max scoppettone mla thesis '14
DESCRIPTION
My graduate thesis explored the potential of economic mobility for existing lower-income populations to withstand displacement from increased property value. My strategy was to link alternative utilities, food/resource production, and potential businesses with existing city master planning and capital to propose a secondary mixed-use corridor to grow local income to meet the raising property values.TRANSCRIPT
MOBILIZINGALTERNATIVE UTILITY
DISTRICTSMAX SCOPPETTONE
MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE
UTILITY DISTRICTS
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�����0U[YVK\J[PVU���(IZ[YHJ[�����0U[YVK\J[PVU�VM�4L[OVKVSVN`�����3L_PJVU�����(UUV[H[LK�7YLJLKLU[Z�����:P[L�:LSLJ[PVU� Existing issues in energy
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INVESTIGATION I : SCALING UTILITY SYSTEMS & LAND USE
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05=,:;0.(;065�00�!�:0;,�:,3,*;065�� �5,0./)69/66+�+,=,3674,5;�;,:;
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INVESTIGATION III : MEDIATING A BORDER & SECONDARY URBAN SYSTEMS
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CONCLUSIONS
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MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE
UTILITY DISTRICTS
4H_�:JVWWL[[VULi
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
01
ILLUSTRATION LIST
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02
I INTRODUCTION
(Z�H�TLTILY�VM�[OL�¸TPSSLUUPHS�NLULYH[PVU¹�SHYNLS`�JVU[YPI\[PUN�[V�[OL�\YIHU�NYV^[O�[OL�<UP[LK�:[H[LZ��HUK�HZ�VUL�^OV�OHZ�Z[Y\NNSLK�^P[O�[OL�PUJYLHZPUN�JVZ[�VM�[OLZL�NYV^PUN�JP[PLZ��P[�PZ�JSLHY�[OH[�V\[ZPKLYZ�\Z\YWPUN�WVVY�JVTT\UP[PLZ�PZ�TVYL�WYVISLTH[PJ�[OHU�L]LY���0[�PZ�HSZV�JSLHY�[OH[�[OLYL�ULLKZ�[V�IL�TVYL�PU]LZ[TLU[�PU[V�TL[OVKZ�ZVM[LUPUN�[OL�ISV^�[V�V\Y�\YIHU�^VYRPUN�JSHZZ���(Z�Z[L^HYKZ�VM�V\Y�WVZ[�PUK\Z[YPHS�JP[PLZ��[OLZL�JVTT\UP[PLZ�VUJL�^VYRLK�PU�[OL�MHJ[VYPLZ�HUK�[OL�]HYPV\Z�ZRPSSLK�[YHKLZ��5V^�[OL�ULLK�MVY�ZLY]PJL�PUK\Z[YPLZ�YL[HPUZ�[OPZ�WVW\SH[PVU�[OYV\NO�Z[HNUHU[�YL[HPS�HUK�YLZ[H\YHU[�QVIZ�WVZPUN�TPUPTHS�JHWP[HS�NYV^[O�WV[LU[PHS�MVY�[OPZ�WVW\SH[PVU���0[�PZ�[PTL�[V�LTWV^LY�[OPZ�WVW\SH[PVU�ZV�[OL`�OVSK�ZVTL�HTV\U[�VM�V^ULYZOPW�VY�Z[HRL�PU�[OLPY�JP[PLZ��UV[�NL[�V]LY[HRLU�I`�[OLT���0[�PZ�MVY�[OPZ�YLHZVU�[OH[�0�HT�PU]LZ[PNH[PUN�OV^�Z\Z[HPUHISL�PUUV]H[PVUZ�JV\SK�TVIPSPaL�LU[YLWYLUL\YZOPW�PU�SV^�PUJVTL�\YIHU�ULPNOIVYOVVKZ�
(Z�HU�\YIHU�SHUKZJHWL�KLZPNULY�0�SVVR�MVY�V]LYSHWZ�[V�Z[YLUN[OLU�MVYTHS�YLSH[PVUZOPWZ�VM�MVVK��^H[LY��LULYN �̀�^HZ[L��HUK�V[OLY�YLZV\YJLZ�JVUULJ[PUN�ZVJPL[`�[V�[OL�SHUKZJHWL��>OLU�HKKYLZZPUN�[OL�KLZPNU�PTWSPJH[PVUZ�VU�JVTT\UP[PLZ��[OL�ZVJPHS�HUK�LJVUVTPJ�PTWHJ[Z�T\Z[�IL�JVUZPKLYLK��0�ILSPL]L�[OLYL�PZ�NYLH[LY�Z\Z[HPUHIPSP[`�VY�WYVK\J[P]P[`�PU�[OL�WYVJLZZ�VM�SPURPUN�Z`Z[LTZ���:LLPUN�SH[LU[�VWWVY[\UPZT�^P[OPU�LULYN`�WYVK\J[PVU�HUK�LJVUVTPJ�PTWYV]LTLU[�¶]PH�¸NYLLU�JVSSHY¹�[YHKLZ��SVJHSPaLK�LULYN`�PU]LZ[TLU[��HUK�\[PSP[`�JVZ[�YLK\J[PVU�MVY�IV[O�JP[`�HUK�JVUZ\TLY¶�0�ILSPL]L�H�ZJHSLK�KV^U��SVJHSS`�V^ULK�TVKLS�JV\SK�Ä[�[OL�VIQLJ[P]LZ�VM�[OL�SHYNLY�JP[`�[V�YLK\JL�P[Z�JVZ[Z��);<�JVUZ\TW[PVU��HUK�*6��SL]LSZ��;OPZ�TVKLS�HSZV�Ä[Z�^P[O�[OL�HNLUKH�KL]LSVWLK�H[�H�UH[PVUHS�LULYN`�JVUMLYLUJL�H[�7YPUJL[VU�SHZ[�`LHY��OLYHSKPUN�KPZ[YPI\[LK�NLULYH[PVU��TPJYV�NYPK��HZ�WYPVYP[`�PU�[OL�M\[\YL�VM�LULYN`�PU�[OL�<:(�
ABSTRACT:
;OPZ�[OLZPZ�ZLLRZ�[V�[LZ[�[OL�WVZZPIPSP[`�VM�HKHW[PUN�ULPNOIVYOVVK�ZJHSL�\[PSP[`�Z`Z[LTZ�PU[V�SPURLK�YLZV\YJL�NLULYH[PUN�J`JSLZ��KPZ[YPJ[�OLH[PUN� �LULYN �̀�^HZ[L�THUHNLTLU[��HUK�^H[LY�Z`Z[LTZ��[VPUZ[PNH[L�SVJHSPaLK�LJVUVTPJ�PTWYV]LTLU[�^OPSL�YLK\JPUN�[OL�I\YKLU�VU�[OL�SHYNLY�JP[ �̀�-VSSV^PUN�[OL�HNLUKH�VM�7OPSHKLSWOPH�������[OL�.YLLU^VYRZ�7SHU��HUK�UH[PVUHS�LULYN`�PUP[PH[P]LZ�[OPZ�ULPNOIVYOVVK�ZJHSL�TVKLS�^PSS�LUJV\YHNL�SVJHS�I\ZPULZZ�JYLH[PVU�HUK�JVTT\UP[`�WHY[PJPWH[PVU�PU�[OL�Z`Z[LTZ���
;OPZ�WYVJLZZ�^PSS�LTWSV`�H�TL[OVKVSVN`�[V�X\HU[PM`�LHJO�Z`Z[LT"�JVTWHYPUN�HNHPUZ[�L_PZ[PUN�Z`Z[LTZ�HUK�HWWYVHJOLZ�\ZLK�PU�JVU]LU[PVUHS�KL]LSVWTLU[���;OYV\NO�[OPZ�PU]LZ[PNH[PVU��[OL�Z`Z[LTZ�KLZPNU�^PSS�[HRL�VU�[OL�MVYT�VM�H�\[PSP[`�Z`Z[LT�JH[HS`Z[�[OH[�^PSS�IL�QVPU[S`�V^ULK�IL[^LLU�JP[`�T\UPJPWHSP[PLZ�HUK�WYP]H[L�LU[P[PLZ�OVSKPUN�PU]LZ[TLU[�PU�[OL�THPU[LUHUJL�HSVUN�^P[O�WYVNYLZZP]L�NYV^[O�^P[OPU�[OL�ULPNOIVYOVVK�
0�HPT�[V�L_WSVYL�[OPZ�UV[PVU�VM�LJVUVTPJ�PTWYV]LTLU[�HTPKZ[�L_PZ[PUN�\YIHU�JVTT\UP[PLZ�PU�JVYYLSH[PVU�^P[O�L_WSVYH[PVUZ�VM�H�YLZLHYJO�NYV\W���0[�PZ�H�[OPUR�[HUR�[HJRSPUN�[OL�WYVISLTZ�VM�\YIHU�TPNYH[PVUHS�ZOPM[Z�JVUZPZ[PUN�VM�9HJOLSSL�*YVZI`�HUK�(UKYL^�1HJVIZ�PU]LZ[LK�PU�ZPTPSHY�PZZ\LZ�^P[OPU�5VY[OLYU�7OPSHKLSWOPH���;OLZL�PUKP]PK\HS�PU]LZ[PNH[PVUZ�^PSS�IVSZ[LY�HSS�[OYLL�VM�V\Y�PU[LU[Z�PU�[OPZ�ZVJPV�LJVUVTPJ�L_WLYPTLU[�
03
00�4,;/6+636.@
INVESTIGATION 1: SCALING UTILITY SYSTEMS & LAND USE
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� )��4HW�[OL�SHUK�\ZL�PU�7OPSHKLSWOPH��4HRL�H�JHZL�MVY�ZJHSPUN�[OPZ�SHUK�\ZL�[V�[OL�ULPNOIVYOVVK�� �� ZJHSL¶�I`����ISVJRZ����ISVJRZ��HUK���ISVJRZ�
� *��:JHSL�LULYN`���\[PSP[`�Z`Z[LTZ�[V�LHJO�[OYLL�ULPNOIVYOVVK�ZJHSLZ�
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� )��:LSLJ[�HUK�THW�[LZ[�ZP[LZ�IHZLK�VU�ZLSLJ[PVU�WHYHTL[LYZ!�/PNO�]HJHUJ �̀�HKQHJLUJ`�[V�THPU�� �� Z[YLL[���HUK�HKQHJLUJ`�[V�UL^�KL]LSVWTLU[�
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� )��,_WHUK�[OL�KLZPNUZ�MVY�\[PSP[`�PU[V�^H[LY�Z`Z[LTZ�HUK�Z[YLL[�ZJHWL�KLZPNUZ�
� *��0U[LNYH[L�\YIHU�KLZPNU�Z[YH[LN`�[V�[OL�;YHUZP[�6YPLU[LK�KL]LSVWTLU[�WSHU�MVY�.PYHYK�H]L�
04
MOBILIZING ALTERNATIVE UTILITY DISTRICTS
ALTERNATIVEINFRASTRUCTURE
SIZIN
G A
LTER
NATIV
E SY
STEM
SLIN
KING
TO
RE
LATE
D SY
STEM
SG
ENER
ATIN
G S
OCI
AL
INFR
ASTR
UCTU
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CONNECTION TO INSTITUTIONS OR LARGER SYSTEMS
CITY WATER SYSTEMS
ECOLOGICALSYSTEMS
RESOURCE GENERATION
GRID ENERGY SYSTEMINCREASINGOWNERSHIP
SHARINGECONOMIES
INVESTMENTINCENTIVE
LOCAL JOBGROWTH
SCALE SYMBIOTIC SYSTEMIC
RELATIONSHIPS
OPPORTUNISIM INCENTIVISESTEWARDSHIP
LOWERING ENERGY COSTS
BOTTOM-UP TO TOP-DOWN
SHARED OWNERSHIP /MAINTENENCE
Can alternative energy systems be coupled with (waste, water, and agricul-ture) systems in an urban neighborhood in which these cycles are embedded in the city’s agenda and neighborhood economic improvement?
DISTRICT ENERGY
CO-GENERATION WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEMNS
vs(x) (y)
y
consumer cost comparison vs. b.t.u. = xcost of new infrastructure = y
=
=
catalyst
and
METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAM
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COMMUNITYSUPPORT
MINIMIZING DEPENDENCIES
05
III LEXICON
Adaptability:
(Dictionary) Capable of adapting or of being adapted.
(Group) The adoption of a practice or method that implies growth or change as a response to external forces.
BTU or British Thermal Unit:
(Dictionary) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree
Fahrenheit.
Capital:
(Dictionary) The generation of a resource(s) available for use.
Catalyst:
�+PJ[PVUHY`��HU�HNLU[�[OH[�WYV]VRLZ�VY�ZWLLKZ�ZPNUPÄJHU[�JOHUNL�VY�HJ[PVU�
CDC or Community Development Coalition:
�'LFWLRQDU\��$�QRW�IRU�SURıW�RUJDQL]DWLRQ�LQFRUSRUDWHG�WR�SURYLGH�SURJUDPV��RijHU�VHUYLFHV�DQG�HQJDJH�LQ�RWKHU�activities that promote and support community development. CDCs usually serve a geographic location such
as a neighborhood or a town. They often focus on serving lower-income residents or struggling neighborhoods.
7KH\�FDQ�EH�LQYROYHG�LQ�D�YDULHW\�RI�DFWLYLWLHV�LQFOXGLQJ�HFRQRPLF�GHYHORSPHQW��HGXFDWLRQ��FRPPXQLW\�RUJDQL]LQJ�DQG�UHDO�HVWDWH�GHYHORSPHQW��7KHVH�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�DUH�RIWHQ�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�DijRUGDEOH�KRXVLQJ�
Civic:
�'LFWLRQDU\��5HODWLQJ�WR�WKH�GXWLHV�RU�DFWLYLWLHV�RI�SHRSOH�LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�WKHLU�WRZQ��FLW\��RU�ORFDO�DUHD
Community:
�'LFWLRQDU\��$�VRFLDO�JURXS�RI�DQ\�VL]H�ZKRVH�PHPEHUV�UHVLGH�LQ�D�VSHFLıF�ORFDOLW\��VKDUH�JRYHUQPHQW��DQG�RIWHQ�have a common cultural and historical heritage.
�*URXS��2UJDQL]DWLRQ�RI�D�JURXS�RI�SHRSOH�EDVHG�RQ�SK\VLFDO�SUR[LPLW\��FXOWXUDO�WHQGHQFLHV��DQG�VKDUHG�resources.
Cooperation:
�'LFWLRQDU\��$Q�DFW�RU�LQVWDQFH�RI�ZRUNLQJ�RU�DFWLQJ�WRJHWKHU�IRU�D�FRPPRQ�SXUSRVH�RU�EHQHıW��MRLQW�DFWLRQ�(Individual) Choosing to commit to or support similar or dissimilar groups.
Designer Development:
�,QGLYLGXDO��7KH�SURFHVV�E\�ZKLFK��D�GHVLJQHU�LQLWLDWHV�D�PDVV�RI�KRXVLQJ�DQG�RU�FRPPHUFLDO�SURMHFW�ZLWK�D�WHDP�of related specialists and funders.
Empowerment:
�+PJ[PVUHY`��[V�WYVTV[L�[OL�ZLSM�HJ[\HSPaH[PVU�VY�PUÅ\LUJL�VM
Framework:
�+PJ[PVUHY`��H�IHZPJ�Z[Y\J[\YL�\UKLYS`PUN�H�Z`Z[LT��JVUJLW[��VY�[L_[�
Infrastructure:
�'LFWLRQDU\��7KH�EDVLF�SK\VLFDO�DQG�RUJDQL]DWLRQDO�VWUXFWXUHV�DQG�IDFLOLWLHV��H�J���EXLOGLQJV��URDGV��DQG�SRZHU�supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
KWh or Kilowatt Hour:
(Dictionary) $�PHDVXUH�RI�HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\�HTXLYDOHQW�WR�D�SRZHU�FRQVXPSWLRQ�RI�������ZDWWV�IRU���KRXU
MMBtu: one million BTU’s Infrastructure:
�'LFWLRQDU\��7KH�EDVLF�SK\VLFDO�DQG�RUJDQL]DWLRQDO�VWUXFWXUHV�DQG�IDFLOLWLHV��H�J���EXLOGLQJV��URDGV��DQG�SRZHU�supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
MW or Megawatt:
(Dictionary) A measure of electrical energy equivalent to one million watts.
Neighborhood:
�'LFWLRQDU\��$�GLVWULFW��HVSHFLDOO\�RQH�IRUPLQJ�D�FRPPXQLW\�ZLWKLQ�D�WRZQ�RU�FLW\
Preservation:
�'LFWLRQDU\��7R�NHHS�DOLYH�RU�LQ�H[LVWHQFH��PDNH�ODVWLQJ�The act of holding in place or protecting from change and transformation.
Scale:
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Tactical Urbanism:
�,QGLYLGXDO��/RRVHO\�GHıQHG�DV�LQH[SHQVLYH��LQIRUPDO�SURMHFWV�WKDW�PDNH�VPDOO�SODFHV�PRUH�OLYHO\�DQG�HQMR\DEOH��&KDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�DFWLYLVW�RU�LQWHUYHQWLRQLVW�VSDWLDO�SUDFWLFHV��WKHVH�SURMHFWV�IRFXV�RQ�D�SDUWLFLSDWRU\�DSSURDFK�RI�local people with the aim to induce long term changes in towns and cities.
Urban Commons: �'LFWLRQDU\��6KDUHG�RSHQ�JUHHQ�VSDFHV�RQ�WKH�LQVLGH�RI�FLW\�EORFNV��FUHDWHG�HLWKHU�ZKHQ�UHVLGHQWV�PHUJH�EDFN\DUG�VSDFH�RU�UHFODLP�XQGHUXWLOL]HG�XUEDQ�ODQG�VXFK�DV�YDFDQW�ORWV�DQG�DOOH\ZD\V��7KH\�DUH�PXOWL�IXQFWLRQDO�VSDFHV�IRU�JDUGHQLQJ��UHFUHDWLRQ��DQG�OHLVXUH�ZKLFK�SURYLGH�VRFLDO��HFRQRPLF��DQG�HQYLURQPHQWDO�EHQHıWV�WR�urban residents.
Utility:
�'LFWLRQDU\���������D�VHUYLFH��DV�OLJKW��SRZHU��RU�ZDWHU��SURYLGHG�E\�D�SXEOLF�XWLOLW\��������HTXLSPHQW�RU�D�SLHFH�RI�HTXLSPHQW�WR�SURYLGH�VXFK�VHUYLFH�RU�D�FRPSDUDEOH�VHUYLFH�������7KH�VWDWH�RI�EHLQJ�XVHIXO��SURıWDEOH��RU�EHQHıFLDO�
06
IV ANNOTATED PRECEDENTS
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07
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08
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09
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10
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11
WEST POPLAR NEIGHBORHOOD
NORTHERN LIBERTIESNEIGHBORHOOD
12
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15VI INTERNATIONAL CARBON EMISSIONS
16
ELECTRICITY FROM GAS IN USA2009
ELECTRICITY FROM WIND IN USA2009
=0�5(;065(3�*(9)65�,40::065:���.6(3:
;OL�J\YYLU[�<UP[LK�:[H[LZ�NV]LYUTLU[�OHZ�JYLH[LK�H�NVHS�[V�YLK\JL�LTPZZPVUZ�JVU[YPI\[PUN�[V�NSVIHS�^HYTPUN�ZOV^U�PU�ÄN\YL�����(Z�VM�UV �̂�[OL�<:(�PZ�UV[�VU�[HYNL[�MVY�[OPZ�NVHS�
;V�[OL�SLM[�PU�ÄN\YL���[OL�^VYSK�THW�PZ�KPZ[VY[LK�IHZLK�VU�[OLPY�JVU[YPI\[PVUZ�[V�NSVIHS�LTPZZPVUZ���;OL�SHYNLY�[OL�ZOHWL��[OL�TVYL�LTPZZPVUZ�[OL�JV\U[`�WYVK\JLZ�
FIGURE 2 Data for this chart comes from World Resource Institute.
FIGURE 3,4,5
FIGURE 1 Data for this chart comes from Kiln Project.
POSSIBLE EMISSION SCENARIOS
ELECTRICITY FROM COAL IN USA2009
17
TOTAL USA AIR POLLUTION CAUSED FROM COAL-FIRED PLANTS
ACID GASES ..............................................77%ARSENIC ....................................................62%ARSENIC ....................................................62%CHROMIUM.................................................22%MERCURY....................................................50%
USA AIR POLLUTION
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY + FLOW Quadrillion BTU (2013)
42.4%
24.9%
19.3% 12.6%
18
VII QUANTITATIVE ENERGY MODELS
0U�VYKLY�[V�[LZ[�^OL[OLY�HU�HS[LYUH[P]L�Z`Z[LT�TPNO[�JVTWL[L�^P[O�L_PZ[PUN�PTWSLTLU[H[PVU�HUK�[V�IYVHKLU�KLJPZPVU�THRPUN��[V^HYKZ�WVZZPIS`�IL[[LY�TL[OVKZ��[OL`�HSS�ULLK�[V�IL�JYVZZ�JVTWHYLK���;OPZ�IYLHRZ�KV^U�^OH[�LHJO�VM�[OLZL�Z`Z[LTZ�JVZ[��V\[W\[Z��HUK�ILULÄ[Z�V[OLY�Z`Z[LTZ�
Levelized Cost of Energy Peak Output environmental
impact Possible system
links Other Benefits Residential Utility Bill
Levelized Cost to Build
$/MW Hr Watts or BTU CO2 level ecological or infrastructural Description $/per month $/kW Hr
A.) EXISTING SYSTEM $244- $375 703-816 MW 328 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often
abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance $2,607 - $6,767
a. GRID ENERGY (COALl) $65-$145 600 MW 211 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often
abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance $2,027 – $6,067
b. GAS AND HOTWATER $179 – $230 10,300 – 9,000 BTU 117 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often
abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance $580 – $700
B.) DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING variable variable variable infrastructural
lightenes the load on the national grid
system, local economies
$/per month ?
C.) CO-GENERATION variable variable variable infrastructural description $/per month ?
D.) WASTE TO ENERGY(BIOMASS) $65-$149 14,500 BTU variable ecological and infrastructural
reduces solid waste by 90%, no fossil fuels $/per month $2,622 – $3,497
a. SEWER HEAT RECOVERY $28-$54 19.5 MW 0 lb/mmBtu ecological and infrastructural
drastically cuts down carbon emissions,
Generally free past a point
$/per month $2,500 (aprox.)
b. COMPOST HEAT RECOVERY n/a .0586 MW 0 lb/mmBtuecological and
infrastructural and links to agriculture
drastically cuts down carbon emissions, no
fossil fuels$/per month $1,697
Sources: Lazard Financial Services Company, Quest Canada (Quality urban energy systems of tomorrow), ISIS Sauder School of Business University of British Columbia)�
SCALE OF OPPERATING (physical size,
population being served)
HYPOTHOSIS (SPATIAL
EXPERIMENT)
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DISTRICT: METRICS
CASE STUDY
$159.89 for 85m2 Apartment
(Philadelphia)
19
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3.3 INVESTIGATION III : MEDIATING A BORDER - SECONDARY URBAN SYSTEMS
Investigation 3 Conclusions:
)RU�WKH�GHVLJQ�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�VHFRQG�LQYHVWLJDWLRQ�WR�EH�SRVVLEOH��D�FHUWDLQ�DPRXQW�RI�FLW\�DQG�RUJDQL]DWLRQDO�LQYHVWPHQW�LV�UHTXLUHG�DORQJ�ZLWK�WKH�PRELOL]DWLRQ�RI�D�IRRG�DQG�FRPSRVW�FXOWXUH�LQ�WKH�H[LVWLQJ�FRPPXQLW\���)URP�WKH�UHVHDUFK�DQG�REVHUYDWLRQ�RI�H[LVWLQJ�VXFFHVV�ZLWKLQ�VLPLODU�SURMHFWV��WKH�VXSSRUWLQJ�conditions of this design development should be the following:
%��2ijVKRRW�RI�&LW\�3URMHFW��$IWHU�7KH�&LW\�DQG�6(37$�HQDFW�WKH�WUDQVLW�RULHQWHG�GHYHORSPHQW�IRU�VWUHHWVFDSH�LPSURYHPHQWV�DORQJ�*LUDUG�DYH��şODLG�RXW�LQ�WKH������FLW\�PDVWHU�SODQş�WKHUH�LV�SRWHQWLDO�IRU�QXPHURXV�EXVLQHVVHV�WR�WUDQVIRUP�WKLV�FRUULGRU���,Q�WKLV�SURFHVV��VWUHHW�WUHHV�DUH�SODQWHG��WUROOH\�SODWIRUPV�DUH�XSGDWHG��and bike lanes are added– potentially transforming Girard Ave. into a vibrant east-west connection and
FRPPHUFLDO�FRUULGRU���+\SRWKHWLFDOO\��LW�FRXOG�EH�D�YLEUDQW�UHVWDXUDQW�FRUULGRU�PXFK�OLNH��QG�6WUHHW��ZKLFK�became the main commercial corridor in Northern Liberties. This new condition would create the opportunity
for a secondary corridor along Marshall Street to develop as a food service corridor.
$ORQJ�ZLWK�WKLV�SURFHVV��WKH���EORFN�GLVWULFW�KHDWLQJ�ORRS�LV�SXW�LQWR�WKH�VWUHHWV�IROORZLQJ�WKH�HQHUJ\�SURGXFWLRQ�facility and the urban farms. Later on this energy distribution might expand east as the tree planting and storm
water system opens up the opportunity for the heating loop to expand. At this point the city might see a
reason to invest and support the design development. The Philadelphia Department Of Transportation would
DOUHDG\�EH�LQYROYHG�ZLWK�WKH�SHUPLWV�QHHGHG�WR�LQVHUW�WKH�KHDWLQJ�ORRSV��DQG�DIWHU�D�VXFFHVVIXO�PDLQ�FRUULGRU�GHYHORSPHQW��WKHUH�ZRXOG�EH�LQFHQWLYHV�WR�LQYHVW�LQ�VWUHHW�WUHH�DQG�VWRUPZDWHU�LPSURYHPHQWV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�neighborhood.
,Q�WKH�HYHQW�RI�WKH�FLW\�LQYHVWLQJ�LQ�WKHVH�VWUHHW�LPSURYHPHQWV��RQ�VLWH�VWRUPZDWHU�PDQDJHPHQW�FRXOG�EH�DSSOLHG�WR�WKLV�FRQGLWLRQ���$�VFKHPH�OLQNLQJ�VWRUP�GUDLQV�PRYLQJ�UXQ�Rij�LQWR�OLQNHG�VWUHHW�WUHH�EHGV�KDV�EHHQ�SULRULWL]HG�WKURXJK�7KH�0D\RUŖV�2ĴFH�IRU�6XVWDLQDELOLW\���,QVWHDG�RI�SXWWLQJ�WKH�RYHUIJRZ�EDFN�LQWR�WKH�FLW\�VWRUPZDWHU�V\VWHP��WKLV�RYHUIJRZ�FRXOG�EH�XVHG�DV�WKH�ZDWHU�VRXUFH�IRU�WKH�KHDWLQJ�ORRSV����'HSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�H[WHQW�RI�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ��PRUH�ZDWHU�FRXOG�EH�FDSWXUHG�IURP�WKH�VWUHHW��DQG�WKH�GLVWULFW�KHDWLQJ�V\VWHP�could expand and provide for more homes. If this was applied to the residential area between West Poplar
DQG�1RUWKHUQ�/LEHUWLHV��WKH�QHLJKERUKRRGV�FRXOG�EH�OLQNHG�SK\VLFDOO\�WKURXJK�WKH�LQIUDVWUXFWXUH�FUHDWLQJ�an alternative utility district. This would be an entirely new format for “eco-districts” linking all utilities into
interdependent cycles.
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ResidentialFood Waste
CommercialFood Waste
Neighborhoodcompost bin
By Trucks
By Carts
2. COMPOSTTRANSPORTATION
3. COMPOSTSTORAGE + TREATMENT
4. HEAT/METHANECAPTURE
5. DISTRICTHEATING LOOP
6. ELECTRICAL
7. Soil 8. Urban Agriculture1. COMPOST
A. Aerobic Digestion
B. Anerobic Digestion
C. Bi-Product
Compost
CondensateSump
MethaneStorage
Vacuume
Heat Inlets
Heat Pump Waste Heat From Generator
Restaurant/Bodega
Methane Gas Generator
To Grid
From Grid
Water Tank
Treated Stormwater
City Water
Manifold
CH4
CH4 CH4
CH4
CH4
49
Levelized Cost of Energy Peak Output environmental
impact Possible system
links Other Benefits Residential Utility Bill
Levelized Cost to Build
$/MW Hr Watts or BTU CO2 level ecological or infrastructural Description $/per month $/kW Hr
A.) EXISTING SYSTEM $244- $375 703-816 MW 328 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often
abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance $2,607 - $6,767
a. GRID ENERGY (COALl) $65-$145 600 MW 211 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often
abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance $2,027 – $6,067
b. GAS AND HOTWATER $179 – $230 10,300 – 9,000 BTU 117 lb/MMBtuNegative: Often
abutting waterways
no reconstruction beyond maintenance $580 – $700
B.) DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING variable variable variable infrastructural
lightenes the load on the national grid
system, local economies
$/per month ?
C.) CO-GENERATION variable variable variable infrastructural description $/per month ?
D.) WASTE TO ENERGY(BIOMASS) $65-$149 14,500 BTU variable ecological and infrastructural
reduces solid waste by 90%, no fossil fuels $/per month $2,622 – $3,497
a. SEWER HEAT RECOVERY $28-$54 19.5 MW 0 lb/mmBtu ecological and infrastructural
drastically cuts down carbon emissions,
Generally free past a point
$/per month $2,500 (aprox.)
b. COMPOST HEAT RECOVERY n/a .0586 MW 0 lb/mmBtuecological and
infrastructural and links to agriculture
drastically cuts down carbon emissions, no
fossil fuels$/per month $1,697
E.) METHANE GAS GENERATOR $67-$113 1.8-2 MW 38.99 lb/MMBtu
Sources: Lazard Financial Services Company, Quest Canada (Quality urban energy systems of tomorrow), ISIS Sauder School of Business University of British Columbia)�
(Based on case studies) ESTIMATED PROJECT COST: $7,264,080.38
SCALE OF OPPERATING (physical size,
population being served)
HYPOTHOSIS (SPATIAL
EXPERIMENT)
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DISTRICT: METRICS
CASE STUDY
$159.89 for 85m2 Apartment
(Philadelphia)
50
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:HɈYVU��0UNH��¸;OL�9LHS�7YVISLT�^P[O�.LU[YPÄJH[PVU�(�7OLUVTLUVU�;OH[�9L]P]LK�*P[PLZ�*HU�(SZV�4HRL�Them Monotonous.” New Republic. New Republic, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.
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