max scoppettone mla thesis '14

62
MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE UTILITY DISTRICTS MAX SCOPPETTONE

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My graduate thesis explored the potential of economic mobility for existing lower-income populations to withstand displacement from increased property value. My strategy was to link alternative utilities, food/resource production, and potential businesses with existing city master planning and capital to propose a secondary mixed-use corridor to grow local income to meet the raising property values.

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Page 1: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

MOBILIZINGALTERNATIVE UTILITY

DISTRICTSMAX SCOPPETTONE

Page 2: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14
Page 3: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14
Page 4: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE

UTILITY DISTRICTS

(�[OLZPZ�Z\ITP[[LK�PU�WHY[PHS�M\SÄSSTLU[�VM�[OL�YLX\PYLTLU[Z�MVY�[OL�degree:

4HZ[LYZ�VM�3HUKZJHWL�(YJOP[LJ[\YL�PU�[OL�+LWHY[TLU[�VM�3HUKZJHWL�(YJOP[LJ[\YL�VM�;OL�9OVKL�0ZSHUK�:JOVVS�VM�+LZPNU��7YV]PKLUJL��9OVKL�0ZSHUK�

)`�4H_�:JVWWL[[VUL�2014

(WWYV]LK�I`�[OL�4HZ[LYZ�,_HTPUH[PVU�*VTTP[[LL

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

:JOLYP�-\S[PULLY��+LWHY[TLU[�/LHK��3HUKZJHWL�(YJOP[LJ[\YL

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

:\aHUUL�4H[OL �̂�*YP[PJ��3HUKZJHWL�(YJOP[LJ[\YL��7YPTHY`�;OLZPZ�(K]PZVY

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

,YPJ�2YHTLY��*YP[PJ��3HUKZJHWL�(YJOP[LJ[\YL��:LJVUKHY`�;OLZPZ�(K]PZVY

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

4HYN\LYP[L�.YHOHT��*YP[PJ��3HUKZJHWL�(YJOP[LJ[\YL��:LJVUKHY`�;OLZPZ�(K]PZVY

Page 5: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

(*256>3,+.4,5;:

;OPZ�^VYR�^V\SK�UV[�OH]L�ILLU�WVZZPISL�^P[OV\[!

9LZLHYJO�*VSSHIVYH[VYZ!�(UKYL^�1HJVIZ��9HJOLSSL�*YVZI`(K]PZVYZ!�:\aHUUL�4H[OL �̂�,YPJ�2YHTLY��4HYN\LYP[L�.YHOHT;LY[PHY`�(K]PZVY!�2\Y[�;LPJOHY[

4`�IYV[OLY�:HT�:JVWWL[[VUL

;OPZ�WYVQLJ[�PZ�KLKPJH[LK�[V�-YHUJLZ�.VYKVU��T`�NYHUKTV[OLY�HUK�VYNHUPaLY�^P[O�H�SHZ[PUN�SLNHJ`�PU�OLY�JVTT\UP[ �̀

Page 6: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

;()3,�6-�*65;,5;:

�����0U[YVK\J[PVU���(IZ[YHJ[�����0U[YVK\J[PVU�VM�4L[OVKVSVN`�����3L_PJVU�����(UUV[H[LK�7YLJLKLU[Z�����:P[L�:LSLJ[PVU� Existing issues in energy

�����,ULYN`�4L[YPJZ

INVESTIGATION I : SCALING UTILITY SYSTEMS & LAND USE

�����+LZJYPW[PVU�VM�PU]LZ[PNH[PVU�����*VTWHYPUN�LULYN`�WYVK\J[PVU�ZJHSLZ�����:JHSPUN�LULYN`�\[PSP[`�[V�[OL�ULPNOIVYOVVK�����:JHSPUN�SHUK�\ZL�[V�[OL�ULPNOIVYOVVK�����:JHSPUN�SHUK�\ZL�[V�T\S[PWSL�ULPNOIVYOVVKZ

05=,:;0.(;065�00�!�:0;,�:,3,*;065�� �5,0./)69/66+�+,=,3674,5;�;,:;

�����+LZJYPW[PVU�VM�PU]LZ[PNH[PVU�����:P[L�ZLSLJ[PVU�JYP[LYPH�����-HPYTVU[�)YL^LY`[V^U�ULPNOIVYOVVK�LKNL�����:V\[O�2LUZPUN[VU�5VY[OLYU�3PILY[PLZ�ULPNOIVYOVVK�LKNL�����>LZ[�7VWSHY�5VY[OLYU�3PILY[PLZ�ULPNOIVYOVVK�LKNL�����5LPNOIVYOVVK�KL]LSVWTLU[�[LZ[��

INVESTIGATION III : MEDIATING A BORDER & SECONDARY URBAN SYSTEMS

�����+LZJYPW[PVU�VM�PU]LZ[PNH[PVU�����.YHZZYVV[Z�LJVUVTPLZ�HUK�\YIHU�JVTTVUZ�����6ќZOVV[�VM�JP[`�WYVQLJ[������:`Z[LT�L_WHUZPVU�Z[YH[LN`�����4L[YPJ�JVTWHYPZVUZ�

CONCLUSIONS

�����(ZZLZZTLU[�VM�[OYLL�PU]LZ[PNH[PVUZ������;OLZPZ�JVUJS\ZPVUZ�����)PISPVNYHWO`

MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE

UTILITY DISTRICTS

4H_�:JVWWL[[VULi

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

vii

Page 7: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

01

ILLUSTRATION LIST

(SS�NYHWOPJZ�PU�[OPZ�IVVR�HYL�VYPNPUHS�\USLZZ�JYLKP[LK�^P[O�H�JHW[PVU�VY�ÄN\YL�ILSV^�[OL�PTHNL��

�*V]LY�WOV[V!�I`�.L[[`�0THNLZ�MYVT�^^ �̂IL[�JVT�

Page 8: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

02

I INTRODUCTION

(Z�H�TLTILY�VM�[OL�¸TPSSLUUPHS�NLULYH[PVU¹�SHYNLS`�JVU[YPI\[PUN�[V�[OL�\YIHU�NYV^[O�[OL�<UP[LK�:[H[LZ��HUK�HZ�VUL�^OV�OHZ�Z[Y\NNSLK�^P[O�[OL�PUJYLHZPUN�JVZ[�VM�[OLZL�NYV^PUN�JP[PLZ��P[�PZ�JSLHY�[OH[�V\[ZPKLYZ�\Z\YWPUN�WVVY�JVTT\UP[PLZ�PZ�TVYL�WYVISLTH[PJ�[OHU�L]LY���0[�PZ�HSZV�JSLHY�[OH[�[OLYL�ULLKZ�[V�IL�TVYL�PU]LZ[TLU[�PU[V�TL[OVKZ�ZVM[LUPUN�[OL�ISV^�[V�V\Y�\YIHU�^VYRPUN�JSHZZ���(Z�Z[L^HYKZ�VM�V\Y�WVZ[�PUK\Z[YPHS�JP[PLZ��[OLZL�JVTT\UP[PLZ�VUJL�^VYRLK�PU�[OL�MHJ[VYPLZ�HUK�[OL�]HYPV\Z�ZRPSSLK�[YHKLZ��5V^�[OL�ULLK�MVY�ZLY]PJL�PUK\Z[YPLZ�YL[HPUZ�[OPZ�WVW\SH[PVU�[OYV\NO�Z[HNUHU[�YL[HPS�HUK�YLZ[H\YHU[�QVIZ�WVZPUN�TPUPTHS�JHWP[HS�NYV^[O�WV[LU[PHS�MVY�[OPZ�WVW\SH[PVU���0[�PZ�[PTL�[V�LTWV^LY�[OPZ�WVW\SH[PVU�ZV�[OL`�OVSK�ZVTL�HTV\U[�VM�V^ULYZOPW�VY�Z[HRL�PU�[OLPY�JP[PLZ��UV[�NL[�V]LY[HRLU�I`�[OLT���0[�PZ�MVY�[OPZ�YLHZVU�[OH[�0�HT�PU]LZ[PNH[PUN�OV^�Z\Z[HPUHISL�PUUV]H[PVUZ�JV\SK�TVIPSPaL�LU[YLWYLUL\YZOPW�PU�SV^�PUJVTL�\YIHU�ULPNOIVYOVVKZ�

(Z�HU�\YIHU�SHUKZJHWL�KLZPNULY�0�SVVR�MVY�V]LYSHWZ�[V�Z[YLUN[OLU�MVYTHS�YLSH[PVUZOPWZ�VM�MVVK��^H[LY��LULYN �̀�^HZ[L��HUK�V[OLY�YLZV\YJLZ�JVUULJ[PUN�ZVJPL[`�[V�[OL�SHUKZJHWL��>OLU�HKKYLZZPUN�[OL�KLZPNU�PTWSPJH[PVUZ�VU�JVTT\UP[PLZ��[OL�ZVJPHS�HUK�LJVUVTPJ�PTWHJ[Z�T\Z[�IL�JVUZPKLYLK��0�ILSPL]L�[OLYL�PZ�NYLH[LY�Z\Z[HPUHIPSP[`�VY�WYVK\J[P]P[`�PU�[OL�WYVJLZZ�VM�SPURPUN�Z`Z[LTZ���:LLPUN�SH[LU[�VWWVY[\UPZT�^P[OPU�LULYN`�WYVK\J[PVU�HUK�LJVUVTPJ�PTWYV]LTLU[�¶]PH�¸NYLLU�JVSSHY¹�[YHKLZ��SVJHSPaLK�LULYN`�PU]LZ[TLU[��HUK�\[PSP[`�JVZ[�YLK\J[PVU�MVY�IV[O�JP[`�HUK�JVUZ\TLY¶�0�ILSPL]L�H�ZJHSLK�KV^U��SVJHSS`�V^ULK�TVKLS�JV\SK�Ä[�[OL�VIQLJ[P]LZ�VM�[OL�SHYNLY�JP[`�[V�YLK\JL�P[Z�JVZ[Z��);<�JVUZ\TW[PVU��HUK�*6��SL]LSZ��;OPZ�TVKLS�HSZV�Ä[Z�^P[O�[OL�HNLUKH�KL]LSVWLK�H[�H�UH[PVUHS�LULYN`�JVUMLYLUJL�H[�7YPUJL[VU�SHZ[�`LHY��OLYHSKPUN�KPZ[YPI\[LK�NLULYH[PVU��TPJYV�NYPK��HZ�WYPVYP[`�PU�[OL�M\[\YL�VM�LULYN`�PU�[OL�<:(�

ABSTRACT:

;OPZ�[OLZPZ�ZLLRZ�[V�[LZ[�[OL�WVZZPIPSP[`�VM�HKHW[PUN�ULPNOIVYOVVK�ZJHSL�\[PSP[`�Z`Z[LTZ�PU[V�SPURLK�YLZV\YJL�NLULYH[PUN�J`JSLZ��KPZ[YPJ[�OLH[PUN� �LULYN �̀�^HZ[L�THUHNLTLU[��HUK�^H[LY�Z`Z[LTZ��[VPUZ[PNH[L�SVJHSPaLK�LJVUVTPJ�PTWYV]LTLU[�^OPSL�YLK\JPUN�[OL�I\YKLU�VU�[OL�SHYNLY�JP[ �̀�-VSSV^PUN�[OL�HNLUKH�VM�7OPSHKLSWOPH�������[OL�.YLLU^VYRZ�7SHU��HUK�UH[PVUHS�LULYN`�PUP[PH[P]LZ�[OPZ�ULPNOIVYOVVK�ZJHSL�TVKLS�^PSS�LUJV\YHNL�SVJHS�I\ZPULZZ�JYLH[PVU�HUK�JVTT\UP[`�WHY[PJPWH[PVU�PU�[OL�Z`Z[LTZ���

;OPZ�WYVJLZZ�^PSS�LTWSV`�H�TL[OVKVSVN`�[V�X\HU[PM`�LHJO�Z`Z[LT"�JVTWHYPUN�HNHPUZ[�L_PZ[PUN�Z`Z[LTZ�HUK�HWWYVHJOLZ�\ZLK�PU�JVU]LU[PVUHS�KL]LSVWTLU[���;OYV\NO�[OPZ�PU]LZ[PNH[PVU��[OL�Z`Z[LTZ�KLZPNU�^PSS�[HRL�VU�[OL�MVYT�VM�H�\[PSP[`�Z`Z[LT�JH[HS`Z[�[OH[�^PSS�IL�QVPU[S`�V^ULK�IL[^LLU�JP[`�T\UPJPWHSP[PLZ�HUK�WYP]H[L�LU[P[PLZ�OVSKPUN�PU]LZ[TLU[�PU�[OL�THPU[LUHUJL�HSVUN�^P[O�WYVNYLZZP]L�NYV^[O�^P[OPU�[OL�ULPNOIVYOVVK�

0�HPT�[V�L_WSVYL�[OPZ�UV[PVU�VM�LJVUVTPJ�PTWYV]LTLU[�HTPKZ[�L_PZ[PUN�\YIHU�JVTT\UP[PLZ�PU�JVYYLSH[PVU�^P[O�L_WSVYH[PVUZ�VM�H�YLZLHYJO�NYV\W���0[�PZ�H�[OPUR�[HUR�[HJRSPUN�[OL�WYVISLTZ�VM�\YIHU�TPNYH[PVUHS�ZOPM[Z�JVUZPZ[PUN�VM�9HJOLSSL�*YVZI`�HUK�(UKYL^�1HJVIZ�PU]LZ[LK�PU�ZPTPSHY�PZZ\LZ�^P[OPU�5VY[OLYU�7OPSHKLSWOPH���;OLZL�PUKP]PK\HS�PU]LZ[PNH[PVUZ�^PSS�IVSZ[LY�HSS�[OYLL�VM�V\Y�PU[LU[Z�PU�[OPZ�ZVJPV�LJVUVTPJ�L_WLYPTLU[�

Page 9: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

03

00�4,;/6+636.@

INVESTIGATION 1: SCALING UTILITY SYSTEMS & LAND USE

� (��+PHNYHT�[OL�ZWH[PHS�PTWSPJH[PVUZ�VM�ZLSLJ[LK�L_PZ[PUN�HUK�HS[LYUH[P]L�LULYN`���\[PSP[`�Z`Z[LTZ�

� )��4HW�[OL�SHUK�\ZL�PU�7OPSHKLSWOPH��4HRL�H�JHZL�MVY�ZJHSPUN�[OPZ�SHUK�\ZL�[V�[OL�ULPNOIVYOVVK�� �� ZJHSL¶�I`����ISVJRZ����ISVJRZ��HUK���ISVJRZ�

� *��:JHSL�LULYN`���\[PSP[`�Z`Z[LTZ�[V�LHJO�[OYLL�ULPNOIVYOVVK�ZJHSLZ�

05=,:;0.(;065��!�:0;,�:,3,*;065�� �5,0./)69/66+�+,=,3674,5;�;,:;

� (��<ZL�[OL�JVUJS\ZPVUZ�NH[OLYLK�MYVT�WOHZL���[V�ÄUK���ISVJR�HUK���ISVJR�JVUKP[PVUZ�PU�7OPSHKLSWOPH��� [V�\ZL�HZ�[LZ[�ZP[LZ��

� )��:LSLJ[�HUK�THW�[LZ[�ZP[LZ�IHZLK�VU�ZLSLJ[PVU�WHYHTL[LYZ!�/PNO�]HJHUJ �̀�HKQHJLUJ`�[V�THPU�� �� Z[YLL[���HUK�HKQHJLUJ`�[V�UL^�KL]LSVWTLU[�

� *��:P[L�=PZP[�HUK�KL[LYTPUL�ZPUN\SHY�[LZ[�ZP[L�

� +��;LZ[�HU�\YIHU�KLZPNU�PU[LY]LU[PVU�VU�[OL�[LZ[�ZP[L�

05=,:;0.(;065��!�:@:;,4�,?7(5:065�:;9(;,.@

� (��<ZL�[OL�JVUJS\ZPVUZ�NH[OLYLK�HIV\[�ULPNOIVYOVVK�L_JOHUNLZ�[V�KL]LSVW�ULPNOIVYOVVK�� JVUULJ[PVUZ�[V�M\Y[OLY�[OL�WVZZPIPSP[`�MVY�LJVUVTPJ�PTWYV]LTLU[�PU�[OL�7VWSHY�ULPNOIVYOVVK�

� )��,_WHUK�[OL�KLZPNUZ�MVY�\[PSP[`�PU[V�^H[LY�Z`Z[LTZ�HUK�Z[YLL[�ZJHWL�KLZPNUZ�

� *��0U[LNYH[L�\YIHU�KLZPNU�Z[YH[LN`�[V�[OL�;YHUZP[�6YPLU[LK�KL]LSVWTLU[�WSHU�MVY�.PYHYK�H]L�

Page 10: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

04

MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE UTILITY DISTRICTS

ALTERNATIVEINFRASTRUCTURE

SIZIN

G A

LTER

NATIV

E SY

STEM

SLIN

KING

TO

RE

LATE

D SY

STEM

SG

ENER

ATIN

G S

OCI

AL

INFR

ASTR

UCTU

RE

CONNECTION TO INSTITUTIONS OR LARGER SYSTEMS

CITY WATER SYSTEMS

ECOLOGICALSYSTEMS

RESOURCE GENERATION

GRID ENERGY SYSTEMINCREASINGOWNERSHIP

SHARINGECONOMIES

INVESTMENTINCENTIVE

LOCAL JOBGROWTH

SCALE SYMBIOTIC SYSTEMIC

RELATIONSHIPS

OPPORTUNISIM INCENTIVISESTEWARDSHIP

LOWERING ENERGY COSTS

BOTTOM-UP TO TOP-DOWN

SHARED OWNERSHIP /MAINTENENCE

Can alternative energy systems be coupled with (waste, water, and agricul-ture) systems in an urban neighborhood in which these cycles are embedded in the city’s agenda and neighborhood economic improvement?

DISTRICT ENERGY

CO-GENERATION WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEMNS

vs(x) (y)

y

consumer cost comparison vs. b.t.u. = xcost of new infrastructure = y

=

=

catalyst

and

METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAM

$$

COMMUNITYSUPPORT

MINIMIZING DEPENDENCIES

Page 11: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

05

III LEXICON

Adaptability:

(Dictionary) Capable of adapting or of being adapted.

(Group) The adoption of a practice or method that implies growth or change as a response to external forces.

BTU or British Thermal Unit:

(Dictionary) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree

Fahrenheit.

Capital:

(Dictionary) The generation of a resource(s) available for use.

Catalyst:

�+PJ[PVUHY`��HU�HNLU[�[OH[�WYV]VRLZ�VY�ZWLLKZ�ZPNUPÄJHU[�JOHUNL�VY�HJ[PVU�

CDC or Community Development Coalition:

�'LFWLRQDU\��$�QRW�IRU�SURıW�RUJDQL]DWLRQ�LQFRUSRUDWHG�WR�SURYLGH�SURJUDPV��RijHU�VHUYLFHV�DQG�HQJDJH�LQ�RWKHU�activities that promote and support community development. CDCs usually serve a geographic location such

as a neighborhood or a town. They often focus on serving lower-income residents or struggling neighborhoods.

7KH\�FDQ�EH�LQYROYHG�LQ�D�YDULHW\�RI�DFWLYLWLHV�LQFOXGLQJ�HFRQRPLF�GHYHORSPHQW��HGXFDWLRQ��FRPPXQLW\�RUJDQL]LQJ�DQG�UHDO�HVWDWH�GHYHORSPHQW��7KHVH�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�DUH�RIWHQ�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�DijRUGDEOH�KRXVLQJ�

Civic:

�'LFWLRQDU\��5HODWLQJ�WR�WKH�GXWLHV�RU�DFWLYLWLHV�RI�SHRSOH�LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�WKHLU�WRZQ��FLW\��RU�ORFDO�DUHD

Community:

�'LFWLRQDU\��$�VRFLDO�JURXS�RI�DQ\�VL]H�ZKRVH�PHPEHUV�UHVLGH�LQ�D�VSHFLıF�ORFDOLW\��VKDUH�JRYHUQPHQW��DQG�RIWHQ�have a common cultural and historical heritage.

�*URXS��2UJDQL]DWLRQ�RI�D�JURXS�RI�SHRSOH�EDVHG�RQ�SK\VLFDO�SUR[LPLW\��FXOWXUDO�WHQGHQFLHV��DQG�VKDUHG�resources.

Cooperation:

�'LFWLRQDU\��$Q�DFW�RU�LQVWDQFH�RI�ZRUNLQJ�RU�DFWLQJ�WRJHWKHU�IRU�D�FRPPRQ�SXUSRVH�RU�EHQHıW��MRLQW�DFWLRQ�(Individual) Choosing to commit to or support similar or dissimilar groups.

Designer Development:

�,QGLYLGXDO��7KH�SURFHVV�E\�ZKLFK��D�GHVLJQHU�LQLWLDWHV�D�PDVV�RI�KRXVLQJ�DQG�RU�FRPPHUFLDO�SURMHFW�ZLWK�D�WHDP�of related specialists and funders.

Empowerment:

�+PJ[PVUHY`��[V�WYVTV[L�[OL�ZLSM�HJ[\HSPaH[PVU�VY�PUÅ\LUJL�VM

Framework:

�+PJ[PVUHY`��H�IHZPJ�Z[Y\J[\YL�\UKLYS`PUN�H�Z`Z[LT��JVUJLW[��VY�[L_[�

Infrastructure:

�'LFWLRQDU\��7KH�EDVLF�SK\VLFDO�DQG�RUJDQL]DWLRQDO�VWUXFWXUHV�DQG�IDFLOLWLHV��H�J���EXLOGLQJV��URDGV��DQG�SRZHU�supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

KWh or Kilowatt Hour:

(Dictionary) $�PHDVXUH�RI�HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\�HTXLYDOHQW�WR�D�SRZHU�FRQVXPSWLRQ�RI�������ZDWWV�IRU���KRXU

MMBtu: one million BTU’s Infrastructure:

�'LFWLRQDU\��7KH�EDVLF�SK\VLFDO�DQG�RUJDQL]DWLRQDO�VWUXFWXUHV�DQG�IDFLOLWLHV��H�J���EXLOGLQJV��URDGV��DQG�SRZHU�supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

MW or Megawatt:

(Dictionary) A measure of electrical energy equivalent to one million watts.

Neighborhood:

�'LFWLRQDU\��$�GLVWULFW��HVSHFLDOO\�RQH�IRUPLQJ�D�FRPPXQLW\�ZLWKLQ�D�WRZQ�RU�FLW\

Preservation:

�'LFWLRQDU\��7R�NHHS�DOLYH�RU�LQ�H[LVWHQFH��PDNH�ODVWLQJ�The act of holding in place or protecting from change and transformation.

Scale:

�'LFWLRQDU\��WKH�IXOO�UDQJH�RI�GLijHUHQW�OHYHOV�RI�SHRSOH�RU�WKLQJV��IURP�ORZHVW�WR�KLJKHVW�7KH�UHODWLYH�VL]H�RU�H[WHQW�RI�VRPHWKLQJ�

Tactical Urbanism:

�,QGLYLGXDO��/RRVHO\�GHıQHG�DV�LQH[SHQVLYH��LQIRUPDO�SURMHFWV�WKDW�PDNH�VPDOO�SODFHV�PRUH�OLYHO\�DQG�HQMR\DEOH��&KDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�DFWLYLVW�RU�LQWHUYHQWLRQLVW�VSDWLDO�SUDFWLFHV��WKHVH�SURMHFWV�IRFXV�RQ�D�SDUWLFLSDWRU\�DSSURDFK�RI�local people with the aim to induce long term changes in towns and cities.

Urban Commons: �'LFWLRQDU\��6KDUHG�RSHQ�JUHHQ�VSDFHV�RQ�WKH�LQVLGH�RI�FLW\�EORFNV��FUHDWHG�HLWKHU�ZKHQ�UHVLGHQWV�PHUJH�EDFN\DUG�VSDFH�RU�UHFODLP�XQGHUXWLOL]HG�XUEDQ�ODQG�VXFK�DV�YDFDQW�ORWV�DQG�DOOH\ZD\V��7KH\�DUH�PXOWL�IXQFWLRQDO�VSDFHV�IRU�JDUGHQLQJ��UHFUHDWLRQ��DQG�OHLVXUH�ZKLFK�SURYLGH�VRFLDO��HFRQRPLF��DQG�HQYLURQPHQWDO�EHQHıWV�WR�urban residents.

Utility:

�'LFWLRQDU\���������D�VHUYLFH��DV�OLJKW��SRZHU��RU�ZDWHU��SURYLGHG�E\�D�SXEOLF�XWLOLW\��������HTXLSPHQW�RU�D�SLHFH�RI�HTXLSPHQW�WR�SURYLGH�VXFK�VHUYLFH�RU�D�FRPSDUDEOH�VHUYLFH�������7KH�VWDWH�RI�EHLQJ�XVHIXO��SURıWDEOH��RU�EHQHıFLDO�

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06

IV ANNOTATED PRECEDENTS

���=PH�=LYKL��)YVU_��5@�

Project Type:�(YJOP[LJ[\YHS�<YIHU�+L]LSVWTLU[Units:����������SV^�PUJVTL�YLU[HSZ����JV�VWZ�Financing Structure:�7\ISPJ�WYP]H[LClient:�)YVU_��5@�HUK�)YVU_�YLZPKLU[ZContractor: 3L[[PYL�*VUZ[Y\J[PVUDeveloper:�1VUH[OHU�9VZL�*VTWHUPLZ��7OPWWZ�/V\ZLZ�Architect:�.YPTZOH^�(YJOP[LJ[Z��+H[[ULY�(YJOP[LJ[ZLandscape Architect:�3LL�>LPU[YH\I�3HUKZJHWL�(YJOP[LJ[\YLOther Consultants:�3,,+�5@:,9+(!�(ZZVJPH[PVU�-VY�,ULYN`�(ќVYKHIPSP[ �̀�:VSHY!�)YPNO[�7V^LY��*VKL!�>PSSPHT�=P[HJJV�(ZZVJPH[LZ��,_[LYPVY�>HSS!�-YVU[�0UJ�Other Agencies:�5@*�/V\ZPUN�(\[OVYP[ �̀�)YVU_�/V\ZPUN�(\[OVYP[`"�(0(

;OPZ�T\S[P�PUJVTL���TP_LK�\ZL�KL]LSVWTLU[�YLWSHJLZ�JVU]LU[PVUHS�HWWYVHJOLZ�[V�SV^�PUJVTL�OV\ZPUN���;OL�KLZPNU�WYVISLT�^HZ�[V�JYLH[L�^OH[�[OL�ULPNOIVYOVVK�YLZPKLU[Z�HZRLK�MVY!�OLHS[O`�SP]PUN��;OPZ�PZ�HJOPL]LK�MYVT�H�JLU[YHSPaLK�VYNHUPaH[PVUHS�HWWYVHJO�[V�WYP]H[L�HUK�W\ISPJ�ZWHJLZ�^P[OPU�[OL�����\UP[�I\PSKPUN���0[�LUJV\YHNLZ�YLZPKLU[Z�[V�\[PSPaL�[OL�[LYYHJLK�YVVMZ�HUK�V[OLY�V\[KVVY�ZWHJLZ��^OPSL�WYV]PKPUN�H�NYV\UK�SL]LS�OLHS[O�JSPUPJ��Ä[ULZZ�JLU[LY�HUK�V[OLY�I\PSKPUN�MHJPSP[PLZ�HSS�JVUJLP]LK��ÄUHUJLK�HUK�YLN\SH[LK�I`�[OL�YLZPKLU[Z�HUK�TLTILYZ���

;OPZ�WYVQLJ[�^HZ�PUP[PH[LK�I`�OLHK�5@*�*VTTPZZPVULY�VM�/V\ZPUN�7YLZLY]H[PVU�HUK�+L]LSVWTLU[��:OH\U�+VUV]HU��UV^�6IHTH»Z�ZLJYL[HY`�VM�OV\ZPUN�HUK�\YIHU�KL]LSVWTLU[���^OV�ZWLHYOLHKLK�H�KLZPNU�JVTWL[P[PVU���;OPZ�^HZ�H^HYKLK�[V�.YPTZOH^�HSVUN�^P[O�+H[[ULY�(YJOP[LJ[Z���7YP]H[L�KL]LSVWLYZ�1VUH[OHU�9VZL�*VTWHUPLZ�LZ[HISPZOLK�[OL�WYP]H[L�JVU[YPI\[PVU�^OPSL�^VYRPUN�^P[O�5.6�7OPWWZ�/V\ZLZ���

;OL�)\PSKPUN�PUJS\KLZ�H�TLKPJHS�JSPUPJ��WOHYTHJ �̀�HUK�V[OLY�YL[HPS���

3HUKZJHWLK�YVVM�NHYKLUZ�HUK�H�JV\Y[`HYK��H�[V[HS�VM��������ZX��MLL[�^OLYL�YLZPKLU[Z�JHU�NYV^�MVVK�PU�NHYKLU�WSV[Z�HSVUN�^P[O�H�MY\P[�VYJOHYK���;OL�YVVMZ�JVSSLJ[�YHPU^H[LY�MVY�[OPZ�PYYPNH[PVU���:VSHY�WHULSZ�WV^LY�[OL�ZOHYLK�\[PSP[PLZ��WYV]PKPUN����VM�[OL�LULYN`�VM�[OL�LU[PYL�I\PSKPUN���(U�5@*�+LW[��VM�/LHS[O�PUP[PH[P]L�OLSWLK�PU�[OL�SVJH[PVU�VM�Z[HPYZ�^OPJO�HYL�KLZPNULK�[V�H[[YHJ[�\ZL�[OYV\NO�UH[\YHS�SPNO[�HUK�]LU[PSH[PVU�HTVUN�V[OLY�[OPUNZ���

(S[OV\NO�V\Y�NYV\W�]HS\LZ�=PH�=LYKL»Z�HWWYVHJO�[V�W\ISPJ�HUK�WYP]H[L�KL]LSVWTLU[��^L�HYL�PU[LYLZ[LK�PU�H�OV^�[OPZ�MVYTH[�JHU�IL�L_WHUK�PU[V�[OL�JVTT\UP[`�^P[O�TVYL�Z[YLL[�SL]LS�WHY[PJPWH[PVU�PU�[OL�WYVJLZZ���6\Y�NYV\W�PU[LUKZ�[V�\[PSPaL�THU`�HWWYVHJOLZ�VM�=PH�=LYKL�`L[�^L�HYL�UV[�KLZPNUPUN�H�ZPUN\SHY�I\PSKPUN���:VTL�VM�[OL�I\PSKPUN»Z�Z`Z[LTZ�JHU�IL�WYLJLKLU[Z�HZ�^L�TV]L�PU[V�V\Y�MVYTH[�VM�ULPNOIVYOVVK�HKHW[LK�YL\ZL��-VY�PUZ[HUJL!�[OL�\[PSPaH[PVU�VM�KLZJLUKPUN�YVVM�YHPU^H[LY�JVSSLJ[PVU��I\[�[OL�THPU�W\YWVZL�VM�Z[\K`PUN�[OPZ�WYLJLKLU[�PZ�MVY�P[Z�HWWYVHJO�[V�Z\Z[HPUHISL�SV^�PUJVTL�KL]LSVWTLU[��

Page 13: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

07

IV ANNOTATED PRECEDENTS

���:V\[OLHZ[�-HSZL�*YLLR�5LPNOIVYOVVK�,ULYN`�<[PSP[ �̀�=HUJV\]LY��*(

Project Type:�+PZ[YPJ[�,ULYN`�-HJPSP[`Units:�#������ZLY]PJLK�I`�[OL�Z`Z[LT�Financing Structure:�7\ISPJ�WYP]H[LClient:�*P[`�VM�=HUJV\]LY��*P[`�VM�=HUJV\]LY�5LPNOIVYOVVK�,ULYN`�<[PSP[`Contractor:�4L[YV�*HU�*VUZ[Y\J[PVU��6=��3[K�Developer:�4PSSLUUP\T�:V\[OLHZ[�-HSZL�*YLLR�7YVWLY[PLZ�3[K���Architect:�:V�7LJOL[� �9VII��=0(�(YJOP[LJ[\YLLandscape Architect:�+\YHU[L�2YL\R�3HUKZJHWL�(YJOP[LJ[Z��7>3�7HY[ULYZOPW�3HUKZJHWL�(YJOP[LJ[Z�0UJ�Other Consultants:�6S`TWPJ�0U[LYUH[PVUHS�0UJ���,ULYWYV�:`Z[LTZ�*VYW���)*�/`KYVOther Agencies:�2L`Z[VUL�,U]PYVUTLU[HS�3[K���=HUJV\]LY�6YNHUPaPUN�*VTTP[[LL�MVY�[OL������6S`TWPJ�HUK�7HYHS`TWPJ�>PU[LY�.HTLZ��.VTILYVќ�)LSS�3`VU�(YJOP[LJ[Z�.YV\W

;OPZ�ULPNOIVYOVVK�LULYN`�Z`Z[LT�PZ�[OL�ÄYZ[�VM�P[Z�RPUK�PU�5VY[O�(TLYPJH��PTWSLTLU[PUN�UV[�VUS`�H�MVY^HYK�[OPURPUN�KPZ[YPI\[LK�NLULYH[PVU��KPZ[YPJ[�LULYN`��Z`Z[LT��I\[�VUL�[OH[»Z�OLH[�ZV\YJL�JVTLZ�MYVT�KVYTHU[�OLH[�PU�[OL�JP[`�ZL^LY�SPULZ���;OPZ�[OLYTHS�OLH[�YLJV]LY`�Z`Z[LT�\[PSPaLZ�H�OLH[�W\TW�^P[OPU�H�UL^�LULYN`�JLU[LY�[OH[�OLH[Z�H�SHYNL�UL[^VYR�VM�OV[^H[LY�WPWLZ���5L^�HUK�YL[YVÄ[[LK�I\PSKPUNZ�HYL�JVUULJ[LK�PU[V�[OL�OV[^H[LY�SVVW�OLH[PUN�VY�JVVSPUN�[OL�IHZL�[LTWLYH[\YL�OV[^H[LY�]PH�LULYN`�[YHUZMLY�Z[H[PVUZ�

;OPZ�WYVQLJ[�JHTL�PU[V�MY\P[PVU�[OYV\NO�[OL������6S`TWPJ�]PSSHNL��HUK�THQVY�PUJLU[P]LZ�MYVT�[OL�*P[`�6M�=HUJV\]LY�[V�IL�[OL�NYLLULZ[�JP[`�PU�[OL�^VYSK�I`��������,]LY`�I\PSKPUN�^P[OPU�[OL�KL]LSVWTLU[��H�IYV^UÄLSK�HYLH�VM�[OL�KV^U[V^U�JHSSLK�:V\[OLHZ[�-HSZL�*YLLR��OHZ�ILLU�SPURLK�[V�[OL�OLH[PUN�SVVW��HUK�M\Y[OLY�L_WHUZPVU�VM�[OPZ�SVVW�PZ�VJJ\YYPUN�^OLUL]LY�[OLYL�PZ�HU�VWWVY[\UP[`�HUK�[OL�I\PSKPUN�OHZ�[OL�JHWHIPSP[PLZ�VM�JVUULJ[PVU���

Page 14: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

08

IV ANNOTATED PRECEDENTS

���)\UOPSS�,ULYN`�*LU[YL��3VUKVU��<2�

Project Type:�+PZ[YPJ[�*/7�-HJPSP[`��JVTIPULK�OLH[�HUK�WV^LY��Units:�����������ZLY]PJLK�I`�[OL�Z`Z[LT�Financing Structure:�7\ISPJ�WYP]H[LClient:�*P[`�VM�3VUKVU��-PUZI\Y`�3LPZ\YL�*LU[YL��0YVUTVUNLY�9V^�)H[OZ��:[HќVYK�*YPWWZ�,Z[H[LZ��9LKIYPJR�,Z[H[LZ��HUK�:[�3\RL»Z�,Z[H[LZ�Contractor:�0ZSPUN[VU�*V\UJPS��7HYZVUZ�)YPUJRLYOVќDeveloper:�3VUKVU�+L]LSVWTLU[�(NLUJ �̀�,\YVWLHU�0U]LZ[TLU[�)HUR»Z�,3,5(�MHJPSP[ �̀�*,3:0<:�Architect:�;PT�9VUHSKZ�(YJOP[LJ[ZLandscape Architect:�U�HOther Consultants:�<2�7V^LY�5L[^VYRZ��3V^�*HYIVU�3VUKVUOther Agencies: Vital Energi

;OPZ�KPZ[YPJ[�LULYN`�SVVW�HUK��LULYN`�JLU[LY�\ZLZ�[OL�OLH[�JYLH[LK�MYVT�WYVK\JPUN�LSLJ[YPJP[`�MYVT�H��� �4>�UH[\YHS�NHZ�ÄYLK�JVTIPULK�OLH[�HUK�WV^LY�\UP[�[V�OLH[�I\PSKPUNZ�HUK�WYV]PKL�OV[�^H[LY��>P[OPU�[OPZ�Z`Z[LT�^HZ[L�OLH[�PZ�JHW[\YLK�MYVT�[OL�]LU[PSH[PVU�Z`Z[LT�PU�[OL�3VUKVU�<UKLYNYV\UK�Z\I^H`�HUK�HKKLK�[V�[OL�OLH[�KPZI\YZLK�MYVT�[OL�LSLJ[YPJHS�NLULYH[VY���;OL�LSLJ[YPJP[`�WYVK\JLK�PZ�WS\NNLK�IHJR�[V�[OL�SVJHS�LSLJ[YPJHS�NYPK�HUK�)\UOPSS�/LH[�HUK�7V^LY�^PSS�YLJLP]L�HU�PUJVTL�MYVT�[OPZ�LSLJ[YPJP[`

)\UOPSS�,ULYN`�*LU[YL�HUK�[OL�KPZ[YPJ[�^PKL�OLH[�UL[^VYR�WYV]PKLZ�OLH[PUN�[V�YLZPKLU[Z�[OH[�PZ�H[�SLHZ[�����JOLHWLY�[OHU�WYL]PV\ZS`�Z\WWSPLK�

Page 15: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

09

V SITE SELECTION

Page 16: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

10

=�:0;,�:,3,*;065!�7/03(+,37/0(

0U�VYKLY�[V�KPNLZ[�[OLZL�X\HU[P[H[P]L�Z`Z[LTZ�[OL`�T\Z[�IL�NYV\UKLK�PU�H�YLHS�SVJH[PVU�^P[O�H�YLHS�ZJHSL���4HU`�VM�[OLZL�HS[LYUH[P]L�LULYN`�Z`Z[LTZ�OH]L�H�WHY[PJ\SHY�WVW\SH[PVU�ZPaL�¶VM[LU�ZTHSSLY¶�`L[�UL^LY�Z[\KPLZ�HYL�KPZJV]LYPUN�OV^�TVKLSZ�PU�\[PSP[`�ZJHSL�Z`Z[LTZ�SPRL�ZVSHY�HYL�JVZ[�JVTWL[PUN�^P[O�UH[\YHS�NHZ�Z`Z[LTZ���4HU`�PU�[OL�JVU]LYZH[PVU�HYL�ZLLPUN�[OL�PTWVY[HUJL�VM�H�KLJLU[YHSPaLK�UL[^VYR�VM�LULYN`�PUMVYTPUN�V\Y�JP[`�HUK�[V^U�T\UPJPWHSP[PLZ���4HU`�ZJHSLZ�HUK�SVJH[PVUZ�MVY�[OLZL�Z`Z[LTZ�HYL�PU�JVTWHYPZVU����

-VY�[OPZ�PU]LZ[PNH[PVU�PU�H�ULPNOIVYOVVK�ZJHSL�LULYN`�Z`Z[LT��0»]L�JOVZLU�Philadelphia, Pennsylvania�HZ�T`�[LZ[�ZP[L�

5V[�VUS`�HYL�[OLYL�JP[`�PUP[PH[P]LZ�WYPVYP[PaPUN�LU]PYVUTLU[HS�LTPZZPVUZ�YLK\J[PVUZ��[OLYL�HYL�H�SV[�VM�JP[`�JVUÄZJH[LK�SV[Z�HUK�]HJHU[�I\PSKPUNZ�ULLKPUN�UL^�\[PSP[PLZ���

Page 17: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

11

WEST POPLAR NEIGHBORHOOD

NORTHERN LIBERTIESNEIGHBORHOOD

Page 18: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

12

Page 19: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

13

=0�,?0:;05.�0::<,:�05�,5,9.@

Page 20: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

14=0�(.05.�.90+���05*9,(:05.�6<;(.,:

;OL�LSLJ[YPJHS�NYPK�PU�[OL�<UP[LK�:[H[LZ�PZ�PU�H�MYHNPSL�Z[H[L�������VM�[OL�[YHUZTPZZPVU�SPULZ�HYL�V]LY����`LHYZ�VSK��HUK�[OL�H]LYHNL�HNL�VM�WV^LY�WSHU[Z�PZ�V]LY����`LHYZ�VSK���(Z�H�YLZ\S[��[OL�HNL�VM�[OL�NYPK�HUK�P[Z�JVTWVULU[Z�PZ�H�THQVY�JVU[YPI\[LY�[V�[OL�PUJYLHZPUN�^LH[OLY�YLSH[LK�WV^LY�V\[HNLZ��

(Z�TVYL�L_[YLTL�Z[VYTZ�HUK�JSPTH[L�JOHUNL�PUMYPUNL�VU�V\Y�SHYNL�JVHZ[HS�JP[PLZ��JVZ[�[V�YLWHPY�[OPZ�PUMYHZ[Y\J[\YL�PZ�ILJVTPUN�H�NYLH[LY�WYVISLT�HUK�^PSS�PUJYLHZL�PU�[OL�`LHYZ�[V�JVTL���-YVT������[V������[OLYL�^HZ�HU�LZ[PTH[LK������IPSSPVU�[V������IPSSPVU�ZWLU[�PU�YLWHPYPUN�PUMYHZ[Y\J[\YL���0U������HSVUL��[OLYL�^HZ�HU�LZ[PTH[LK�����IPSSPVU�[V�����IPSSPVU�ZWLU[��

Page 21: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

15VI INTERNATIONAL CARBON EMISSIONS

Page 22: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

16

ELECTRICITY FROM GAS IN USA2009

ELECTRICITY FROM WIND IN USA2009

=0�5(;065(3�*(9)65�,40::065:���.6(3:

;OL�J\YYLU[�<UP[LK�:[H[LZ�NV]LYUTLU[�OHZ�JYLH[LK�H�NVHS�[V�YLK\JL�LTPZZPVUZ�JVU[YPI\[PUN�[V�NSVIHS�^HYTPUN�ZOV^U�PU�ÄN\YL�����(Z�VM�UV �̂�[OL�<:(�PZ�UV[�VU�[HYNL[�MVY�[OPZ�NVHS�

;V�[OL�SLM[�PU�ÄN\YL���[OL�^VYSK�THW�PZ�KPZ[VY[LK�IHZLK�VU�[OLPY�JVU[YPI\[PVUZ�[V�NSVIHS�LTPZZPVUZ���;OL�SHYNLY�[OL�ZOHWL��[OL�TVYL�LTPZZPVUZ�[OL�JV\U[`�WYVK\JLZ�

FIGURE 2 Data for this chart comes from World Resource Institute.

FIGURE 3,4,5

FIGURE 1 Data for this chart comes from Kiln Project.

POSSIBLE EMISSION SCENARIOS

ELECTRICITY FROM COAL IN USA2009

Page 23: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

17

TOTAL USA AIR POLLUTION CAUSED FROM COAL-FIRED PLANTS

ACID GASES ..............................................77%ARSENIC ....................................................62%ARSENIC ....................................................62%CHROMIUM.................................................22%MERCURY....................................................50%

USA AIR POLLUTION

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY + FLOW Quadrillion BTU (2013)

42.4%

24.9%

19.3% 12.6%

Page 24: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

18

VII QUANTITATIVE ENERGY MODELS

0U�VYKLY�[V�[LZ[�^OL[OLY�HU�HS[LYUH[P]L�Z`Z[LT�TPNO[�JVTWL[L�^P[O�L_PZ[PUN�PTWSLTLU[H[PVU�HUK�[V�IYVHKLU�KLJPZPVU�THRPUN��[V^HYKZ�WVZZPIS`�IL[[LY�TL[OVKZ��[OL`�HSS�ULLK�[V�IL�JYVZZ�JVTWHYLK���;OPZ�IYLHRZ�KV^U�^OH[�LHJO�VM�[OLZL�Z`Z[LTZ�JVZ[��V\[W\[Z��HUK�ILULÄ[Z�V[OLY�Z`Z[LTZ�

Levelized Cost of Energy Peak Output environmental

impact Possible system

links Other Benefits Residential Utility Bill

Levelized Cost to Build

$/MW Hr Watts or BTU CO2 level ecological or infrastructural Description $/per month $/kW Hr

A.) EXISTING SYSTEM $244- $375 703-816 MW 328 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often

abutting waterways

no reconstruction beyond maintenance $2,607 - $6,767

a. GRID ENERGY (COALl) $65-$145 600 MW 211 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often

abutting waterways

no reconstruction beyond maintenance $2,027 – $6,067

b. GAS AND HOTWATER $179 – $230 10,300 – 9,000 BTU 117 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often

abutting waterways

no reconstruction beyond maintenance $580 – $700

B.) DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING variable variable variable infrastructural

lightenes the load on the national grid

system, local economies

$/per month ?

C.) CO-GENERATION variable variable variable infrastructural description $/per month ?

D.) WASTE TO ENERGY(BIOMASS) $65-$149 14,500 BTU variable ecological and infrastructural

reduces solid waste by 90%, no fossil fuels $/per month $2,622 – $3,497

a. SEWER HEAT RECOVERY $28-$54 19.5 MW 0 lb/mmBtu ecological and infrastructural

drastically cuts down carbon emissions,

Generally free past a point

$/per month $2,500 (aprox.)

b. COMPOST HEAT RECOVERY n/a .0586 MW 0 lb/mmBtuecological and

infrastructural and links to agriculture

drastically cuts down carbon emissions, no

fossil fuels$/per month $1,697

Sources: Lazard Financial Services Company, Quest Canada (Quality urban energy systems of tomorrow), ISIS Sauder School of Business University of British Columbia)�

SCALE OF OPPERATING (physical size,

population being served)

HYPOTHOSIS (SPATIAL

EXPERIMENT)

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DISTRICT: METRICS

CASE STUDY

$159.89 for 85m2 Apartment

(Philadelphia)

Page 25: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

19

COM

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PRODUCTION (By Co2 emissions)

+ Co2 - Co2

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CITY MASTERPLAN(Philly 2035 / Greenworks 2015)

Page 26: MAX SCOPPETTONE MLA THESIS '14

20

����05=,:;0.(;065�0! SCALING UTILITY SYSTEMS & LAND USE

0U]LZ[PNH[PVU���8\LZ[PVU!

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38GRASSROOTS ECONOMIES + URBAN COMMONS

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3.3 INVESTIGATION III : MEDIATING A BORDER - SECONDARY URBAN SYSTEMS

Investigation 3 Conclusions:

)RU�WKH�GHVLJQ�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�VHFRQG�LQYHVWLJDWLRQ�WR�EH�SRVVLEOH��D�FHUWDLQ�DPRXQW�RI�FLW\�DQG�RUJDQL]DWLRQDO�LQYHVWPHQW�LV�UHTXLUHG�DORQJ�ZLWK�WKH�PRELOL]DWLRQ�RI�D�IRRG�DQG�FRPSRVW�FXOWXUH�LQ�WKH�H[LVWLQJ�FRPPXQLW\���)URP�WKH�UHVHDUFK�DQG�REVHUYDWLRQ�RI�H[LVWLQJ�VXFFHVV�ZLWKLQ�VLPLODU�SURMHFWV��WKH�VXSSRUWLQJ�conditions of this design development should be the following:

%��2ijVKRRW�RI�&LW\�3URMHFW��$IWHU�7KH�&LW\�DQG�6(37$�HQDFW�WKH�WUDQVLW�RULHQWHG�GHYHORSPHQW�IRU�VWUHHWVFDSH�LPSURYHPHQWV�DORQJ�*LUDUG�DYH��şODLG�RXW�LQ�WKH������FLW\�PDVWHU�SODQş�WKHUH�LV�SRWHQWLDO�IRU�QXPHURXV�EXVLQHVVHV�WR�WUDQVIRUP�WKLV�FRUULGRU���,Q�WKLV�SURFHVV��VWUHHW�WUHHV�DUH�SODQWHG��WUROOH\�SODWIRUPV�DUH�XSGDWHG��and bike lanes are added– potentially transforming Girard Ave. into a vibrant east-west connection and

FRPPHUFLDO�FRUULGRU���+\SRWKHWLFDOO\��LW�FRXOG�EH�D�YLEUDQW�UHVWDXUDQW�FRUULGRU�PXFK�OLNH��QG�6WUHHW��ZKLFK�became the main commercial corridor in Northern Liberties. This new condition would create the opportunity

for a secondary corridor along Marshall Street to develop as a food service corridor.

$ORQJ�ZLWK�WKLV�SURFHVV��WKH���EORFN�GLVWULFW�KHDWLQJ�ORRS�LV�SXW�LQWR�WKH�VWUHHWV�IROORZLQJ�WKH�HQHUJ\�SURGXFWLRQ�facility and the urban farms. Later on this energy distribution might expand east as the tree planting and storm

water system opens up the opportunity for the heating loop to expand. At this point the city might see a

reason to invest and support the design development. The Philadelphia Department Of Transportation would

DOUHDG\�EH�LQYROYHG�ZLWK�WKH�SHUPLWV�QHHGHG�WR�LQVHUW�WKH�KHDWLQJ�ORRSV��DQG�DIWHU�D�VXFFHVVIXO�PDLQ�FRUULGRU�GHYHORSPHQW��WKHUH�ZRXOG�EH�LQFHQWLYHV�WR�LQYHVW�LQ�VWUHHW�WUHH�DQG�VWRUPZDWHU�LPSURYHPHQWV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�neighborhood.

,Q�WKH�HYHQW�RI�WKH�FLW\�LQYHVWLQJ�LQ�WKHVH�VWUHHW�LPSURYHPHQWV��RQ�VLWH�VWRUPZDWHU�PDQDJHPHQW�FRXOG�EH�DSSOLHG�WR�WKLV�FRQGLWLRQ���$�VFKHPH�OLQNLQJ�VWRUP�GUDLQV�PRYLQJ�UXQ�Rij�LQWR�OLQNHG�VWUHHW�WUHH�EHGV�KDV�EHHQ�SULRULWL]HG�WKURXJK�7KH�0D\RUŖV�2ĴFH�IRU�6XVWDLQDELOLW\���,QVWHDG�RI�SXWWLQJ�WKH�RYHUIJRZ�EDFN�LQWR�WKH�FLW\�VWRUPZDWHU�V\VWHP��WKLV�RYHUIJRZ�FRXOG�EH�XVHG�DV�WKH�ZDWHU�VRXUFH�IRU�WKH�KHDWLQJ�ORRSV����'HSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�H[WHQW�RI�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ��PRUH�ZDWHU�FRXOG�EH�FDSWXUHG�IURP�WKH�VWUHHW��DQG�WKH�GLVWULFW�KHDWLQJ�V\VWHP�could expand and provide for more homes. If this was applied to the residential area between West Poplar

DQG�1RUWKHUQ�/LEHUWLHV��WKH�QHLJKERUKRRGV�FRXOG�EH�OLQNHG�SK\VLFDOO\�WKURXJK�WKH�LQIUDVWUXFWXUH�FUHDWLQJ�an alternative utility district. This would be an entirely new format for “eco-districts” linking all utilities into

interdependent cycles.

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ResidentialFood Waste

CommercialFood Waste

Neighborhoodcompost bin

By Trucks

By Carts

2. COMPOSTTRANSPORTATION

3. COMPOSTSTORAGE + TREATMENT

4. HEAT/METHANECAPTURE

5. DISTRICTHEATING LOOP

6. ELECTRICAL

7. Soil 8. Urban Agriculture1. COMPOST

A. Aerobic Digestion

B. Anerobic Digestion

C. Bi-Product

Compost

CondensateSump

MethaneStorage

Vacuume

Heat Inlets

Heat Pump Waste Heat From Generator

Restaurant/Bodega

Methane Gas Generator

To Grid

From Grid

Water Tank

Treated Stormwater

City Water

Manifold

CH4

CH4 CH4

CH4

CH4

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Levelized Cost of Energy Peak Output environmental

impact Possible system

links Other Benefits Residential Utility Bill

Levelized Cost to Build

$/MW Hr Watts or BTU CO2 level ecological or infrastructural Description $/per month $/kW Hr

A.) EXISTING SYSTEM $244- $375 703-816 MW 328 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often

abutting waterways

no reconstruction beyond maintenance $2,607 - $6,767

a. GRID ENERGY (COALl) $65-$145 600 MW 211 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often

abutting waterways

no reconstruction beyond maintenance $2,027 – $6,067

b. GAS AND HOTWATER $179 – $230 10,300 – 9,000 BTU 117 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often

abutting waterways

no reconstruction beyond maintenance $580 – $700

B.) DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING variable variable variable infrastructural

lightenes the load on the national grid

system, local economies

$/per month ?

C.) CO-GENERATION variable variable variable infrastructural description $/per month ?

D.) WASTE TO ENERGY(BIOMASS) $65-$149 14,500 BTU variable ecological and infrastructural

reduces solid waste by 90%, no fossil fuels $/per month $2,622 – $3,497

a. SEWER HEAT RECOVERY $28-$54 19.5 MW 0 lb/mmBtu ecological and infrastructural

drastically cuts down carbon emissions,

Generally free past a point

$/per month $2,500 (aprox.)

b. COMPOST HEAT RECOVERY n/a .0586 MW 0 lb/mmBtuecological and

infrastructural and links to agriculture

drastically cuts down carbon emissions, no

fossil fuels$/per month $1,697

E.) METHANE GAS GENERATOR $67-$113 1.8-2 MW 38.99 lb/MMBtu

Sources: Lazard Financial Services Company, Quest Canada (Quality urban energy systems of tomorrow), ISIS Sauder School of Business University of British Columbia)�

(Based on case studies) ESTIMATED PROJECT COST: $7,264,080.38

SCALE OF OPPERATING (physical size,

population being served)

HYPOTHOSIS (SPATIAL

EXPERIMENT)

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DISTRICT: METRICS

CASE STUDY

$159.89 for 85m2 Apartment

(Philadelphia)

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:HɈYVU��0UNH��¸;OL�9LHS�7YVISLT�^P[O�.LU[YPÄJH[PVU�(�7OLUVTLUVU�;OH[�9L]P]LK�*P[PLZ�*HU�(SZV�4HRL�Them Monotonous.” New Republic. New Republic, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.

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