MAURER Seismic Protection SystemsMAURER Earthquake Protection SystemsAs unique as the buildings they protect

forces in motion

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© 2010 by DC TOWERS DONAU-CITY

>> MAURER Earthquake Protection Systems Content

Structural Protection Systems P. 04

Structural Analysis P. 05

Basic Concepts of Earthquake Protection P. 06

Hydraulic Coupling andDamping Elements P. 08 >> Permanent Restraints

(HK; HKE) P. 08 >> Shock Transmission Unit

(MSTU) P. 08 >> Shock Transmitter with

Load Limiter (MSTL) P. 08

Bearing Elements forBase Isolation P. 10 >> Elastomeric Isolators P. 10 >> Sliding Isolators P. 12 >> Hydraulic Dampers (MHD) P. 14

Structural Expansion Joints P. 16 >> Earthquake Expansion

Joints for Road Bridges P. 16 >> Swivel-Joist Expansion

Joints of Type DS P. 18 >> Fuse Box for Modular

Joints P. 19

Project-Specific Testing P. 22

References P. 23

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MAURER Structural Protection Systems– as unique as the buildings they protect

>>“Earthquakes are natural disasters whose feature is that most of the human and economic losses are not due to the earthquake mechanisms, but to failures in man-made facilities, like buildings, bridges etc., which supposedly were designed and constructed for the comfort of the human beings.” (Bertero)The above observation brings a note of optimism and is encouraging because it tells us that, in the long run, seismic problems are solvable in principle. The task of solving these problems is attributed to Seismic Engineering. The advances in this field have already played a significant role in reducing seismic hazards through the improvement of the built environment, finally making possible the design and construction of earthquake-resistant structures. Progress has

mainly been the result of newly developed design strategies e.g. Base Isolation, which could not have found useful application without the parallel development of the “seismic hardware” needed for their implementation.

Thus, several research laboratories and industrial concerns have invented and perfected a series of devices that exploit well known physical phenomena which have been adapted to the protection of structures.

MAURER has distinguished itself in this very real race, when in the middle of the 1990s we decided to invest both human and financial resources, that have significant led to its present position of worldwide leadership.

>> The purpose of this brochure is:

A) to illustrate the manner in whichMAURER has faced and solved the problems deriving from the practical application of the new design strategies.

B) to present the devices that have been developed and perfected towards this goal.

MAURER has adopted the strategy of sizing its devices on a case-by-case basis, i.e. the “tailor-made” philosophy, with evident advantages for the customer.

Acropolis Museum, Athens

World map of the most-affected earthquake zones

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>> Structural Protection Systems

MAURER is more than a supplier of Seismic Hardware

>> Better adaptation thanks to a wider range of Seismic Hardware

MAURER has acquired a vast experience in the application of modern seismic protection technologies within a wide variety of structures to minimise earthquake induced damage.

MAURER’s experts offer structural designers and architects assistance in the definition of the protection systems and in the selection of devices best suited for each case, considering not only the seismicity of the site, but also the structural, functional and architectural needs of the works.

The more types of seismic devices a designer has to choose from, the better he can adapt his solution. MAURER offers the world‘s most extensive range of seismic devices. Our specialists always develop the best earthquake protection system for your requirements.

Isolated building, ONASSIS Home of Letters and Fine Arts, Athens. Earthquake protection with isolators in the basement

The quality and efficiency of the proposed protection systems are validated via the most up-to-date methods of computer modelling.

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>> Structural Analysis

Seismic Analysis – a tool to develop through our devices your Seismic Protection System

The linear (or modal) analysis represents the most commonly applied method to evaluate the effects (forces, deformations etc.) of an earthquake. The seismic input in this case is the “elastic response spectrum”. However, we can resort to this procedure only if a set of conditions are met. The most important of them being the effective damping ratio must be less than 30 %. One of the major drawbacks of the linear analysis is the inability to verify whether or not the isolation system possesses an adequate Re-Centring capability.

With the non-linear (time history) analysis, we can better validate and optimize the structural protection system, taking into account all local conditions. The seismic input in this case consists of a set of ground motion time-histories (accelerogrames). To conduct the non-linear analyses the following data is required:

>> Structural dataStructural drawings, cross sections (deck, abutment, pier), moment of inertia, torsion constant, shear stiffness, materials (modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, density, etc.), foundation (dimensions, Winkler-modulus, etc).

>> Earthquake dataResponse spectrum and/or representative accelerogrames, loads under seismic conditions, allowable bending moments, shear and axial forces, displacements and any further specific requirements of the designer.

>> The advantages of the MAURER Non-linear Structural Analysis

Accurate determination of structural displacements including torsional effects.

Accurate calculation of response forces that affect the elements and the structure as a whole.

Optimization of seismic protection system in terms of efficiency and economy.

Evaluation of considerable structural cost savings based on less reinforcement and savings in terms of steel and concrete.

Precise evaluation of actual safety margins within the structure and the seismic devices.

Validation of designer’s analysis through the comparison with MAURER’s results.

Precise evaluation of the isolation system’s Re-Centring capability.

Axonometric view of a rail-way bridge, 3D mathematical model

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>> Basic Concepts of Earthquake Protection

Structural protection through two basic conceptsof earthquake protection

Having once established the level of protection required, the seismic engineer must make certain strategic choices and depending on the type of structure, the seismicity and geological nature of the site, the norms currently in force, etc. . Today, seismic engineers can rely upon numerous solutions and relevant types of seismic devices that have already been successfully adopted with success within the last three decades. These solutions can be grouped into two main types:

>> Here below the flowchart places into perspective the design choices and the different types of anti-seismic devices that allow their practical application.

The design engineer who has selected the adoption of traditional techniques, essentially consisting in strengthening the structure – has before him two possible alternatives:

The superior seismic behavior of hyperstatic structures, and bridges in particular, is well known. The simple explanation for this fact is that in hyperstatic structures, all structural members are forced to work together at a critical moment. However, especially in the case of bridges, construction techniques e.g. prefabricated beams and the risk of occurrence of differential settling on the foundations often suggest the choice of isostatic arrangements. The advantages of the two concepts can be maintained through the adoption of Hydraulic shock transmitters.

>> Strengthening

Seismic Engineering

Strengthening

Permanent SeismicIsolation

StructuralDesign

PermanentRestraints

SeismicHardware

ShockTransmitters

ElastomericIsolators

DissipativeIsolators

HydraulicDampers

HystereticDampers

Temporary EnergyDissipation

Mitigation

Desig

n st

rate

gies

Increasing energy dissipation capacity of seismic hardware

>> 1. Provide the structural members with sufficient flexibility, strength and ductility to absorb and partially dissipate the energy through the intrinsic viscous mechanism; these solutions are referred to as “strengthening” or “conventional design” approaches.

>> 1. Fit the structure with permanent restraints only, proportioning its structural members with adequate flexibility, resistance and ductility.

>> 2. Aim at protecting the structure against earthquake damage by limiting the seismic effects (rather than resisting them) through the use of devices properly inserted into the structure; this approach is usually referred to as “seismic mitigation”.

>> 2. Insert at appropriate locations of the structure temporary restraint devices, which allow slow thermal movements and lock-up for impact when an earthquake occurs.

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>> Basic Concepts of Earthquake Protection

– Seismic Isolation, – Energy Dissipation, or, better of a – combination of both.

Seismic isolation is by far the most used design approach to reduce the seismic response following an earthquake impact, that is to say, to mitigate its disastrous effects. A proper isolation system must be capable of appropriately ensuring the following four main functions occur:

– Transmission of vertical loads– Lateral flexibility – Re-Centring capability – Energy dissipation

Some specialists also list a fifth fundamental function, namely:

– Stiffness under service loads

Some types of isolators intrinsically possess this function. For others, we must resort to the so-called “Fuse Restraints”. MAURER has developed several types of both mechanical and hydraulic.

In the bar chart the alternative to structural reinforcement is Seismic Mitigation, which is the most effective design approach for protecting structures erected in earthquake prone zones. The latter can be obtained through:

If the adoption of Seismic Isolation is not feasible and the structure possesses sufficient flexibility i.e. important relative displacements occur during an earthquake due to elastic deformation of its structural elements then Energy Dissipation (damping) can be effectively used to attain Seismic Mitigation. This is achieved through the adoption of Hysteretic Dampers

or Hydraulic Dampers, which are inserted into the structure at appropriate locations. Skilled MAURER engineers are available to assist designers in choosing the most appropriate Seismic Hardware on a case-by-case basis, as well as optimizing the adopted solution in terms of costs, performance, reliability, durability etc. .

Djamaâ El Djazïr Mosque, Algiers

Comparison between acceleration in a conventional and an isolated structure

©KSP Jürgen Engel Architekten, Krebs & Kiefer International

>> Mitigation

0

0,0

0,2

-0,2

-0,410 20 30

Acce

lera

tion

[g]

Time [s]

Period Shift

a

ag

TTB TC TD

Incr

easin

gda

mpi

ng

conventionalisolated

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>> Hydraulic Coupling and Damping Elements

MAURER Restraint Systems for Strengthening

>> Permanent Restraints (HK; HKE)

Even if permanent restraints represent the family of the conceptually simplest seismic hardware, nonetheless they comprise a large variety of devices. Thus their standardization is problematic and MAURER has adopted the strategy of the

“tailor-made” design according to the specifications given by the designers. These restraints can be designed to laterally fix the structure in X and Y direction (HK device) or guide it in one direction (unidirectional = HKE device) only.

>> Shock Transmission Unit (MSTU)

Shock Transmitters are devices that allow slow movements (<0.1 mm/s) without appreciable resistance (1–4 % of Fmax), but prevent those of sudden onset without appreciable deformations (0.5–3 % of stroke capacity in loaded direction).

>> Shock Transmitter with Load Limiter (MSTL)

The European Norm EN 15129 requires that the reliability factor of shock transmitters on their design force Fd shall be γx =1.5, unless an overload protection system or “load limiter” is incorporated. In this case, the value of the reliability factor can be reduced to γx =1.1 and shall be applied to the design system force F0 specified by the designer. The adoption of MSTLs decreases the forces acting on the structural members by 26 %. It increases the overall safety of the devices and the structure as it is granted that all devices in serial and parallel arrangement

are equally and simultaneously loaded when affected by sudden service or seismic impacts, this is not the case with classic STUs. These might be overloaded even with more than the reliability factor of 1.5 applied onto the design force Fd. Therefore the MSTL application reduces the costs of the structural members and even the cost of the shock transmitter itself, because an MSTL is more compact, i.e. smaller than an MSTU. The MSTL is always the most economical solution, while providing additional technical benefits and reliability.

In the shock transmitter developed by MAURER, denominated MSTU, both resistance to the movements due to thermal variations and deformations consequent to an earthquake attack have been minimized, thanks to the adoption of function, special materials, accurate design procedures and proprietary fabrication processes. The MSTU activation or lock-upvelocity v0 is usually individually adapted in the range from 0.1 to 1.5 mm/s, but for very large structures can reach the value of 5 mm/s.

Russkiy Island Bridge, laterally

fixed and longitudinally

movable permanent restraint-HKE for

Fy of 20 MN and temporary during

construction for Fx of 25 MN

>> Characteristic curves of Shock Transmitter types MSTU and MSTL

Classic Shock Transmitter without over load protection (MSTU) to be designed for Fmax=1.5 Fd (EN 15129)

Modern Shock Transmitter with over load protection (MSTL) to be designed for Fmax=1.1 Fd (EN 15129)

Fd is design requirement by designer

log v (mm/s)

log f

Fmax,MSTU = 1.5 Fd

Fmax,MSTL =1.1 Fd Fd

0.1 · Fd

0.01 · Fd

0 1 0.001 0.01 0.1 v0=1.0 10 100

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>> Hydraulic Coupling and Damping Elements

>> Shock transmitter MSTU/MSTL

>> Key characteristics of MAURER Shock Transmitters - MSTU/MSTL

Load limiter function for Fd. Over all structural cost reduction with MSTLs in the range of 1–5 % is possible.

High rigidity with immediate lock-up of structure within min. 1–3 mm possible depending on stroke.

No wear and low static friction resistance in the applied triple-seal-guide system granting at least 50 years of service life without leaking.

Suitable for extreme climate zones.

Absolutely maintenance-free design brings reliability and safety during entire service life.

The max. pressure is limited to 50 MPa for ultimate and 25 MPa for service load cases. This approach effectively prevents leaking.

CE-marking is available for all devices.

Fd displ.[kN] [±mm]500 200

1,000 2001,500 2002,000 2002,500 2003,000 2003,500 2004,000 2004,500 2005,000 2005,500 2006,000 2006,500 2007,000 2007,500 2008,000 200

MSTLL1 LO HP BP

[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]1,930 1,650 400 3502,120 1,800 450 3802,340 1,960 500 4102,510 2,110 550 4502,700 2,260 600 4902,850 2,390 650 5503,020 2,520 700 6003,190 2,650 750 6303,370 2,790 800 6603,540 2,940 850 7003,720 3,080 900 7503,890 3,230 950 8004,180 3,380 1,000 8304,240 3,540 1,050 8604,420 3,700 1,100 9004,620 3,860 1,150 950

MSTUL1 L0 HP BP

[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]2,000 1,700 450 3802,220 1,880 500 4102,460 2,060 550 4502,680 2,260 600 4902,890 2,430 650 5503,070 2,590 700 6003,280 2,760 800 6603,480 2,920 850 7003,700 3,100 900 7503,900 3,280 950 8004,110 3,450 1,050 8604,310 3,630 1,100 9004,620 3,800 1,150 9504,700 3,980 1,250 1,0004,900 4,160 1,300 1,0505,130 4,350 1,350 1,100

Fd = Design value provided by designer for ULS load case not including reliability factor γx of 1.5 (see EN 15129) for MSTU and 1.1 for MSTLL1, L0, HP and BP dimensions include and consider reliability factor γx of 1.5 for MSTU and 1.1 for MSTL on top of Fd

>> The preliminary dimensions are based on the values as follows:– Max. inner operation pressure for ultimate load case:

p = 50 MPa (500 bar) incl. γx

– Max. inner operation pressure for service load case: p = 25 MPa (250 bar) incl. γ

– Operating temperature range -40 to +40 °c– Considered SLS load duty cycles 100,000

considering 0.7 x Nd

– Damping index exponent a = 0.04 for MSTL– Lock-up velocity 0.2–5 mm/s to be adjusted

depending on demand

HP x

BP

L0

L1

HP x

BP

Lenght of the anchoring is 550 mm,variable amoun t depending on

design forces

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>> Bearing Elements for Base Isolation

MAURER Bearing Systems for Base Isolation and Mitigation

MAURER Elastomer Isolators decouple structures from their foundations during an earthquake, thereby reducing the seismic energy that impacts on the building. Elastomer Isolators are proven elastomer bearings. Depending on its formulation, the elastomer allows the seismic energy to be converted through the damage-free deformation of the elastomer molecules. The isolators transfer the vertical loads from the structure while at the same time allowing rotation and elastic Re-Centring.

>> Classification based on mixture and structure

1. Elastomeric Isolators with Low Damping MLDRB = Low Damping Rubber Bearing These are made up of several layers of rubber separated by vulcanized steel sheets. The isolation is attained through the shear deformation of the rubber layers. However the energy dissipation is poor, thus requiring additional measures such as the adoption of dampers to increase system damping and to decrease the structural displacements.

2. Elastomeric Isolators with High Damping MHDRB = High Damping Rubber Bearing Their rubber compound has limited damping capability. These high-damping rubbers (HDR) have a different molecular structure. This results in equivalent damping ratios ranging from 6 % to 10 % and therefore to a slightly fatter hysteretic loop. The energy dissipation is still limited and usually requires additional damping measures for medium to severe seismic events.

3. Elastomeric Isolators with Lead Core MLRB = Lead Rubber Bearing To increase the equivalent damping ratio up to 40 %, one or more lead cores are integrated vertically in the elastomeric isolator. When subjected to horizontal movements, the lead core offers significantly greater reaction force compared to that of Low and High Rubber Isolators. The result is a much fatter hysteretic loop with greater energy dissipation. Therefore the lead rubber bearings are the most applied elastomeric isolator type.

>> Elastomeric Isolators

Nissibi Bridge, Turkey

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>> Features and Application – Great durability of applied various high quality MAURER synthetic chloroprene or natural rubber compounds for a life

span of 20 to 40 years. Ageing effects can be better reduced by using chloroprene rubber compounds. – Suitable for “moderate” climate zones temperatures above 0°c. It is possible to use the elastomeric rubber isolators for

-25°c, but the hardening effect of the rubber compound of 30–50% must be considered in the seismic design concept. – The equivalent damping ratios are in the range of 30–35% for effective displacement limitation. – Devices have been extensively tested and are available with CE-marking.

>> Bearing Elements for Base Isolation

Nd NEd, max d dmax Dr Dt H1 a b A B H2[kN] [kN] [mm] [±mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]

1,000 700 50 200 400 600 200 400 400 600 450 2103,000 2,100 50 200 500 700 240 500 500 700 550 2705,000 3,500 50 200 600 800 300 600 500 800 550 3007,000 4,900 50 200 600 800 300 600 600 800 650 3109,000 6,300 50 200 700 900 300 600 600 800 650 310

11,000 7,700 100 300 700 900 330 700 700 900 750 34013,000 9,100 100 300 800 1,000 360 700 700 900 750 34015,000 10,500 100 300 800 1,000 360 700 700 900 750 34020,000 14,000 100 300 900 1,100 360 800 700 1,000 750 34025,000 17,500 100 300 900 1,100 360 800 800 1,000 850 37030,000 21,000 100 300 900 1,100 390 900 900 1,100 950 370

Nd = max. vertical design load combined with service displacements d

NEd,max = vertical earthquake load combined with dmaxd = service displacement movement load

temperature, traffic, etc.)

dmax = total displacement for earthquake combined with service condition

H1 = overall height of round bearing H2 = overall height of rectangular bearing

>> The preliminary dimensions are based on values as follows: – Damping: 20% – Temperature range: Service load -25 °c to +50 °c for

service load case; Earthquake load: -13 °c to +45 °c for maximum credible seismic load case

– Shear modulus: 0.9 N/mm² – The total displacement dmax already includes the

recommended safety coefficients for movement as per EN 1998 (γx of 1.2 for buildings and γx of 1.5 for bridges)

>> Round Lead Rubber Bearing (MLRB)

>> Rectangular Lead Rubber Bearing (MLRB)

>> Real hysteretic loop for MLRB for horizontal shear deformation tested at Ruhr-University Bochum/Germany >> Possible technical

parameters:1. Shear modulus:

0.4 to 1.35 N/mm2

2. Equivalent Damping Ratio: ~15 % to ~35 %

3. Sizes up to 1.200 x 1.200 x 550 mm, diameter 1.200 x 550 mm

>> Table of dimensions for lead core bearing (MLRB)

-100 100Displacement Wm [mm]

F n [kN]

0

-1000

1000

0

Fn

Fn+FR

a

b

A

B

G G

H1/H

2

HE1/

HE2

Ø dØ D

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>> Bearing Elements for Base Isolation

>> Classification into three types

1. Sliding Isolator without Re-Centring (SI) These have a flat sliding plate that accommodates enables horizontal displacements and dissipates energy through the specified coefficient of friction between the sliding pair MSM® against stainless steel sheet.

2. Sliding Isolation Pendulum isolator with Re-Centring(SIP) These have a concave sliding plate and work like a pendulum. Some of the impressed kinetic energy is converted into potential energy. This storage of potential energy provides the required recentering capability.

3. Double Sliding Isolation Pendulum isolator

with Re-Centring (SIP-D) With these isolators, the sliding lens moves between two symmetrical, concave bearing plates, thereby doubling the displacement capacity compared to the single Sliding Isolation Pendulum isolators (SIPs) the diameter being equal. Conversely, the outer dimensions can be significantly reduced, the displacement capacity being equal.

MAURER Sliding Isolators allow smooth horizontal displacements of the structure on a sliding surface with small base shear values. Even after ten design earthquakes, MAURER Sliding Isolators remain free of wear effects.

Therefore their lifespan matches that of the structure they are protecting. The devices are made up of a lower and upper bearing plate with a spherical MSA® sliding lens in between.

The sliding liner MSM® is an extremely stress resistant sliding material patented by MAURER and is certified in the MAURER European Technical Approval ETA-06/0131.

>> Real characteristic hysteretic loop of a Sliding Pendulum Isolator (SIP/SIP-D) tested at University of California at San Diego/USA

Bilkent Secondary School, Turkey

Force

0Displacement

dbd

kp1

keff-dbd

>> Sliding Isolators

The Re-Centring force and energy dissipation for SIP and SIP-D are shown in the histeretic loop.

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>> Bearing Elements for Base Isolation

NEd = vertical average seismic design load for required dynamic friction within the sliding couple

NEd,max = max. vertical earthquake load combined with dmaxdmax = total displacement for earthquake combined with service

condition (thermal/wind/creep/shrinkage)

* based on assumption of 5 % dynamic friction for NEd** based on assumption of 3,000 mm pendulum radius;

without anchoring measures; depending on specified concrete compression stresses

>> ApplicationMAURER Sliding Isolators are applied in new buildings or bridges and for the seismic retrofitting and reinforcement of existing structures in all climate zones. They transmit extreme vertical forces, enabling huge displacements and rotations, decoupling structures from their foundations and can effectively re-centre the superstructure. Depending on the damping demand the isolators can provide this by means of friction (reasonably adapted between 1 % and 7 %) or even in combination with horizontally acting damping devices (see chapter of MAURER Hydraulic Dampers or MAURER Hysteretic Dampers).

>> Sliding Pendulum Isolator (SIP/SIP-D)

SIP-DPlan view A* Height H**

[mm] [mm]530 125580 135650 150710 165790 200860 230980 280

1,080 3301,250 4201,310 4851,410 550

>> Main features of MAURER Sliding Isolators

The design, liner material, checking and testing provisions ruled by official state approval together with CE-marking bring reliability and safety.

MAURER sliding isolators are absolutely maintenance-free allowing 50–150 years or even longer service life spans.

Constant seismic pendulum period of the SIP and SIP-D as their period are independent of the load.

After excessive static and dynamic testing on the MSM® liner material of up 50,000 m sliding path, the isolators exhibit no signs of ageing or wear what was tested even at the University of California at San Diego/USA! Continued functionality is granted even after ten design earthquakes, while their life span matches that of the structure itself.

Immediate smooth displacements without stick-slip effects as static friction values are low.

>> RemarksThe dynamic coefficient of friction, the pendulum radius and the bearing movement will be adapted individually to each structure depending on the maximum allowed base shear and displacement. Bearings can be designed even for loads up to 250 MN and more.

NEd / NEd,max dmax

[kN] [mm]500 / 500 +/-350

1,000 / 2,000 +/-3502,000 / 4,000 +/-3503,000 / 6,000 +/-350

5,000 / 10,000 +/-3507,000 / 14,000 +/-350

11,000 / 22,000 +/-35015,000 / 30,000 +/-35025,000 / 50,000 +/-35030,000 / 60,000 +/-35035,000 / 70,000 +/-350

H H

SIPPlan view A* Height H**

[mm] [mm]820 155880 165940 175990 185

1,085 1901,160 2001,260 2151,360 2401,560 2951,620 3251,710 365

Ø A

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MAURER Hydraulic Dampers (MHD) can complement isolators and structural bearings to achieve a superior system behaviour in terms of less forces and displacements for seismic as well as service load case. They guarantee maximum damping and controlled energy dissipation. During an earthquake, an intelligent fluid flow management system permits relative movements and keeps the response force at a constant level.

Fd is design requirement by designer combined with defined design velocity vd

>> Force [F]-velocity [v]-diagram of a MHD

>> Functional characteristics

A) Service load for temperature movements (orange area): No significant response forces greater than 2–5 % of F

for velocities lesser 0.1 mm/s. B) Shock load (traffic, wind, earthquake; blue area):

Sudden reaction force starting from displacement velocity (v0) 0.1 to 2 mm/s to block impulse actions from wind and traffic, while minimising structural movements resulting from these service load cases.

C) Earthquake (grey area): The damper allows displacements and dissipates energy, while the max. response force Fmax is maintained constantly within the specified velocity range of vd to 1.5 vd – even including the 150 % over velocity acc. to EN 15129. As a result, the MHD, its anchoring and the structure are protected against overloading while the maximum displacements are effectively limited.

>> Hydraulic Damper (MHD)

>> Real Force [F] - displacement [d] - diagram of a MHD with Fmax of 1,900 kN and 1,300 mm total stroke capacity tested with a harmonic input at Ruhr-University Bochum/Germany

>> Hydraulic Dampers (MHD)

>> Bearing Elements for Base Isolation

LA x BALength of anchoring is

550 mm, variable amount depending on design

forces

HP x

BP

Damper design force Fmax including reliability factor gv for 150 % over velocity and reaction tolerance due to production acc. to EN15129

Damper force reaction with force limitation independent from velocity with damping exponent a = 0.04

log F

Fmax = Fd x γv

Fd

0,1 Fd

0,01 Fd

0,01 0,1 v0=1,0 10 100 1,000vd 1.5 vd

F

d

FdFmax

dbd

H

E FLO

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>> Bearing Elements for Base Isolation

>> The preliminary dimensions are based on values as follows:– Max. velocity v = 300 mm/s => can be adopted on demand even for 1,500 mm/s or greater– Fmax is not significantly greater than F0

– Max. internal working pressure for ultimate load case Fmax: p = 50 MPa (500 bar) – Frequently occurring service forces due to traffic, wind, etc.: Fservice = 0.5 x Fmax

200,000 load cycles considered Fservice with max. 25 MPa inner pressure– Damping index exponent a = 0.04 => can be adopted on demand even up to linear viscous behaviour

(a = 1) and/or even hybrid damping exponent functions can be achieved– Temperature range from -40 to +40 °c– Over velocity and manufacturing tolerances are considered acc. EN 15129 for Fmax within the reliability

factor γv = (1+td) x (1.5)a which is multiplied with designer‘s force specification F0

F0 d1 L01 d2 L02 d3 L03 E F H LA BA HP BP[kN] [±mm] [mm] [±mm] [mm] [±mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]500 100 1,140 300 2,110 600 3,610 350 140 220 500 350 400 350

1,000 100 1,270 300 2,180 600 3,720 455 160 240 650 400 450 3801,500 100 1,420 300 2,300 600 3,830 490 190 260 700 450 500 4102,000 100 1,530 300 2,420 600 3,930 525 200 280 750 500 550 4502,500 100 1,680 300 2,550 600 4,090 560 220 300 800 550 600 4903,000 100 1,790 300 2,670 600 4,210 595 230 350 850 600 650 5503,500 100 1,960 300 2,820 600 4,370 630 250 350 900 650 700 6004,000 100 2,100 300 2,990 600 4,500 700 270 380 1,000 700 750 6304,500 100 2,240 300 3,110 600 4,650 770 290 380 1,100 750 800 6605,000 100 2,380 300 3,260 600 4,770 840 300 380 1,200 800 850 7005,500 100 2,510 300 3,420 600 4,910 910 320 390 1,300 850 900 7506,000 100 2,660 300 3,520 600 5,050 980 330 390 1,400 900 950 8006,500 100 2,790 300 3,640 600 5,160 1,050 340 400 1,500 950 1,000 8307,000 100 2,940 300 3,840 600 5,350 1,120 350 400 1,600 1,000 1,050 8607,500 100 3,070 300 3,940 600 5,490 1,190 360 420 1,700 1,050 1,100 9008,000 100 3,230 300 4,100 600 5,670 1,260 380 430 1,800 1,100 1,150 950

F0 = design force value for the ULS load case without reliability factor γv of 150 % on velocityd1, d2, d3 = various displacement assumptions with correlating dampers dimensions

No leaking effects due to the triple-seal-guide system avoiding wearing or fatigue.

Protection of device and structure by effective force limiter function with a special valve system: Fmax is not much bigger than Fd, as γv will be in the range of 1.07 to 1.12 only, including production tolerances (td) of 0.05 –0.10 .

Less displacements and forces within the system with damping indices exponents of 0.04 to 1.0 . Hybrid systems consisting of various exponents for the correlating velocity ranges are possible.

Immediate lock-up after min. 1–3 mm displacement for service forces resulting from high rigidity due to low compressibility (only 0.5 to 3 %) of the hydraulic oil.

Optimum performance in any climate zone. Functional characteristics virtually independent of the temperature within -40 to +40 °c.

Optimized design with CE-marking which is absolutely completely maintenance-free.

No long term leaking in its resting state as the MHD is not pre-stressed and is not under any significant pressure.

MAURER can provide semi-active dampers especially adapted to the needs of stay cables and tuned mass dampers.

>> Key characteristics of MAURER Hydraulic Dampers

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MAURER Earthquake Expansion Joints for Road Bridges

>> Expansion Joints with reserves for extreme situations. In order to ensure that threshold loads do not get transfered into the bridge structure.Expansion Joints in road bridges are used to compensate movements between the adjacent structures while at the same time transferring traffic loads. They must be designed in accordance with the structural bearings degree of freedom and must be able to permanently withstand the effects in their service state. Key influencing parameters for movement in the service state include temperature fluctuations, creep/shrinkage of the concrete and imposed loads such as wind and braking. Earthquake effects generate additional, in some cases significant deflections and displacements that vary considerably in terms of their size, direction and velocity from the service state.

>> Structural Expansion Joints

>> Particular requirements for Expansion Joints in earthquake areas

Kinematic behaviour of the expansion joint in a longitudinal and lateral direction

Consideration of the difference in incline between the road and its bearings

Influence of velocity (up to 1.5 m/s) and acceleration

Proof of expansion joint kinematics in tests. Clear distance required between structural parts, e.g. as per EN 1998-2

Possible maintenance of emergency services following the earthquake

Reasonable volume of damage after an earthquake

Traffic safety during the earthquake

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>> Structural Expansion Joints

Construction type Features

Girder Grid Joint Type DT 160/240

suitable for combined movements of 240 mm longitudinally and 60 mm laterally to the structure

Swivel-Joist Expansion Joints of Type DS

unlimited suitability, even for combined movements longitudinally and laterally to the structure

Girder Grid Expansion Joint of Type DT 160/240 with Fuse Centre Beam (MFC)

pre-determined breaking device, suitable for large movements from earthquakes and small movements in service state; suitable for combned movements in a longitudinal direction and max. 60 mm laterally to the structure

Fuse Edge Beam (MFE) pre-determined breaking device suitable for movements of up to 240 mm in service state and reduced earthquake closing movement

Fuse Box Ramp (MFBR) pre-determined breaking device suitable for reducing the number of lamellas in the event of major earthquakes for connection to concrete

Fuse Box Shear (MFBS) pre-determined breaking device suitable for reducing the number of lamellas in the event of major earthquakes for connection to steel

Fuse Box Lateral (MFBL) pre-determined breaking device suitable for absorbing excessiv lateral movements

>> MAURER offers the following types of construction that are particularly suitable for use in earthquake regions:

Degree of Seismic Protection level

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>> Structural Expansion Joints

MAURER Swivel-Joist Expansion Joints of Type DS

MAURER Swivel-Joist Expansion Joints of Type DS are the flagship of modular joints. By controlling each individual lamella separately, service movements can be absorbed virtually limitlessly in the longitudinal direction, as well as lateral bridge

movements of +/- 1.5 m lateral to this. Depending on the sealing profile these movements can be 80 mm or +/- 40 mm (ETAG 032). The individual dimensions of the standard constructions can be found in the MAURER Swivel-Joist brochure.

There are numerous references to illustrate the use of MAURER Swivel-Joists in earthquake zones, including the Vasco da Gama Bridge in Lisbon, the Rion Antirion Bridge in Greece, the Bolu Mountain Highway in Turkey or the Russkiy Bridge in Vladivostok.

Russkiy Island Bridge, Vladivostok, Russia

Harilaos Trikoupis Bridge, Greece

>> Capability of accomodating all types of impressed deformations

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>> Structural Expansion Joints

>> The MAURER Fuse Box: Functional security in extreme situations.MAURER Fuse Box Systems permit constructive yielding of the bridge closing movements up to the anticipated threshold state (ULS) and possibly even beyond it. Depending on the Fuse Box System, the resulting closing movement is absorbed: either through an oblique-angled, upwards-deflecting plane of movement or through a vertical lowering of the construction with subsequent sliding in the joist box. For excessive lateral movements, the lateral fuse system permits the absorption of unlimited magnitudes of movement regardless of the geometric design of the bridge‘s cross-section. The Fuse Box System protects the deck of the bridge from excessive loads and destruction. After the quake, the bridge‘s isolation system becomes active as a returning tool. The activated Fuse Box can ensure the safety for crossing of rescue services. Fast and simple repair of the construction and its road surface is now possible.

MAURER Fuse Box for Modular Joints

>> The three key advantages of a MAURER Fuse Box

Protection of the bridge deck during the earthquake against horizontal over-stressing caused by closing movements.

Avoidance of open structural gaps caused by excessive opening movements

Bridge structure can be driven over by emergency and support vehicles after the earthquake.

University of Berkeley/California, Seismic testing site

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>> Project-Specific Testing

The components for earthquake protection are measured and tested according to EN 1337, EN 15129, AASHTO or any other preferred standards on an individual, project-related basis.

The European standards ensure the CE mark and certify conformity. Third-party monitoring is required, e.g. by the Materials Testing Institute (MPA) of the University of Stuttgart or other certified, independent institutions.

The tests of the earthquake devices have already been carried out at the University of the Federal Armed Forces in Munich/Germany, the Ruhr-University in Bochum/Germany, the EU Centre at the University of Pavia/Italy and the ISMES Institute in Bergamo/Italy, the Politecnico di Milano/Italy, the University of California in San Diego/USA and the University of California in Berkeley / USA.

>> MAURER type plate

1. Storage type2. Job number and year3. Page number

4. Displacement5. Presetting6. Set of Rules Standard 1

7. Set of Rules Standard 28. Installation location9. + 10. Presetting

MAURER systems withstand not only every earthquake, but also the world’s toughest certification processes.

1.2.3.4. 5.

6.7.

8.9. 10.

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>> Project-Specific Testing

>> Excerpt from certificates and European Technical Approvals for:

MAURER MSM® Spherical and Cylindrical Bearings .............European Technical Approval ETA-06/0131 DIBT

MAURER MSM® Spherical and Cylindrical Bearings .............EC Certificate of Conformity MPA Stuttgart 0682-CPD-005.2

MAURER Elastomer Bearings .......................................................EC Certificate of Conformity MPA Stuttgart 0672-CPD-005.5

MAURER Sliding Pendulum Bearings Type SIP ......................EC Certificate of Conformity MPA Stuttgart 0672-CPD-005.102

MAURER Hydraulic Dampers (MHD) ..........................................EC Certificate of Conformity MPA Stuttgart 0672-CPD-005.101

MAURER Lead Core Bearings (MLRB) .........................................Certificate of Constancy of Performance 0672-CPR-0362

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>> Project-Specific Testing

Individually adapted testing of seismic devices

On request MAURER will do static and dynamic testing on any seismic device according to the required standards. It is important to test not only for ultimate seismic load cases but also, if relevant, for the structure, consider frequently occurring service load cases (wind, braking of railway, traffic loading vibrations, etc.).

The seismic testing is finally confirming the capability of energy dissipation with its upper and lower bounds, the stiffness, the stability and integrity of the device, and the durability that even after more than five design earthquakes MAURER devices do not suffer of any damages.

The aim of testing for service load condition is more related to the proof of wear resistance (10,000 m sliding test for thermal or traffic displacements), fatigue resistance (up to several million load cycles of wind loading), initial high stiffness resistance to lock-up for service impact loadings (railway, wind, etc.) and general durability.

>> Atomic Power Plants and Wind Parks/Europe

Tests at University of Armed Forces Munich/Germany of structural rubber isolators for 900 kN to 6,590 kN service load capacity, lateral up to +/- 120 mm and 2 mm to 15 mm vertical displacement with 0,04 Hz to 1 Hz.

>> Russkiy Bridge Project

Test at CALTRANS University of California San Diego/USA of MHD damper for 3,000 kN service and up to 5,000 kN ultimate force, 800 mm stroke, -40 °c and up to 750 mm/s as the application is for service wind and ultimate seismic load conditions with low temperature requirement.

>> Incheon Airport Project/Korea

Test at EU Center University Pavia/Italy of SIP pendulum isolator for 35,000 kN load capacity, +/- 200 mm displacement and 0.175 Hz for seismic application in an access bridge.

>> Axios Railway Bridge Project/Greece

Test at Ruhr-University Bochum/Germany of MLRB lead rubber bearing for 22,000 kN load capacity, +/-260 mm displacement and 250 mm lead core diameter inside for great energy dissipation capacity during seismic load conditions.

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>> References

No two structures are the same – nor any MAURER system.

>> Russkiy Bridge in Vladivostok/Russia

Task: Structural protection against wind and earthquakes onwhat is currently the widest spanning cable-stayed bridgein the world with a pylon distance of 1,104 m.Scope of the project: Swivel-Joist Expansion Joints of 2.4 mmovement and slip security (XLS 2400), MAURER MSM® spherical (KGA; KGE) and horizontal force bearings with 34 MN superimposed load, plus 25MN horizontal force,hydraulic wind/earthquake dampers (MHD) for 3 MN and 2.2 m of movement, passive and adaptive cable-stayed dampers for up to 578 m long cables.

>> New Acropolis Museum in Athens/Greece

Task: Structural isolation to protect against earthquakes for a 33,000 tonne new building.Scope of the project: MAURER MSM® Sliding Pendulum Bearings with an upper Sliding Plate (SIP-S) for up to 13.6 MN of superimposed load and +/- 255 mm of movement.

>> Las Piedras railway viaduct to the north of Malaga/Spain

Task: The Spanish high-speed train AVE generates very high braking forces in the 1,200-metre long viaduct, but these must not be allowed to cause any significant structural movements. In addition, the up to 93-metre tall and flexible pillars are subjected to considerable stress during earthquakes of 0.1g.Scope of the project: MAURER MSM® Spherical Sliding Bearings (KGA, KGE KF) for up to 25 MN of superimposed load, 2 MN of horizontal force and +/- 350 mm of movement. Hydraulic Dampers (MHD) for 2.5 MN, plus +/- 350 mm of movement with shock transmitters and load limiter function (MSTL) for brake loads.

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>> References

>> SOCAR Tower in Baku/Azerbaijan

Task: The headquarters of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan (OSCAR) is 200 m tall and symbolises the shape of a flame. As a result of its elastic, flexible construction, significant structural accelerations can occur on the upper storeys in certain wind loads and in the event of earthquakes that cause discomfort for the building‘s inhabitants.Scope of the project: MAURER Mass Pendulum Damper (MTMD-P) with a 450-tonne pendulum mass including Hydraulic Damper (MHD) for the damping of 0.16–0.32 Hz in the X and Y direction and +/- 400 mm of movement in all horizontal directions. As the end stops, four Lead Core Bearings (MLRB) were provided for the 450-tonne mass block; a monitoring system for movement and acceleration was included.

>> Djamaâ El Djazïr Mosque in Algiers/Algeria

Task: The maximum earthquake acceleration on the 145-metre long, 145-metre wide and 65-metre tall main building is around 0.65 g due to the safety constructions and weight of the structure. Even at this acceleration, the structure and its contents must not sustain any significant damage. Scope of the project: MAURER MSM® Sliding Pendulum bearings with two Sliding Plates and Rotational Joint (SIP-DR) for up to 27 MN and +/- 655 mm of movement; Hydraulic Dampers (MHD) for 2.5 MN, plus +/- 655 mm of movement.

>> Nissibi Bridge/Turkey

Task: The 610-metre long bridge is to be placed on elastic/floating bearings for service and earthquake states. The temperature fluctuations must also be distributed evenly across the structure and the maximum movement amplitudes limited in the event of an earthquake. Scope of the project: MAURER Lead Core Elastomer Bearings (MLRB) for up to 31 MN of superimposed load and +/- 380 mm of movement.

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>> Franjo Tudjman Bridge near Dubrovnik/Croatia

Task: The 518-metre-long stayed-cable bridge lies in an earthquake zone of moderate intensity. As a result, the flat sliding bearings need to be designed for larger movements in a lateral direction and be designed to transfer lifting forces. The bridge deck movements in a longitudinal direction are reduced through hydraulic dampers to +/- 150 mm in an earthquake load situation. The abutments are fitted with Swivel-Joist Expansion Joints that can absorb the required horizontal and vertical movements.Scope of the project: MAURER Traction-Compression Pot Bearings (TGA-Z) with a load capacity of 975 t; Hydraulic Dampers (MHD) with 2,000 kN and 500 mm of total movement; Swivel-Joist Expansion Joint DS 560 F; 40-150 kN cable-stayed dampers.

>> Donau City Tower in Vienna/Austria

Task: The 220-metre tall building vibrates in high winds and earthquakes. The accelerations for a wide range of loads and frequency fluctuations are to be reduced to provide adequate comfort. To do this, a 300-tonne pendulum mass is used in a mass pendulum damper. Scope of the project: MAURER Semi-Active Hydraulic Dampers (MRD) for 30-80 kN and +/- 700 mm of movement to dampen the 300-tonne-mass pendulum; monitoring system for movement, force and acceleration included.

>> Harilaos Trikoupis Bridge near Patras/Greece

Task: The 2,250-metre long bridge deck needs to compensate enormous movement amplitudes from temperature fluctuations and earthquakes at the abutments. The foreshore ramps need to be supported with elastic floating bearings.Scope of the project: MAURER Swivel-Joist Expansion Joints DS 2480 F; Elastomer Bearings with a 3,100 kN load capacity.

© 2010 by DC TOWERS DONAU-CITY

>> References

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MAURER SEFrankfurter Ring 193 80807 MunichPO Box 440145 80750 MunichPhone +49.89.323 94-0Fax +49.89.323 94-338info@maurer.euwww.maurer.eu

German Engineering since 1876