Matter

Physical Science

Writing PromptFor three minutes, write everything you know about

matter. Please write in complete sentences.

Matter

Class Prior Knowledge

Experimental Design

With your group, design a process for separating the dirt and saltwater mixture into water, salt, and dirt.

Once your group’s procedure is approved by Mrs. Fleming, your group can proceed with the process.

Types of Matter

I. Pure SubstancesA. Elements –

a. one type of atomb. Found on the periodic tablec. Each element symbol starts with a

capital letter

B. Compounds – a. Two or more different types of elements

chemically bonded togetherb. Can be broken apart by chemical means

Types of Matter Cont.II. Mixtures

A. Homogenenousa. Solutionsb. Colloids

B. Heterogeneousa. Suspensions

Gas Liquid SolidGas Oxygen and other

gases into Nitrogen (Air)

Water Vapor in air (humidity)

The odor of a solid material—molecules of that solid are dissolved into the air

Liquid Carbon dioxide in water (carbonated water)

Ethanol in waterPetroleum

Sucrose in waterSalt in water

Solid Palladium metals soaks up hydrogen like a sponge1cm3 can hold 900cm3 of H

Water in Activated Charcoal

Metallic alloys are mixtures of different metals

States of Matter

Solutions

• Solution is a mixture of two or more substances mixed together so that the mixture appears to be the same throughout-homogeneous▫Solutions are mixed at the molecular level

• Solvent- is the component of the mixture that is doing the dissolving

• Solute- is the component that is being dissolved▫ If the material is covalently bonded, like

sugar, it dissolves as an entire molecule, -its stays together

▫ If the materials is ionically bonded, like salt, it dissolves by breaking down into ions which have a charge

How dissolving happens- in water

Water is a polar molecule, which means that it has a positive area and a negative area to it

-Water is also called the universal solvent because it is plentiful and can dissolve ionic and most covalent compounds

For dissolving to occur, the positive end of a water molecule attracts to the negative end of the solute, such as sugar

The water molecules are always moving so they move around and equally space out the sugar molecules

Dissolving with non-polar solventsEx : oil, gas, paint thinners, acetone

Nonpolar means that the molecule is essentially neutral, and has no areas that are charged, so polar molecules have nothing to hold on to

Non-polar solvents can dissolve the rest of the covalently bonded molecules

Non-polar solvents and polar solvents don’t mix

Like dissolves like

Increasing the rate of dissolving

Stirring- increases the rate at which solvent molecules meet up with solute molecules, works best for solids, causes gases to come out of solution

Decrease crystal size-increases surface area

Increasing the amount of solvent

Increasing the temperature- only works for solids

Decreasing the temperature –only works for gases

B) Solubility Curves

-shows you the amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a particular solvent, typically water, at a particular temperature

Solids tend to become more soluble as the temperature increases

NaCl has leveled off because the solution is saturated and can hold no more

Solubility of a gas goes down as temperature goes up

Sodium Nitrate at 20C

Calcium Chloride at 0 CCalcium Chloride at 25 C

Which one can dissolve the least at 80 C

Why does NaCl not change very much as temperature changes?