Matter in Our Surroundings

Chapter 1: NCERT

Agenda

1.1 Physical Nature of Matter1.1.1 Matter is made up of particles

1.2 Characteristics of Particles of Matter

1.3 States of Matter1.3.1 The Solid state1.3.2 The Liquid state1.3.3 The Gaseous State

1.4 Can matter change its state?1.4.1 Effect of change of temperature1.4.2 Effect of change of pressure

1.5 Evaporation1.5.1 Factors affecting Evaporation1.5.2 Evaporation causes cooling

Physical Nature of Matter

Q. What is a matter?

A. Anything that occupies space and has mass is called a matter. For example:- Chalk, Milk, Sugar etc. Each matter is a collection of lots of tiny particles.

Q. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

B. Characteristics of the particles of matter:– The particles of matter are very small.– The particles of matter have space between them.– The particles of matter are moving constantly.

This is called Brownian Motion.They possess kinetic energy (which increases with increase in temperature)

– The particles of matter attract one another.

Particles of matter have force acting between them. This force keeps the particles together. The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.

Q. What is diffusion?

C. Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion. The rate of diffusion increases with increase in temperature.

So

lid • Retains a fixed volume

and shape • Maximum force of

attraction between particles

• Rigid - particles locked into place or closely packed

• Cannot be compressed• Particles have

minimum kinetic energy

• Little free space between particles

• does not flow easily• Highest density

Liq

uid

• Assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies 

• Less force of attraction between particles than solid

• Particles are loosely packed as compared to solids

• Particles can move/ slide past one another

• Not easily compressible • Kinetic energy of particles

is more than that of solids• Free space between

particles is more than solids

• Flows easily • Lower density than solids

Gas

• Assumes the shape and volume of its container 

• Negligible force of attraction between particles

• Particles are loosely packed

• Easily Compressible • Particles have

maximum kinetic energy

• Particles can move past one another

• Lots of free space between particles

• Flows easily • Lowest density

Differentiate between Solid, Liquid and Gas

Change of State of Matter

• Latent heat of fusion: is the heat energy required by the solid particles to overcome the force of attraction and change into liquid state, without any rise in temperature.

• Latent heat of vaporization: is the heat required by the liquid particles to overcome the force of attraction and change into gaseous state, without any rise in temperature.

• Melting point : The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure.

• Boiling point : The temperature at which liquid melts to become gas at the atmospheric pressure.

Increase heat

Increase heat

Increase pressure

Increase pressure

Solid Liquid Gas

Melting point Boiling point

Latent heat of fusion Latent heat of vaporizationSalt reduces the freezing point of water

Change of State of Matter

Vaporisation

Melting or Fusion

Sublim

ati

on

Condensation

Freezing Deposi

tion

What is the difference b/w gas and vapour ?Vapour is used to denote the gaseous state of fluids which exists as liquids under normal conditions, while gas is used to denote the gaseous state at normal temperature.

The change of solid state from liquid state on cooling is also known as Condensation

Vaporization is the transition of matter from a solid or liquid phase into a gaseous (or vapor) phase

A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state is called sublimation

A change of vapour to solid state without undergoing the liquid state is called deposition

solidification

The process of changing solid in liquid by heating it is called melting

The process of changing liquid into solid by cooling it is called Freezing

A substance which is a liquid in normal condition, when changed to solid to by cooling it under pressure is called solidification

LiquefactionA substance which is gas in

normal condition, when changed to liquid by cooling it under pressure is called liquefaction

EndothermicAbsorbs heat

ExothermicReleases heat

EvaporationQ. What is evaporation?

A. Change of liquid into its vapour at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

Q. What are the factors that affect evaporation?

B. The rate of evaporation increases with –

• An increase of surface area:

We know that evaporation is a surface phenomenon. If the surface area is increased, the rate of evaporation increases. For example, while putting clothes for drying up we spread them out.

• An increase of temperature:

With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get enough kinetic

energy to go into the vapour state.

• A decrease in humidity:

Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around us cannot hold more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases.

• An increase in wind speed:

It is a common observation that clothes dry faster on a windy day. With the increase in wind speed, the particles of water vapour move away with the wind, decreasing the amount of water vapour in the surrounding.

Evaporation

Q. How does evaporation cause cooling?

A. The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation. This absorption of energy from the surroundings make the surroundings cold.

Q. What is the difference between boiling and vaporisation?

Q. What are the applications of inter conversion of states of matter?

B. The inter conversion of states of matter is used to :

(i) generate electricity in thermal power plant.

(ii) separate nitrogen and oxygen from air by liquefaction.

(iii) prepare machine parts

(iv) prepare room fresheners

(v) prepare ice-creams.

Boiling Vaporisation(i) It is a process of changing liquids into vapour.    (i) It is a process of changing liquids into vapour. 

(ii) Molecules of liquids escape from all parts of the liquids into atmosphere.

Molecules of liquids escape from upper surface of the liquid into atmosphere.   

(iii) It is a fast process. (iii) It is a slow process.    

(iv) It takes place only at a fixed  temperature called boiling point. (iv) It takes place at all temperature, even at melting point.

(v) In boiling, the vapour pressure of liquids is equal to the atmospheric pressure

(v) In evaporation the vapour pressure of liquid is less than the atmospheric  pressure

Effects of pressure on gas:Liquefaction and Solidification

• The liquefaction of gas by increasing of pressure:• In general condition, the particles of gas are far from each other. They move independently and rapidly in

all directions. There is lot of space between the particles of gas. The force of attraction is negligible between the particles of gas. Because of these characters gas can be compressed a lot.

• When pressure is applied on the gas, its particles come closer to each other. After applying high pressure, the particles of gas come very close to each other that they start attracting each other. The space between the particles of gas also decreases with increase in pressure. While applying high pressure a lot of heat is evolved, which was using by the particles of gas in movement. So, while applying high pressure to compress the gas, temperature is keeping low to overcome with the heat released. As they come closer, they lose kinetic energy. Finally they get closely packed at a certain high pressure, at this stage they get bonded with each other and turned into liquid.

• This process is called liquidation or liquefaction of gas.• Petroleum Gas is compressed to small volumes. At more pressure it turns into liquid, after that it is

packed into cylinders. This is used widely as fuel to cook food in households. Compressed petroleum gas is commonly known as LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) since it turns into liquid form.

• Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, etc. are compressed to liquefy and used for many purposes. Liquefied oxygen is used as propellant in spacecraft rockets. Liquefied oxygen is used for industrial and medical purposes also. Liquefied oxygen is of blue color.

• On further increase in pressure, gas turns into solid – Solidification • Carbon dioxide is gas turns into solid on high pressure. Solid carbon dioxide is known as dry-ice. It is also

known as ‘Cardice’ or ‘Card ice’.• Dry ice is used in the storage of food.• On decrease in pressure liquefied gas turns into gas. Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) turns into gas without

changing into liquid on decrease in pressure and increase of temperature.

Q&A

• Question: Why should we wear cotton clothes in summer?• Answer: During summer, we perspire more because of the mechanism of our body which keeps us cool. We know that

during evaporation, the particles at the surface of the liquid gain energy from the surroundings or body surface and change into vapour. The heat energy equal to the latent heat of vaporisation is absorbed from the body leaving the body cool. Cotton, being a good absorber of water helps in absorbing the sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation.

• Question: Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.

• Answer: Smell of anything comes because of gases emanating from the given thing. The smell reaches to us because of diffusion of gas. The rate of diffusion increases with increase in temperature. This happens because of higher kinetic energy due to higher temperature. That is why smell of hot sizzling food reaches to us from several feet. On the other hand, the kinetic energy of gases emanating from cold food is low because of lower temperature. Due to this, we need to move closer to a cold food to take its smell.

• Question: A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of mater does this observation show?

• Answer: Water is also a matter. We know that particles of matter have space between them. In case of fluids, the space between particles is large enough and due to this it becomes easier for a diver to cut through water in a swimming pool.

• Question: Why do we see water droplets on outer surface of glass containing ice-cold water?• Answer: The water vapour present in the air, on coming in contact with the cold surface of the glass, looses energy

and gets converted into liquid in the form of small water droplets.