matter. vocabulary! matter: anything that has mass and takes up space. mass: measure of the amount...
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Matter
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Vocabulary!Matter: anything that has mass and takes
up space.
Mass: measure of the amount of matter in an object. Constant. Measured in Kg
Volume: amount of space an object takes up.
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Weight: measure of the gravitational force on an object. Changes. Measured in newtons.
Density: ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the
substance. D=M V
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Mass vs Weight
• Transparency in chem folder
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So then, what’s density?
• It’s the amount of mass in a given volume
Important stuff Density = Mass Volume
Water has a density of 1.0
So if the density is lower that that, it floats
If the density is greater than 1.0, it sinks!
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States of Matter
Physical states in which a substancecan exist.
Fill in the chart with + or -
Shape Volume Solid Liquid
Gas
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• Solid-constant shape and volume
• Liquid-no shape, has a constant volume
takes on shape of container
• Gas-no shape or volume.
takes on shape of container, but FILLS it
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Solid
Particles are close to each other and vibrating
Liquid
Particles move faster, and away from each other
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Why is this bug not sinking?
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Surface tension: force that acts on the particles on the surface of a liquid.
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Gas
• Particles travel away from each other VERY FAST
• They push on the container wall, causing PRESSURE
• Volume increases with heat, decreases with cold
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States of Matter
Change of state: change of a substance from one physical state to
another. This change uses or loses energy
Melting: change of state from solid to liquid. Energy added.
Freezing: change of state from liquid to solid. Energy removed.
Evaporation: change of a substance from liquid to gas at the surface. Boiling: change of a liquid to a gas throughout the substance.
Condensation: change of a gas to a liquid.
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Changing States
melting evaporation
What’s it called when water goes from a gas to a liquid?
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• Solid->Liquid->Gas
• Uses Energy
• Gas->Liquid->Solid
• Gives off Energy
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States of Matter
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Chemical vs Physical Properties
Physical properties: characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance. Do not change with the amount
Example: color and density
Chemical properties: characteristics that describe a substance’s ability to change.
Baking soda can react with vinegar
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Chemical vs. Physical Changes
Physical change: substance is not altered chemically, but changed to another state. or separated or combined.
Chemical change: substance is altered chemically and displays different physical and chemical properties.
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Chemical or Physical Property?
1. Water boils at 100 degrees C
2. Diamonds are able to cut glass
3. Iron rusts in a damp environment
4. Salt is dissolved in water
5. Dry ice sublimes at room temperature
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Chemical or Physical Property?
Gasoline burns in the presence of oxygen
Bromine has a red color
Hydrogen Peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen
Vinegar will react with baking soda
Aluminum has a low density
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Chemical or Physical Property?
Wood is flammable
Ammonia is a gas at room temperature
Yeast uses sugar to form carbon dioxide and ethanol
Water can be separated by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen
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Review• A Physical property is one you can see or
measure• A Chemical property is how an element
behaves in a reaction
• A Physical change is a change of state—the element is the same element in the end
• In a Chemical change, the substance changes into a different substance
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Vocabulary
element-a substance that cannot be broken down
compound-combination of different elements
atom-smallest indivisible particle of matter
molecule-2 or more atoms bonded together O2
Fe
NaCl
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Compounds
Compound Formula Elements
• Water H2O hydrogen, oxygen
• Carbon Dioxide CO2 carbon, oxygen
• Vinegar CH3COOH carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
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Atoms
Nucleus—contains most of the mass protons and neutrons
Electrons-orbit in a fast moving cloud
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Atomic Nuclei
Protons—positive charge
Number of protons = Atomic Number
Neutrons—no electrical charge
Neutrons + protons = Mass Number
Electrons—negative charge
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Add to Vocabulary List
Proton—positive charge. In nucleus.Neutron—no charge. In nucleus.Electron—negative charge. In cloud.
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Add to Vocabulary List
• Atomic Number---number of protons
• Atomic Mass—(mass number)
number of protons + neutrons
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A Variation—add to List
Isotope-atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons many are radioactive
Carbon 14—used to date fossils
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Atoms with the same number of protons (+)
and electrons(-) are neutral
Remove an electron, and it becomes POSITIVE: a positively charged ion
Add an electron, and it becomes NEGATIVE: a negatively charged ion
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Your turn!
• Turn to page 521 in your science textbook.
• Math Focus
• Continue with Atomic Charges
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Electron Energy Levels
• Remember the 2-8 Rule!
Carbon
Atomic Number 6
Shells are 2--4
The number of electrons in the outer shell determines the behavior!
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ElectronsElements with one electron in the outer
shell are very reactive
Sodium
Elements with 7 electrons are also! Chloride
Elements with 8 electrons in their outer shell are very stable
noble gases (inert)
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. What is its configuration?
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2-8-1 2-8-2
2-8 makes a happy atom!Remember
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2-8 makes a happy atom!
2-6 Wants 2 2-7 Wants 1
Remember
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Look at the Periodic Table
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Ionic Bond
Sodium (Na) donates one electron to Fluoride (Fl)
NaFl
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Covalent Bond
• Atoms SHARE electrons
• Stronger than ionic bonds
Chloride— 7 in outer shell
Hydrogen—1 in outer shell
2 electrons are shared so the shells are 8 and 2—stable!
HCl
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Ionic and Covalent Bonds
• Ionic—electrons are donated
Metal with non-metal
Valence number—tendency to gain or lose
electrons
example: Na +1
• Covalent—electrons are shared
Two types
Polar and Nonpolar
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Polar Covalent Bonds
• Electron sharing is NOT equal
• One end pulls HARDER
• Makes one end more negative and the
other more positive
Example: Water!
H and O atoms
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Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• Electrons are shared equally
• Entire molecule has same charge
examples: diatomic gases
H2 O2 N2