with TOSprecedence field. When converting between TOS precedenceand DSCP, match the three most significant bits. For instance: TOS Precedence 5 (101) maps to DSCP DC 101 000.This classifier filters by the 8-bit Type field on the Layer-3protocol frame header, both for TOS and DSCP.This classifier filters by the 8-bit Type field on the Layer-3protocol frame header, both for TOS and DSCP. Selection: a filtering range can be selected defining the lowerand the higher margins (TOS-Low and TOS-High), expressedin decimal notation. A TOS Mask should be defined, also indecimal notation, to select the bits that are going to befiltered. TOS Low/High values and TOS Mask will becombined with an AND logical operation, resulting the TOSfinal filtering value, whereas:
TOSmin d TOSpckt & TOSmask d TOSmax.Note: operator should understand properly the TOS/DSCPfields and its bit distribution in order to use this classifierproperly
IPv4IPv4overVLAN
IP SourceAddress
It filters by the Source address field on the Layer-3 protocolframe header. Selection: The filtering IP address range is defined with aBase Address and a Mask Address, performing a logical ANDoperation, whereas:
Filter_IP = IPbase_address & IP maskFor example when filtering by a unique IP address, the maskshould be 255.255.255.255. In addition, the address formatshould be specified (IPv4 or IPv6).
IPv4IPv4overVLAN
IP DestinationAddress
It filters by the Destination address field on the Layer-3protocol frame header.
Selection: similar as explained before in the IP SourceAddress Classifier.
IPv4IPv4overVLAN
Layer-4 ProtocolIt filters by the type of transport protocol that is being used,as specified in the 8-bit “Protocol” field on the Layer-3 frame header.The IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is aregulatory entity that has defined the Internet ProtocolNumbers. Thus, every Layer-4 protocol is defined with anumerical value: ICMP = 1, IGMP = 2, TCP = 6, UDP=17,etc.Selection: the protocol number should be specified, expressedin decimal notation.
IPv4IPv4overVLAN
Source PortRange
It filters by the Source Port field as specified in the Layer-4protocol frame header.Selection: a filtering range can be selected defining the lowerand the higher margins in decimal notation. To filter a unique
IPv4IPv4overVLAN
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port, both low and high values should be the same.Destination Port
RangeIt filters by the Destination Port field as specified in theLayer-4 protocol frame header.Selection: a filtering range can be selected defining the lowerand the higher margins in decimal notation.
IPv4IPv4overVLAN
Layer 3 Protocol It filters by the Layer-3 protocol specified in the Ethernetframe header. Filtering can me made using the Ethertype orthe DSAP/SSAP fields:
Ethertype refers to the 2-byte Type field of the Ethernetframe header as defined by the Ethernet II framingnetworking standard. It is used to indicate which upper-layer protocol is encapsulated in the frame data. Eachupper-layer protocol is identified by a 2-byte code (i.e.:IPv4 = 0x0800, ARP = 0x0806, 802.1q = 0x8100, IPv6 =0x86DD, etc).In the original IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard, the frameheader includes a part belonging to the IEEE 802.2standard (LLC). Amongst them, there are the one-byteDSAP and SSAP fields. DSAP (Destination Service AccessPoint) indicates the service to which the LLC data unit isbeing sent, and SSAP (Source Service Access Point)indicates the service from which the LLC data unit is sent.
Selection: first choose between Ethertype or DSAP/SSAPoptions, and then specify the adequate protocol number,expressed in hexadecimal notation.
All
Ethernet SourceAddress
It filters by the Source Address field in the Ethernet IEEE802.3 frame header.Selection: The filtering MAC address range will be definedwith a Base Address and a Mask Address, performing anAND logical operation, whereas:
Filter_MAC = MACbase_address & MACmask
All
EthernetDestination
Address
It filters by the Destination address field in the Ethernet IEEE802.3 frame header. Selection: similar as explained before in the Ethernet SourceAddress classifier.
All
VLAN UserPriority
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) is a technique whichallows the logical segmentation of different LANs intomultiple virtual LANs, or the creation of a unique logical LANfrom physically segmented LANS. The protocol used inconfiguring VLANs is IEEE 802.1q. Every packet belonging toa VLAN should be identified in some way (tagged). The IEEE802.1q protocol specifies that when using VLANs, a tagshould be added to the Ethernet frame header of everypacket, including a three-bit User Priority field and a twelve-bit VLAN Identifier-VID. This classifier filters according tothe three-bit User Priority field in the VLAN tag of everypacket.Selection: a filtering range can be selected defining the lowerand the higher margins, expressed in decimal notation.
VLANIPv4overVLAN
802.1q VLAN ID This classifier filters according to the twelve-bit VLANidentifier field in the VLAN tag of every packet.Selection: the desired VLAN_ID value should be specified indecimal notation.
VLANIPv4overVLAN
Classifier Description There are also two additional important fields that are explained:
Priority
When the SS is connected to the BS, all the different Classifiers for the current network interface are
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stored in the CSL in some kind of list. When the BS wants to send a packet, it sequentially checks all the
current Classifiers in that list, and the data is assigned to the first matching Classifier’s Service Flow.
With the Priority parameter, it is possible to increase the priority of a Classifier, so it gets higher in this
Classifiers’ list. In conclusion, the BS first checks the filtering rules of the higher priority Classifiers.
Action
This field allows creating Discarding flows. The default value of this field is Accept, so the packets
compliant with the filtering rules are transmitted over the suitable Service Flow. On the other hand,
selecting Discard, all the packets compliant with the filtering rules will be discarded and dropped, so they
will not be transmitted to the air.
There is also the possibility to select different filtering conditions following AND or OR rules. This can be
explained with an example: if a unique Classifier is created with both Destination IP Address and a TOS
field rules, the BS understands this as an AND condition: only the packets with that destination IP Address
AND with the specified TOS values are compliant with this Classifier. On the other hand, if two different
Classifiers are created, one with the Destination IP Address rule and another one with the TOS field rule,
the BS performs an OR condition: both the packets with that destination IP Address OR with the specified
TOS values are compliant with this Classifier.
6.17.4 Network provisioning
Network provisioning is a powerful functionality which allows to completely managing the networking
configuration of all the active SS units. In other wireless systems (such as Wi-Fi), the Master node has a
unique wireless interface to communicate with all the registered clients. Every networking configuration
related to this interface, such as the operation mode or the IP routes, are applied to all the managed hosts.
This means that if the Master node’s wireless interface is operating in bridging mode, all the clients should
operate in bridging mode (as they will be connected to this shared bridged- and-unique wireless interface).
In the MAXBridge BS, by contrast, there are different and independent virtual wireless interfaces for each
SS. When some SS is registered in the cell, the BS will automatically create a virtual wireless interface
(called wethX) to communicate with that SS. This means that the BS has the possibility of configuring
independently the networking mode of each SS. It would be possible to use the three different networking
modes simultaneously (Routing, Bridging and Local Network) for different SS units, that connected
simultaneously to the BS.
When the SS has been provisioned with at least one Service Flow, the Network Configuration block
appears in the User/Group Description sub-menu. This block is highlighted in blue in Figure 6.49. When
pressing the Configure button, the SS Network Configuration dialogue menu is opened. As explained
before, unit supports three main operation modes at network layer. These models are briefly described
below.
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Figure 6.49 Network Configuration provisioning block
Bridging Mode
The BS incorporates the possibility of performing transparent Bridging at Layer-2. In this mode, the wethx
wireless interface is transparently bridged to the defined logic bridge. All the traffic flow at Layer-2
between all the interfaces belonging to that bridge. If a wired/VLAN interface is also added to that bridge,
the SS has transparent access to the network.
It is a plug&play networking mode which does not need additional routing configuration, so it is probably the
easiest networking mode available. The creation and configuration of a bridge in the BS is performed in the
Bridging Setup section, as explained below in paragraph 6.19. After creating a bridge, the operator may
select in the network provisioning the adequate bridge to which the SS will be associated. A schematic view
of the Bridging architecture is shown in Figure 6.50, in order to illustrate a possible scenario that could use
this mode. In this case, and being compliant with the Bridging concept, two networks with the same
network mask are connected by means of two WiMAX units. Both networks will work in the domain
192.168.2.0/24. The Bridge’s advantage is its simplicity an its Plug-and-Play feature, since once it is
created and configured it will not be necessary to configure anything more, and the wireless link will be a
transparent bridge which will communicate both sub-networks in a fully transparent way. It will not be
necessary to add manually any route to the WiMAX units and neither to any other network equipment in the
network.
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Figure 6.50 Example of architecture with Bridging mode
This operation mode is selected in the CPE Network Configuration page, selecting Bridged as the desired
networking mode. If this mode is selected, the Bridge Mode Configuration block is displayed, as shown in
Figure 6.51. As explained before, Bridging mode is extremely easy to configure. The only thing the
operator should fix is the bridge to which the SS should connect. If there is only one unique bridge, the SS
will be associated to it automatically. After configuring this, press on the Update button and the changes will
be automatically saved in the Local AA database.
Figure 6.51 CPE Network Configuration. Bridging modeNOTE
The Bridging mode is the Default provisioned networking mode, so if the network configuration of a
SS is not manually configured, the BS tries to operate in Bridging mode with the first created bridge.
Bridged VLAN Mode
In Bridged VLAN mode the wethx interface is allowed to have up to four different VLAN devices, each
one defined by a VLAN tag. Like Bridged mode, all the traffic of this VLAN device flows at layer 2
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between all the interfaces in the logic bridge defined and provisioned next to the VLAN tag ( Figure 6.52).
Figure 6.52 CPE Network Configuration. Bridged VLAN
Routing Mode
The Routing mode is defined as the classic working mode where units have some routing tables defined,
and they redirect packets through one interface or another following these previously established rules.
These tables must be filled in by the network administrator, and it is very important to configure them
correctly in order to make the system work properly. In this networking mode, the wethx wireless interface
associated to a certain SS is configured as a standard and static routed interface. An IP must be provided
(or DHCP selected) to that interface and all the needed static routes may be added in the Provisioning
System.
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Figure 6.53 Example of architecture with Routing mode
In order to show a possible scenario that uses this mode, a schematic is shown in Figure 6.53, where two
differential sub-networks in different locations can be observed. A WiMAX link will be used to connect the
network 192.168.2.0/24 with the network 192.168.3.0/24, using two units. The graph also shows an example
of the routing tables that could be defined on each unit in order to allow the communication between units
from different networks in a natural way. Obviously, it will be also necessary to make a suitable
configuration of the routing tables in each sub-network’s equipment, in order to allow them to route traffic
towards other network, because in this case it's gateway would be the unit that belongs to its own network.
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Figure 6.54 CPE Network Configuration. Routing mode
This operation mode is selected in the CPE Network Configuration screen, selecting Routed as the
desired Networking mode. If this mode is selected, the Router Mode Configuration block is displayed, as
shown in Figure 6.54. The fields that should be configured are described below:
IP version: IP version 4 may only be selectable, although IPv6 will be available for future use in later
releases.
Static IP: it refers to the public IP that is assigned to this wethx interface, when it is created. This IP
address should be set either manually (static IP) or automatically, selecting the DHCP checkbox. In this
case, a Fallback IP address should be specified, as long as the interface that will be used for the DHCP-
requests.
Netmask: this field must be filled with the net-mask of the current sub-network, using the CIDR notation
(Classless Inter-Domain Routing).
Broadcast: this field should be filled with the broadcast IP address. If no address is specified, the
following default address will be selected: 255.255.255.255. When operating in DHCP mode, this field is
not available. After filling in this networking information and pressing on the Update button, changes will
be saved and the Routes block will appear below, where the IP routes may be configured manually. The
Net-Hook is explained in the following.
Local Network Mode
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In this mode the SS is connected to a local network at the BS, and it has data access via NAT to a data
interface. This data interface should be selected and a data IP should be provided (or DHCP selected). In
addition, this mode allows defining an additional management interface, thus providing a pair of interfaces to
access the SS: one for data and another one for management.
This operation mode is selected in the CPE Network Configuration section, selecting Local Network as
the desired Networking mode. If this mode is selected, the Local Network Mode Configuration block is
displayed, as shown in Figure 6.55.
Figure 6.55 CPE Network Configuration. Local Network mode
Note
The Management Configuration block appears only once the Local Network mode is selected, after
pressing on the Update button.
This operation mode allows to give “virtual” IP addresses to SS units with even the same IP address
(using the Net Hook functionality, which will be explained later) with the peculiarity that these “virtual” IP
addresses do not have to belong to the BS’s subnetwork (what is possible with the Local Network Mode
configuration).
The fields that should be configured are explained below:
Data interface: it refers to the data interface. If DHCP is used, this device will be used for the DHCP
requests.
Data Static IP: it refers to the public IP address that is assigned to this wethx interface, when it is
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created. This IP address should be set either manually (static IP) or automatically, selecting the DHCP
checkbox. In this case, a Fallback IP address should be specified.
Private/Local Address: in this field, the private “virtual” address that is given to the SS can be set.
There is also the possibility to fix it in automatic mode (selecting the Auto checkbox), and the BS assigns
randomly and IP address inside the current subnet.
Local Network bridge : this field allows to set the identifier of the bridge that is used to perform the
Local Network operation.
To understand better this concept, a sample scenario will be considered, with a BS in the 192.168.70.1 IP
address and four SSs belonging to the 192.168.90.0/24 IP subnet, as shown in Figure 6.56
Figure 6.56 Example of architecture with Double NAT mode
To use this functionality in this scenario, two conditions must be fulfilled:
a) SS units should have a “real” IP address which belongs to the desired operation sub-network (in this
sample scenario, 192.168.90.0/24). Two different scenarios are supported: all SS units could have different
“real” IP addresses, or they could have the same “real” IP address (i.e. the vendor default IP, which could
be 192.168.90.253, for instance) using the Net Hook functionality, which will give every SS a different “
virtual” IP address belonging to the original subnet (the Net-Hook is explained later). Once every SS has a
different IP address belonging to the private subnet (192.168.90.0/24 in this sample) the BS is able to
translate this addresses into public IP addresses belonging to the public subnet (192.168.70.0/24 subnet in
this sample). The SS units communicate with the BS or access the Internet using this public IP addresses.
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b) SSs should have correctly configured it's Gateway. In this sample scenario, their gateway would be the
BS’s IP in the 192.168.90.0/24 sub-network, which in the sample will be 192.168.90.1. To be able to use the
Double-NAT functionality, it will be necessary to create a specific bridge in the BS. This is performed
easily in Bridging Setup menu. In the sample scenario the new bridge could be defined as lan90 , for
example, and the given IP would be the gateway for the SS units in that sub-network: 192.168.90.1.
If the SS units already have different “real” IP addresses, the Net-Hook functionality will not be
necessary, only the Local Network Mode fields should be filled in. In the current sample, where all SS
units have the same “real” IP (192.168.90.253), the Net-Hook will perform the translation between “real”
and “virtual” IP addresses. The fields should be filled on this way:
Data Static IP: 192.168.70.x,
Private/Local Address: 192.168.90.x,
Local Network Bridge: 90,
And referring to the Net-Hook:
Hook Type: IPv4,
Hidden IP: it indicates the “real” IP of that SS (i.e. 192.168.90.253 in the current sample),
Private/Local Address: it indicates the “virtual” private IP address of that SS (i.e. 192.168.90.2,
192.168.90.3, or 192.168.90.4 in the sample). If the Local Mode Network configuration is being used,
this field is automatically filled in to keep the system coherence.
In conclusion, this section configures the Double-NAT procedure which allows translating IP addresses
from one sub-net to another, and vice versa (in this sample, 192.168.70.0/24 and 192.168.90.0/24 subnets).
For example, the SS that is identified with the 192.168.90.4 private IP address on the private sub-net goes
to Internet using the 192.168.70.4 as specified in the field “Data Static IP”. Note that all these IP address
translations is performed in the BS. The SS units are not aware that the translation is being performed, as
it is a transparent procedure.
MANAGEMENT DOUBLE IP ADDRESS
Once the Local Network mode is activated and configured, a new block called Management
Configuration appears in the bottom of the page, as shown in Figure 6.57. This section allows setting an
additional IP address for the SS units which can be used for management operations. This IP address may
be used as the source or destination address of IP datagrams, resulting that the configuration web interface
of that SS could be accessible via this additional management IP address, for example.
The Management Configuration block allows setting this management additional IP address. For
activating this functionality, just select the checkbox in the top of the table, and the IP address fields will be
selectable. The management IP address may be set either manually (static IP) or automatically, selecting
the DHCP checkbox. In this case, a Fallback IP address should be specified, as long as the interface that
will be used for the DHCP requests.
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Figure 6.57 Management additional IP address
Net-Hook – Stateless NAT
The Net-Hook functionality can be configured for Routing or Local Network operating modes, and is
used for giving a “virtual” IP address to a specific SS. Two important conditions must be filled:
1) The new Public IP address must belong to the same subnet of the real IP Address (Hidden IP).
2) SSs should have correctly configured it's Gateway. The fields that should be filled are explained below:
- Hook Type : IPv4 or IPv6 (IPv6 is not available yet ).
- Hidden IP: it indicates the “real” IP of that SS.
- Private/Local Address: it indicates the “virtual” IP of that SS. If the Local Mode Network
configuration is being used, this field is automatically filled in to keep the system coherence.
Attention!
Remember that the Net-Hook is only translate IP addresses belonging to the same subnetwork.
NOTE
The Net Hook functionality is only supported for single SS , although next firmware release will
include it also for groups.
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6.18 Certification Authority
This feature allows configuring the authentication subsystem by means of Certification Authority (CA)
certificates. As explained in Cell Setup menu, when the Authorization required field is enabled in the
BS, the SS Authorization and Key Exchange isperformed, using X.509 digital certificates . This means
that during the cell entry process, the SS needs to be certified by the chain of truth of the BS. This is the
first step for a SS to access the network: if authorization is required but not supported by the SS, it will be
directly disconnected; otherwise, the entry process will continue and the BS will decide whether allowing the
SS into the cell or not, according to the provisioned SS units in the Local AA Database (as explained in
Section 6.16).
The X.509 digital certificate is a public-key certificate that binds the SS’s identifying information to its RSA
public key in a verifiable manner. It is digitally signed by the SS’s manufacturer, and that signature can be
verified by a BS that knows the manufacturer’s public key. The manufacturer’s public key is placed in an
X.509 certification authority (CA) certificate, which in turn is signed by a higher-level CA.
By default, unit is loaded trusted certificate UNIDATA System Root CA ( Figure 6.58). The operator can
also load his own certificate by the Upload CA certificate tool where the authorized SS units are
specified, as a first control to the cell entry.
Figure 6.58 CA Certificates
6.19 Network Setup
This section allows visualizing and configuring all the network interfaces of the unit, both physical and
wireless, as well as the current configured IP routes or the gateway’s IP address.
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6.19.1 Interfaces setup
This page allows configuring unit's interfaces ( Figure 6.59).
Figure 6.59 Network Setup, Interfaces tabIt contains different sections:
CHANGE IP ADDRESS
In this block it is possible to change the IP addresses to all the current active wired interfaces (ethx, lanx
and VLAN devices). There are two operation modes available:
a) Static mode : the IP address should be introduced manually by the operator in the appropriate field (with
a 0.0.0.0/X notation), and the address of the default gateway may also be set.
b) DHCP mode : in this mode the unit l automatically asks for an IP address using the DHCP protocol. In
this mode, the operator may also define a Fallback IP, which will be assigned to that interface if the
DHCP negotiation has not been successful.
The changes will take effect after pressing the Set button. The system will check that the address and the
mask have valid values, and it will show a warning message before changing the IP.
PHYSICAL INTERFACES
In this table it is possible to look up the available physical network interfaces, together with its IP address
and other information. In the Mode field the operation mode of the Ethernet interface can be configured:
the negotiation (auto-detecting or forced), the speed (10/100 Mbps), and the transmission mode (full/half
duplex).
BRIDGES
In this block the active Bridges (lanx interfaces) are listed, if any, with some related information.
VLANs
In this block the active VLANs are listed, if any, with some related information.
WIRELESS INTERFACES
This table shows a list with the active wireless network interfaces, in the same way as the Physical
Interfaces. These interfaces is automatically created and assigned to every SS by the BS.
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6.19.2 Routes setup
In this tab, the configured unicast routes are listed. The operator add and delete routes easily. To add new
one, just fill in the suitable fields (destination, via, and interface). In order to make the creation of routes
easier, the system shows which interfaces are available. In addition, the Default checkbox allows defining
the default Gateway, and the Local checkbox routes that traffic locally. This tab is shown in Figure 6.60.
Figure 6.60 Network Setup, Routes tab
6.19.3 Name Resolution
If the BS has access to the Internet, in this field the default DNS (Domain Name System) server can be
defined. Just introduce the IP address of the server in the field and press on the Set DNS button to activate
this option. To de-activate, press the “Reset DNS” button. This tab is shown in Figure 6.61.
Figure 6.61 Network Setup. Name Resolution
6.20 Bridging Setup
This section is useful when Bridging mode is going to be used. From this, different bridges may be created
or deleted. The unit allows creating multiple bridges simultaneously, what means that a pair of units could
interconnect different pairs of sub-networks sharing the same wireless channel, or that a BS with multiple
SS inits could put them into different groups using different Bridges, for instance. Figure 6.62 shows an
example, where three bridges are defined.
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Figure 6.62 Bridging Setup
Creating a Bridge.
It is a simple process: just go to the Add new bridge section, give an “x” number to the bridge and click
on the Add Bridge icon.
Once performed, a lanx named bridge is automatically created and shown in the Defined bridges
section. An IP address may be assigned to the new lanx interface just by going to Network Setup menu
and assigning an IP to the lanx interface.
Adding interfaces to a Bridge.
To add the BS’s wired interface eth0 in the bridge, just by going to the Bridging Setup menu, selecting
the eth0 interface and clicking on the Add port icon. If the Clone IP from device checkbox is selected,
the current IP address of the eth0 interface will be automatically copied to the lan0 interface. Regarding
the wireless interfaces, the BS automatically creates a wethx interface for every SS connected to the cell
that has been configured in the Local_AA for belonging to the Bridge.
The Bridge ports section also allows to delete manually an interface from a Bridge, clicking on the
appropriate Delete icon.
Deleting a Bridge.
Once a lanx has been created, it can be easily deleted in the Defined bridges section, just pressing the
appropriate Delete icon. If the eth0 is added to the bridge, deleting the bridge would also delete the IP of
the unit, making it unreachable. To avoid this, it is possible to clone the IP of the bridge to the physical
interface, keeping the IP address of the unit.
NOTE
Remember that after creating Bridges, every SS should be associated to the correct bridge in the
Network Provisioning section in the Local AA.
SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL (STP)
STP is a Layer 2 protocol, typically based in the IEEE 802.1D standard, that runs on bridges and switches,
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and whose main purpose is to prevent loops when having redundant paths in the network. STP is a
technology that allows bridges to communicate with each other to discover physical loops in the network.
The protocol specifies an algorithm that bridges can use to create a loop-free logical topology. As the name
suggests, STP creates a tree structure of loop-free leaves and branches that spans the entire Layer 2
network; it disables those links that are not part of the spanning tree, leaving a single active path between
any two network nodes. STP operation is transparent to end-stations. Where two bridges are used to
interconnect the same two computer network segments, Spanning Tree is a protocol that allows bridges to
exchange information, so that only one of them will handle a given message that is being sent between two
computers within the network.
Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) are used by bridges where STP is enabled, to exchange information
regarding their status. The Hello Time is the time between each BPDU that is sent on a port. This time is
equal to 2 seconds (sec) by default, but it may be tuned to be between 1 and 60 sec.
STP is an available functionality when using Bridging in the unit, so every Bridge is able to communicate
with other bridges/switches in the network where STP is running. It is possible to activate STP (or not) for
each existing Bridge using the STP Configuration section. The procedure is simple: select the Bridge
name, select to enable or disable STP, and set the “Hello Time” parameter. Then just press on the
Configure button.
6.21 VLAN Setup
VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) - a virtual LAN, commonly known as a VLAN, is a group of hosts
with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were attached to the same broadcast
domain, regardless of their physical location. A VLAN has the same attributes as a physical LAN, but it
allows for end stations to be grouped together even if they are not located on the same network switch. It is
possible to have multiple subnets on one VLAN or have one subnet spread across multiple VLANs. Network
reconfiguration can be done through software instead of physically relocating devices.
Usage of VLAN give the following advantages: limiting broadcast domain, easy creating of functional
workgroups, increased security, scalability and network management.
The MAXBridge BS is able to tag and un-tag packets as specified in the IEEE 802.1Q protocol.
The 802.1Q protocol does not actually encapsulate the original frame. Instead, for Ethernet II frames, it
adds a 32-bit field between the source MAC address and the EtherType/Length fields of the original frame.
Two bytes are used for the Tag Protocol Identifier (TPID), the other two bytes for Tag Control
Information (TCI). The TCI field is further divided into PCP, CFI, and VID ( Figure 6.63).
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Figure 6.63 IEEE 802.1Q tagged frame
Tag Protocol Identifier (TPID): a 16-bit field set to a value of 0x8100 in order to identify the frame as an
IEEE 802.1Q-tagged frame. This field is located at the same position as the EtherType/Size field in
untagged frames, and is thus used to distinguish the frame from untagged frames.
Priority Code Point (PCP): a 3-bit field which refers to the IEEE 802.1p priority. It indicates the frame
priority level. Values are from 0 (best effort) to 7 (highest); 1 represents the lowest priority. These values
can be used to prioritize different classes of traffic (voice, video, data, etc).
Canonical Format Indicator (CFI): a 1-bit field. If the value of this field is 1, the MAC address is in non-
canonical format. If the value is 0, the MAC address is in canonical format. It is always set to zero for
Ethernet switches. CFI is used for compatibility between Ethernet and Token Ring networks. If a frame
received at an Ethernet port has a CFI set to 1, then that frame should not be bridged to an untagged port.
VLAN Identifier (VID): a 12-bit field specifying the VLAN to which the frame belongs. A value of 0 means
that the frame does not belong to any VLAN; in this case the 802.1Q tag specifies only a priority and is
referred to as a priority tag. The hexadecimal value of 0xFFF is reserved. All other values may be used as
VLAN identifiers, allowing up to 4094 VLANs. On bridges, VLAN 1 is often reserved for management.
MAXBridge BS unit may be used to create and manage VLANs, operating either as a switching node or as
a VLAN end-point. It supports up to 10 levels of Q-in-Q encapsulation, which allows adding an additional tag
to a previously tagged packet. This mechanisms increases VLAN scalability, improves security via robust
isolation of customer traffic, and ensures backward compatibility preserving existing customers VLAN
structures.
VLANs may be defined in the VLAN Setup section, as shown in Figure 6.64. The page is divided into two
blocks: in the left side, the current VLANs are listed, and in the right side the new VLANs may be created.
To perform this operation, the operator should select the base interface, fill in the desired VLAN Identifier,
and press on the Add VLAN button. After this, a new row will appear in the Current VLANs block showing
the related information. To assign an IP address to this new interface, go to the Change IP Address block
inside the Network Setup menu. The new VLAN will be now a completely manageable interface, so it can
be assigned an IP address, used to manage the SSs, etc.
As it has been explained before, thanks to the Q-in-Q encapsulation a new VLAN can be defined over an
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existing VLAN. To perform this, just select an existing VLAN as the Base device of the new VLAN.
Figure 6.64 VLAN Setup
In Appendix A complete procedures of various VLAN models configuring and appropriate network
and service provisioning setup are described.
6.22 Network Tools
Web interface includes some simple diagnostic tools to check network’s connectivity, as shown in Figure
6.65 and as explained below:
Ping
Test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network by sending ICMP echo request
packets. The operator must fill in the destination IP address (To(IP) field), and may also fill in the number
of ping requests (Count field, default is 4), and the number of data bytes to be sent with every packet (
Packet size field, default is 56 bytes which translates into 64 ICMP data bytes when combined with the 8
bytes if ICMP header). Once these fields have been filled in, after pressing the Ping button and the results
will be displayed when the ping has finished.
Arping
Similar to ping, but it operates using ARP instead of ICMP. Thus, arping is only usable for hosts inside the
current LAN. For using this command the operator must fill in the destination IP address (To (IP) field) and
the number of arping requests (Count field, default is 4). Then, select the interface from where the packets
will be transmitted, and press the Arping button.
Traceroute
This network tool is used to determine the route taken by packets across an IP network. For using this
command the operator must fill the destination IP address (To (IP) field) and then press on the Traceroute
button. Once the required fields are filled in and the correspondent button is clicked, the results of the used
command will be shown in the screen when finished.
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Figure 6.65 Network Tools menu
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7 Command Line Interface
All the operations that can be performed by the Web interface are also available in the CLI interface. The
CLI could be less intuitive and graphical, but it offers the same functionalities as when accessing via HTTP,
and it is an alternative when an internet browser is not available. It also may be used for interoperating
with any other software or for building specific program scripts.
7.1 Accessing the CLI Interface
In order to use this interface, it is necessary to establish a SSH (Secure Shell) connection towards the IP
address of the unit. The encryption used by SSH provides confidentiality and data integrity as it uses public-
key cryptography to authenticate the remote computer. As the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) is the same as
in HTTPS, the CLI interface will be as secure as the HTTPS Web Interface.
Once the SSH command is launched using:
ssh BS_IP_Address
the system will ask for login and password, that are the same as used for in the Web Interface. This
procedure can be seen in Figure 7.1. Once authentication has been correctly performed, the prompt
[MAXBridge] will be shown, ready to process all the available commands.
Figure 7.1 Accessing the CLI
The CLI includes a complete Help system that describes all the available commands in each section. This
Help system is easily accessed typing one of these commands: help (Figure 7.2).
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Figure 7.2 CLI help command
7.2 Menu description
The CLI has a folder scheme (Figure 7.3). The movement across the different folders is the typical in this
kind of systems. Thus to descend to a “submenu_x”, it must be typed:
cd submenu_x
and to return to the original folder, it must be typed:
cd ..
There are five main menus/folders inside the application. The main menu is the User menu. From this menu
it is possible to perform all the actions related to the users’ ( operators') global management as well as
some administrative actions in the system. By typing help, all the operations that can be performed inside
this menu will be seen. Besides this menu, there are four other specific menus in the equipment. Typing p
or ls inside the User menu, these four folders will be listed, as shown in Figure 7.3.
These menus are: system, management, network, global..
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Figure 7.3 CLI folder scheme
SYSTEM
This menu provides information about the system and allows the user to manage the Configuration Files.
The folder is reached from the User Menu typing:
[MAXBridge]> cd sys
[MAXBridge/sys]>
From this folder, many operations can be performed: to save or load configuration files, show the SW
version, execute a system reboot, set the system local time, etc by typing:
[MAXBridge/sys]>help
The SYS menu operations are shown in Figure 7.4, describing all these all these options more in detail.
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Figure 7.4 CLI SYS operations
MANAGEMENT
This menu allows to configure all the aspects related to the Management of the unit. The folder is reached
from the User Menu by typing:
[MAXBridge/sys]>cd mng
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[MAXBridge/mng]>
From this folder, many operations can be performed: to enable or disable SNMP, activate the different
XML-RPC modes, create specific management interfaces, change from a HTTPS server to a HTTP one,
etc. by typing:
[MAXBridge/mng]>help
The MNG menu operations are shown in Figure 7.5, describing all these options more in detail.
Figure 7.5 CLI Management operations NETWORK
This section allows the user (operator) to configure the management features of the unit. The folder is
reached from the User Menu by typing:
[MAXBridge]> cd net
[MAXBridge/network]>
From this folder, many operations can be performed: to set the IP routes, define a DNS server, operate with
bridges, view the static multicast routes. etc., by typing:
[MAXBridge/network]>help
The NET menu operations are shown in ( Figure 7.6), describing all these options more in detail.
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Figure 7.6 CLI NET operations
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GLOBAL
This menu is the more complete of the CLI. It allows to perform many different operations related to the
physical and radio configuration of the unit as well as to the users and data services’ management. The
folder may be reached from the User Menu by typing:
[MAXBridge]> cd mac
[MAXBridge/mac1[BS]]>
From this folder, many operations can be performed: to change the MAC status (stopped/started/paused),
disconnect SS units, show information about the physical level, change radio parameters, etc. by typing:
[MAXBridge/mac1[BS]]>help
The MAC menu operations are shown Figure 7.7, describing all these options more in detail .
Figure 7.7 CLI MAC operations
In the Figure 7.8 MAC information mac1[BS]]> p is shown.
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Figure 7.8 CLI MAC parameters
It also shows ( Figure 7.8) that from the Global menu different sub-menus may be accessed. First of all,
there is the parameters men, which allows modifying all the physical parameters: transmission power,
maximum user distance, channel bandwidth, etc. The help command describes all these options more in
detail ( Figure 7.9), and the p command displays the radio configuration ( Figure 7.10).
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Figure 7.9 CLI MAC parameters operations
Figure 7.10 CLI Radio configuration
Besides, one User_x sub-menu is created for every connected to BS active SS. In the example, that is
shown in Figure 7.11, with one active user (SS), user1 sub-menu have been created. User's (SS unit's )
numbers are randomly selected by the BS. From this user sub-menu, many operations referring to that user
(SS) can be performed: to show link stats, create and delete Service Flows, etc. The help command
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describes all the available options more in detail ( Figure 7.11), and the p command displays the Service
Flow configuration ( Figure 7.12).
Figure 7.11 User_x sub-menu
Figure 7.12 CLI User_x Service Flow configuration
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8 Appendix A
Definitions
BRIDGE (network bridge) - a network bridge, also known as a layer 2 switch, is a hardware device used
to create a connection between two separate computer networks or to divide one network into two. Both
networks usually use the same protocol; Ethernet is an example of a protocol. Network devices include, but
are not limited to, Personal Computers (PCs), printers, routers, switches and hubs. Devices connected to a
network via an Ethernet adapter card have what is known as a Media Access Control (MAC) address,
also called a physical or hardware address. It is this address that uniquely identifies a device to a bridge that
can then determine to which network the device is connected. In the BS bridge is virtual interface, which is
used to interconnect two or more networks.
BRIDGE PORT - a network interface, member of bridge, in the BS: Ethernet interface of the BS or
virtual 802.1Q interfaces of Ethernet BS or virtual interfaces mapped to SS or 802.1Q sub-interfaces of
virtual interfaces mapped to SS.
TRUNK PORT (trunk) - a «point-to-point» link between switch and other network device. Can be used
to transmit multiple (or all) VLANs in one link.
ACCESS PORT (access) - a «point-to-point» link between switch and other network device. Can be used
to transmit one or listed VLANs and filter others.
NATIVE PORT (PVID) - a «point-to-point» link between switch and other network device, where
switch does two jobs - strip selected VLAN ID and egress filtering all others. Ingress traffic on this port
automatically marked with the same VLAN ID.
MANAGEMENT VLAN ID (MVID) - a 802.1Q tag, which marks management traffic.
NATIVE MANAGEMENT (UNTAGGED MANAGEMENT) - a network managed using untagged
traffic.
DATA VLAN ID (DATAVLAN) - a 802.1Q tag, which used to mark user traffic (not management
traffic).
8.1 VLAN models
There are three most common cases of usage:
1.Transparent VLAN - transparent tagged 802.1Q and untagged , QoS based on VLAN ID not available,
MTU limitation is 1500 bytes ( Figure 1).
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Figure 1 Transparent VLAN
MAXBridge 50 system Transparent VLAN model implementation
Native Management
The SMC for all SS must be off. A Router or Switch, to which Ethernet of the BS is connected must
have Management VLAN as Native and transparently pass all others VLAN ID.
Management VLAN
The SMC for all SS must be off. A Router or Switch, to which Ethernet of the BS is connected pass only
tagged traffic. BS is controlled via lan0.MVID, on which management IP address is set. The SS units are
managed via routed network, with default gateway is IP address of lan0.
Unmanaged
Just like Native, but BS and SS units setup done using PC, directly connected to the Ethernet of the BS.
After setup is done, BS Ethernet must be connected to designated port of Switch or Router. This is used
only if Switch or Router cannot have trunk + Native on same port.
2. BS Port VLAN ID (PVID) - tagging/untagging on the BS. The SS pass untagged traffic, the BS insert
tag and passed packets to Ethernet of the BS. End-to-End QoS based on VLAN ID no available, but
prioritization based on IP TOS/DiffServ or other IP header fields and Ethernet header fields is possible
between BS and SS (Figure 2).
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Figure 2 BS Port VLAN ID
MAXBridge 50 system PVID model implementation
Management VLAN: SMC for all SS must be on, in Out Of Band mode ( Figure 3).
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Figure 3 Management VLAN
A Router or Switch, to which Ethernet of the BS is connected pass only tagged traffic. The BS is
controlled via bridge lan0, on which management IP address is set. Members of bridge lan0: eth0.MVID,
meth0...methX, so lan0 strip MVID for SMC of the SS, which allow transparent control of both BS and
SS.
3. BS VLAN ACCESS - allow filtering based on VLAN ID, End-to-End QoS by VLAN ID, it is required
prerequisite for End-to-End QoS is all network devices awareness on 802.1Q based QoS ( Figure 4).
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Figure 4 BS VLAN ACCESS
MAXBridge 50 system BS VLAN ACCESS model implementation
Management VLAN: the same as for BS PVID mode.
8.2 VLAN configurations
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8.2.1 Transparent VLAN with Native Management
1. Example of Transparent VLAN with Native Management scheme is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Transparent VLAN model with Native Management scheme
2. BS settings
Unit factory default settings can provide Transparent VLAN model with Native Management
implementation. Operator need only change BS management IP address (Figure 6).
Figure 6 IP adress configuration in Transparent VLAN with Native Management
3. SS settings
On the SS you have to setup frequency and channel bandwidth according to BS settings and also set MTU
to 1600. Also setup management IP address (192.168.100.1), according to network scheme in Figure.5.
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8.2.2 Transparent VLAN with Management VLAN
1. Example of Transparent VLAN with Management VLAN scheme is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 Transparent VLAN with Management VLAN scheme
2. BS settings. Setup IP address on lan0 is the same as IP address setup in Transparent VLAN with
Native Management (Figure 6) mode, but without default gateway. After IP address setup lan0.500
must be added (Figure 8, 9).
Figure 8 Add VLAN ID 500 to lan0
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Figure 9 VLAN Setup lan0.500
Setup IP address on lan0.500 and default gateway (Figure 10).
Figure 10 IP address and default gateway setup on lan0.500
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8.2.3 BS PVID with Management VLAN
1.Example of BS PVID with Management VLAN scheme is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11 BS PVID with Management VLAN
2. BS settings
Starting with factory default BS settings Delete lan0 and Clone IP to eth0 (Figure 12).
Figure 12 Delete lan0 and Clone IP to eth0
Add bridge lan0 and lan1 (Figure 13, 14).
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Figure 13 Add bridge lan0
Figure 14 Add bridge lan1
Add VLAN for Management (MVID) (Figure 15).
Figure 15 Add VLAN for Management (MVID)
Add VLAN for User Traffic (DATAVLAN) (Figure 16).
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Figure 16 Add VLAN for User Traffic (DATAVLAN)
Add MVID into bridge lan0 and DATAVLAN into bridge lan1 (Figure 17, 18).
Figure 17 Add MVID into bridge lan0
Figure 18 Add MVID into bridge lan1
Setup Management IP address and Default Gateway lan0 (Figure 19).
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Figure 19 Setup Management IP address and Default Gateway lan0
As result, PVID with Management VLAN configuration is shown in Figure 20
Figure 20 PVID with Management VLAN configuration
After that SS provisioning is configured ( see Section 6.16.2).
Turn On SMC, set SMC Type - Out of Band, set MSTR, MRTR, Priority (Figure 21).
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Figure 21 SS provisioning setup
Setup Network Configuration ( see Section 6.16.4) (Figure 22).
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Figure 22 Setup Network Configuration
Make sure, that SMC OOB Interface is member of lan0 and switch Bridge interface into lan1, where
eth0.10 has been already added (Figure 23).
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Figure 23 SS Network configuration
After that click on Back to User, Update and Reconnect (if SS has been connected).
Configuration result is shown in Figure 24.
Figure 24 PVID with Management VLAN configuration
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8.2.4 BS VLAN ACCESS with Management VLAN
1. Example of BS VLAN Acccess with Management VLAN scheme is shown in Figure 25.
Figure 25 BS VLAN Acccess with Management VLAN scheme
2. Setup BS procedure is the same as BS PVID with Management VLAN configuration (Figures 12-20).
After that, just like was done for eth0.10 and lan1 , add eth0.20 and lan2, add eth0.20 into lan2 ( Figure
16,18).
After that SS provisioning is configured ( see Section 6.16.2).
SMC configuration, SMC Type - Out of Band, MSTR, MRTR, Priority settings are the same as in Figure
21, but data Service Flows (Figure 26) must be removed, because CS type must be replaced by CS
VLAN with QoS setting.
For example, QoS settings for VLAN ID 10 are: MIR 4Mbps, for VLAN ID 20: CIR 512k, MIR 1Mbps,
VLAN 20 has more priority, than VLAN 10.
Figure 26 Service Flows removing
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For implementing proposed QoS settings 4 SF: 2 Uplink and 2 Downlink have to be created, one pair will
serve for VLAN10, other - for VLAN20 ( Figure 27).
Figure 27 Add Service Flows
Add Uplink SF for VLAN10, MSTR=4424 (4424 derived from 4096 * 1,08[MAC overhead] and grants
4Mbps at Ethernet level), 8021Q VLAN ID: 10, (Figures 28-31).
Figure 28 CS VLAN Service Flow setup
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Figure 29 CS VLAN Classifier description setup
Figure 30 Rx Service Flow setup, VLAN 10
Just like Uplink, Downlink SF for VLAN10 has been added ( Figure 31).
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Figure 31 Tx Service Flow setup, VLAN 10
Add another pair of SF for VLAN20: UL: QoS nrtPS, MRTR=553, MSTR=1106, QoS Priority=1, Burst
size=1024, results is shown in Figure 32.
Figure 32 Rx Service Flow setup, VLAN 20
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DL SF for VLAN20: MRTR=553, MSTR=1106, QoS Priority=1 (QoS type for DL makes no sense, only
priority), Burst size=1024, results are shown in Figure 33.
Figure 33 Rx Service Flow setup, VLAN 20
Click on Back to User button (Figure 33) and save changes, clicking Update (Figure34).
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Figure 34 Update SF Configuration
Click on Configure button (Figure 34 ) and setup Network Configuration page (Figure 35 ).
Figure 35 Setup Network Configuration
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Networking Mode - Bridged VLAN, Out of Band Management configuration - lan0, click on Update
button, one by one activating Bridge VLAN configuration, 1st - lan1, 2nd - lan2, according to sequence
VLAN IDs 10 and 20, later below clicking on Update and finally - click on Back to User button.
After that click on Update button ( Figure 35). Finally click on Reconnect button (Figure 36).
Figure 36 Reconnect SS
Configuration results are shown in Figure 37 and 38.
Figure 37 Data Service Flow configuration
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Figure 38 Bridging Setup configuration
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9 Appendix B
System parameters adjustment
For efficient communication it is necessary to properly configure the MAXBridge system parameters.
The MAXBridge BS controls and selects a lot of communication radio and network parameters: transmit
and receive power, modulation, frame division, frame duration, channel bandwidth, QoS parameters and
others. Most of them should be set in default value. Some of these parameters (max Tx power, frequency,
etc.) depends on regulatory organizations, some of them ( bridging, routing, VLAN etc.) depends on used by
operator networking model, some of them ( SF, QoS parameters) depends on service level requirements.
So these parameters should be adjusted manually by the operator.
Radio signal parameters
Channel frequency
It should be set in accordance with frequency license and /or permissions of regulatory organizations.
Channel bandwidth (BW)
Recommended value: BW= 7 MHz. Using a large bandwidth 7 MHz maximizes the capacity and channel
throughput. Narrower channel BW may be chosen as result of RF planning, EMC requirements and
others. Also using narrower channel BW increases receiver sensitivity and the link budget.
Frame Duration
Recommended value is 5 or 10 ms. Short frames reduces the round-trip delay ( RTT ) of the system, and
larger ones increase the overall throughput of the system, due to the shorter overhead.
Cyclic Prefix
Recommended value: CP=1/16. It represents the guard time of data frame in order to be able to receive
delayed due to multipath symbols. CP is a useful parameter that controls the immunity against multipath
fading: a short CP maximizes the link capacity as it reduces the guard time, and a larger CP increases
robustness against multipath radio wave propagation. The CP=1/16 is used in LOS/nearLOS conditions,
CP=1/4 - in nearLOS/NLOS conditions.
Tx Power
Recommended value for the BS 33 Tx power = 20 dBm. The BS Tx power is fixed for communicating
with all SS units. A BS and SS utilize ATPC, that regulates SS Tx power to maintain receive RSSI at BS
Target RSSI level. The higher Tx power increase UL link budget and increase operating DL modulations
and the overall system throughput. At the same time high Tx power may create interference to others
wireless systems. In most cases Tx power should be set at maximum possible levels.
Target RSSI, Rx Atteniation
Recommented values: Target RSSI =-62 dBm, Rx Attenuation = 0 dB.
This parameter specifies maximum possible received signal level RSSI at the BS receiver from SS units ,
that allows to control Tx power of every SS.
WiMAX implements Automatic Transmitter Power Control ( ATPC) in Uplink channel, that limits
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maximum signal level in BS receiver by reducing SS Tx power.
Target RSSI value is set by changing Rx Attenuation level.
In most cases it is not necessary to modify Target RSSI. In some scenarios it may be necessary to adjust
this parameter in order to adapt the equipment configuration to the channel conditions.
Presence of high level interference may require increasing UL RSSI from all connected SS units to
obtain higher UL CINR level and increase SS unit's UL modulations. If some SS operates at reduced by
ATPC Tx power level and has low UL CINR and low UL modulation due to interference affect, increasing
Target RSSI allows to increase it's Tx power up to maximum level, that may increase also it's UL CINR
and UL modulation.
If some SS makes interference to other wireless systems, decreasing Target RSSI allows to reduce it's Tx
power and decrease interference from it.
Note, that changing Target RSSI takes affect to all connected SS .
Link adjustment
Every BS -SS link has few most important signal parameters that are displayed in User Stats, CPE stats
menu page:
- Uplink RSSI, UL CINR, UL modulation, UL Virtual Noise Flow (VNF);
- Downlink RSSI, DL CINR, DL modulation, DL VNF.
An analysis of these radio parameters can help to identify improper antennas alignment, harmful effect of
interference, equipment failure and others and make required adjustment to improve link.
Antenna alignment
The RSSI level is defined by link budget, that depends on distance between units, antenna gains, unit's Tx
power, LOS/nearLOS/NLOS conditions, weather conditions, antenna alignment, etc. Operator is able to
choice proper BS, SS (CPE) antenna with appropriate gain, and control BS, SS antenna alignment. The
MAXBridge BS sector or omni antenna and external or the integrated antenna must be aligned for
maximum BS, SS receiver radio signal RSSI level. Also BS and SS antenna polarization must be the
same. During antenna alignment it is necessary to provide absence of direct obstructions in front of the
BS and SS antennas.
In LOS conditions if BS and SS antennas are aligned properly, than DL path loss ( radio wave propagation
losses) should be approximately equal UL path loss.
DL path loss is calculated as BS Txpower - DL RSSI, dBm. The UL path loss = SS Tx power- UL
RSSI, dBm. The UL and DL path loss is displayed as Signal Losses (SL) on User Stats.Detailed View
Stats. Signal Stats page. If UL SL differs from DL SL more then 10 dB, it is indicated about wrong
antenna alignment.
The expected RSSI level should be calculated before link installation by using simple link budget calculator
or by using more complex software, for example, Radiomobile. If measured RSSI value differs from
expected RSSI level more than 8-10 dB, it indicates about improper link installation.
Note
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The accuracy of RSSI measurement according IEEE 802.16-2009 standard is 4 dB. So
difference between DL SL and UL SL values 3-8 dB in LOS conditions should be considered as
normal. In nearLOS or NLOS conditions difference between DL SL and UL SL values may achieve
10-15 dB.
Adaptive modulation
A WiMAX system continuously measures radio parameters Carrier to Interference plus Noise Ratio
(CINR ), CNR =C/( N+I ). The carrier C is the desired signal power, and the I interference - co-channel
radio signal power from other wireless systems. The N - is thermal noise of receiver. The CINR value
gives precision estimation of signal effectiveness in noisy environment. The CINR mean determines the
available modulation scheme used for link. The modulation schemes and appropriate required CINR levels
MAXBridge 33 system are shown in Table 1
Table 1. MAXBridge BS 33 vs modulation schemes
CINR, dBm Modulation Max Receiver Sensitivity of BS 33 at BW 7 MHz, dBm
Receiver Thermal Noise Nin BW 7 MHz, dBm
21 64QAM-3/4 -74.0 -93.5
19 64QAM-2/3 -75.0 -93.5
15 16QAM-3/4 -80.0 -93.5
11.5 16QAM-1/2 -83.5 -93.5
8.5 QPSK-3/4 -86.5 -93.5
6.0 QPSK-1/2 -90.0 -93.5
3.0 BPSK-1/2 -92.0 -93.5
So, a WiMAX system is able to support link at certain modulation scheme ( is able to decode certain
modulation rate with BER 10E-6 ) if measured parameter CINR is equal or higher to the given
CINR threshold value in Table 1.
The modulation may be set by operator manually in accordance with available relevant CINR + fade
margin value. Recommended fade margin value is 1-3 dB It is recommended, that the modulation used
at each time should be automatically selected by the BS depending on the available CINR at that moment (
Radio Setup. Modulation -auto). In auto mode BS sets modulation in accordance with relevant CINR +
fade margin, where. fade margin value is 3 dB. Required for some modulation CINR value (Table 1
) can be modified in Cell Setup, Rx CINR modulation Table adjustment menu.
Interference detection
The MAXBridge Spectrum Analyzer allows to detect interference in the operating frequency channel.
The SA is able to show only average RSSI level of unwanted emission and can not show real
interference impact to the WiMAX system.
A interference influence is able to be detected by evaluation the CINR, RSSI,SNR mean, where SNR (
Signal to Noise Ratio) is calculated as:
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SNR = C/N, dB;
where C is the desired signal power, N - is thermal noise of receiver.
There are two rules that allow to detect present of a interference:
If CINR is roughly equal to SNR, it indicates that the interference is low enough and it
should not impact to the wireless communication.
If CINR is significantly different from SNR, it indicates presence of interference, that impacts
to the communication.
The MAXBridge BS does not directly measure SNR, but it's value may be calculated as:
SNR=C/N=RSSI -NBW,
where NBW is Thermal Noise of system receiver in BW channel bandwidth. The MAXBridge BS receiver
Thermal Noise in BW=7 MHz channel bandwidth is represented in Table 1.
The Thermal Noise of receiver N is defined as:
N=Noise Floor - Implementation Loss, dBm.
The Noise Floor (NF) is defined as:
Noise Floor = -114 + Noise Figure + 10 log ( BW), dBm;
where:
-114 dBm(W/MHz) is Thermal Noise in 1 MHz ,
BW 7 MHz channel bandwidth,
Noise Figure of the MAXBridge system is 6 dB,
Implementation Loss of MAXBridge BS 33 receiver is 6 dB.
Noise Floor in 7 MHz channel bandwidth is -99.6 dBm (for system with Noise Figure 6 dB),
Thermal Noise N7 in 7 MHz channel bandwidth of MAXBridge BS receiver is -93.5dBm ( Table 1),
Note
The MAXBridge CPE 33 measures current SNR as well as CINR value ( see MAXBridge CPE 33 User
Gude).
There is a correlation between measured RSSI, CINR, and I interference means.
On User Stats.Detailed View Stats. Signal Stats page is displayed Virtual Noise Floor (VNF). The VNF
is the measure of the signal created from the sum of thermal noise and unwanted signals ( interference)
within channel bandwidth. It can be calculated as:
VNF=RSSI-CINR, dBm.
So, to compare CINR with SNR value it needs to contrast VNF= RSSI - CINR value with N=RSSI-
SNR.
So evaluation of CINR and SNR values transforms into following rule:
If the VNF value considerably less then N mean in Table 1 ( for example 8-10 dB below N
mean), it indicates, that the interference presents and it noticeable impacts to the wireless
communication .
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Attention!
If RSSI value exceeds Rx sensitivity threshold at 64 QAM 3/4 modulation plus fade margin ( 3 dB), then
inaccuracy of calculation VNF appears and it's value is not applicable for interference detection. For the
MAXBridge BS 33 this RSSI threshold is approximately equal -71 dBm.
Note
The Noise Floor is system parameter with constant value and it should not be mixed up with measured
(calculated) link parameterVirtual Noise Floor. There are close but absolutely different concepts.
For example, if displayed on MAXBridge BS User Stats page UL VNF value is -82 dBm (
considerably less then receiver thermal noise N in 7 MHz -93.5 dBm ), UL RSSI value is -70 dBm (
belongs to applicable for interference detection range), and CINR is 12 dB, it indicates that CINR value
is lower that should be and in result, modulation adaptively falls from 64QAM 2/3 to QPSK-3/4.
Another rule is following:
If RSSI mean is not aplicable for interference detection range, for example, it's value is close
to Target RSSI default value -62 dBm and CINR is considerably less then required for
64QAM 3/4 CINR = 21 dBm ( Table 1,2), then it also indicates that the interference presents
and it noticeable impacts to the wireless communication.
Interference types
A interference may be caused by other wireless systems or by neighbour sectors in a multi- sector BS
installation.
A co-channel interference from other wireless systems can cause permanent distortion of radio signal,
that drops link CINR valueand modulation is adaptively reduced by system to appropriate scheme. The
modulation adaptation allows system to work properly (at required BER level and without packets
losses) in noisy environment.
A co-channel interference may be a multipath fading from other wireless system, that is caused by
other wireless system radio signals reflected from obstacles, hills, buildings, etc., In this case fading
interference may result in temporary failure of signal and communication and temporary drop link
CINR value. The CINR value floating may be very fast and not noticeable by the operator. The
modulation adaptation may not keep up with fast fading and it may cause packets drops. In this case it
is recommended to use ARQ, that is able to get rid of the fade impact and recover a proper
communication.
Inter-sector ( inter-cell) self-interference, that is caused by impact of radio signal from neighbour
sectors in multi-sector BS installation. The MAXBridge BS 33 is able to work in multi-sector
configuration at adjacent frequency channels ( without guard intervals).
To reduce adjacent channel interference in multi-sector BS configuration separation between
sector antennas should be a minimum of 1.5 m.
In multi-sector BS deployment it is strongly recommended to use high quality sector antennas,
that comply with ETSI EN 302 085 V 1.1.2. CS3/CS2 requirements.
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Inter-sector interference is also eliminated in a synchronized multi-sector BS High End
configuration.
Provisioning
To get high network efficiency it is strongly recommended that every SS should be individually
provisioned. Default provision may be used as Getting Started configuration. During provisioning it is
strongly recommended to avoid setting high prioritization service to SS with low modulation.
For example, the BS serves three SS at 64QAM 3/4 DL and UL modulation with assigned BE service
without any limitation and prioritization . Maximum IP throughput capacity of BS in 50/50 UL/DL TDD in
7 MHz in channel approximately UL/DL 10/10 Mbps (10 Mbps duplex). The BS throughput capacity is
evenly divided between all three SS units , that every SS gets maximum throughput 3.5 Mbps duplex (
Scheduler BW Equalizer Mode is Equal Symbols). If one of these SS units reduces modulation to
UL&DL BPSK 1/2 ( max channel throughput at BPSK 1/2 in 7 MHz is 1.2 Mbps duplex), then for two SS
units at 64QAM 3/4 modulation nothing changes ( they continue to get max 3.5 Mbps duplex throughput),
but max throughput of third SS with BPSK 1/2 modulation falls to 0.4 Mbps. If Provisioning System
assign to this SS at BPSK 1/2 modulation nrtPS service with UL MRTR =1 Mbps and DL MRTR==1
Mbps (that is slightly less then 7 MHz max channel capacity 1.2 Mbps duplex at BPSK 1/2), then it may
be done only by decreasing max throughput, that may be given to others SS inits . In this case SS at BPSK
1/2 can get required MRTR (CIR) 1 Mbps duplex, but other SS units at 64QAM3/4 would get almost
nothing, because SS at BPSK1/2 with high guaranteed service CIR =1 Mbps consumes almost all
throughput capacity.
Scheduler parameters
To get high efficiency of multiple access it is strongly recommended to set Scheduler important
parameters as:
Scheduler BW Equalizer Mode is Equal Symbols with weight "1" that is given to every modulation
scheme,
min Frame div =25%,
DL->UL Extra Gap =0%, UL->DL Extra Gap =0%,
DL preambles -disabled,
UL Gaps -disable,
Shed Stats Weight -30%.
DynAST. Using this functionality increases BS CPU resource consumption and reduce BS scheduler
efficiency. This feature is not recommended to use when BS serves the large quantity SS units.
Minimum Frame Division. It is used in DynAST functionality. It is strongly recommended to set it as
25%.
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10 Appendix C
Default settings
MAXBridge BS 33default ip address 192.168.0.7default ip netmask /24default ip gateway 0.0.0.0web gui https offdefault frequency 3400MHzChannel BW 7MHzCP 1/16FD 5msMaximum User Distance 30000 mNETMODE BridgeSMC offDefault provisioning EVERYBODYUL 21000, BEDL 21000, BE
Scheduler BW Equalizer Mode - Equal Symbols.