matter & change
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Matter & Change. An Overview of Modern Chemistry!. Chemistry is…. The study of the composition (not compost!), structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes Answers ?s-What is that material made of? What is its makeup & internal arrangement - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Matter & ChangeAn Overview of Modern Chemistry!
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Chemistry is…• The study of the composition (not compost!),
structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes
• Answers ?s-What is that material made of?• What is its makeup & internal arrangement• How does it behave when heated? Cooled?• Why does this material behave as it does?
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Instruments refine our ability to measure- sight, weight, length
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6 Branches of Chemistry1. Organic Chemistry- the study of carbon
containing compounds
2. Inorganic Chemistry- the study of all substances not classified as organic, compounds without carbon- ex. Br
3. Physical Chemistry- the study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy
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4. Analytical Chemistry- The identification of the components and composition of materials
5. Biochemistry- The study of substances and processes occurring in living things
6. Theoretical Chemistry- The use of math and computers to understand and predict chemical behaviors
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Types of Research
Basic ResearchRoy Plunkett- discovering Teflon
Applied ResearchReducing ozone brings about new refrigerants
Technological Development
1960 Business Computer
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What kind of Chemistry interest you?
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Historical Perspective of ChemistryAristotle- made observations of the natural world
Believed that the world was made of what 4 elements?
“Earth, Wind & Fire” & water
Alchemy- The attempt to turn metals into gold for wealth dominated “science” for 1,500 yrs.
Charles Lavoisier- observed & tested the natural world; the “Father of Chemistry”
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Alchemy -> Transmutation
Ex. Of decay : Uranium -> Thorium -> Radium -> Radon -> Lead (not gold!)
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Matter & It’s Properties
• Mass- is a measure of the amount of matter• Matter-anything that has mass & takes up
space• Is air matter? Name things that aren’t matter.
Yes!
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Matter make-up
• Atom- smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
• Element- a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
• Compound- substance that is made from the atoms of 2 or more elements chemically bonded.
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Matter!One atom
elemental gold (Au)
Compound -computer generated
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Does this relate??
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Properties of amount
Extensive Properties• Depend on the amount of
matter that is present• Ex. Volume– Mass– Amount of energy in a
substance
Intensive Properties• Properties that do not
depend on the amount of matter present
• Ex. Melting point– Boiling point– Density– Ability to conduct
electricity– Ability to conduct heat
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Physical Characteristics
Properties• Physical Property:
characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance
• Ex. Melting point, boiling point, color, weight, odor
Changes• Physical Change:• A change in a substance
that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance
• Ex. Grinding, cutting, melting, and boiling a material, change of state
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Changes of State
Red Cube- solid (art in NYC)Solid Matter: State that has definite volume and definite shape
Diet Coke- liquidLiquid Matter: State that has definite volume and indefinite shape
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Changes of State
Plasma is found in a fluorescent bulbPlasma Matter: high temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose their electrons
Smoke bomb!Gas Matter: physical state that does not have definite volume or definite shape
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Some changes to a substance change it’s identity-
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Chemical Characteristics
Properties• Chemical Property-relates to
a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances
• Ex. Charcoal (Carbon) to burn to become CO2;
• Iron (Fe) to rust with O2
• Silver (Ag) to tarnish with• Sulfur (S) present
Changes• Chemical Change- A change in
which one or more substances are converted into different substances
• Ex. C + O2 -> CO2
• Reactant+Reactant ->Product
Means “yield” Decomposition is the
breakdown of a substanceHg(II)O2 Hg+2 + O2
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Chemical Reactions
Composition
3 CO2 + 3 H2O C3H6O 3+ 3 O2
Making glucose
Decomposition
Hg(II) O Hg+2 + O2
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Distinguish between Physical vsChemical Characteristics-
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Distinguish between Physical & Chemical Changes
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Energy in relation to matter• Chemical changes often require the
absorption of heat energy and release of energy
• Think of a fire in the fireplace• Chemical changes often release light energy• Think of burning a candle• Energy can be absorbed or released but is not
destroyed.• Think of the law of conservation of energy
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Classification of Matter
• Matter• Mixture Pure Substance(blend of 2 or more kinds (fixed composition with Matter retaining its own same characteristics & Identity & properties) composition; same ratio)
• Homogeneous Compounds• Air, sugar dissolved in water water, NaCl (salt)
• Heterogeneous Elements• Granite, wood, blood gold (Au), Silver (Ag)
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Mixture vs. Pure Substances
1. Air?2. Purified
water?3. Handful of
pennies & dimes?
4. Copper wire?5. Oil and
vinegar salad dressing?
6. Gold ore?
Gas, mixture , homogeneous
Liquid, pure substance, compound, homogeneous
Solid, mixture, heterogeneous
Solid, pure substance, element
Liquid, mixture, heterogeneous
Solid, mixture, heterogeneous
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Hetero or Homo?Some mixtures are uniform in composition (while retaining its own identity and properties). These homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions. Example: saltwater
Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform throughout- mixture of clay and water
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The Organization of Elements- The Periodic Table
Periods-------------------------------------------------
GroupsOr
Families^|||||||||
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ElementsAn element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
Some elements were named in Latin. Below are some:Cu cuprumAu aurumFe ferrumPb plumbum
Can you give the English name for them?
What about Sb?Na?K?Ag?
80
Hg200.59
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Main Element Groups
• Metals• An element that is a good
conductor of heat and electricity.
• Characteristics:• Solid at room temp.• Malleability• Ductile• Tensile Strength• Most are silvery/grayish
luster
• Non metals• An element that is a
poor conductor of heat and electricity
• Characteristics:• Often gas at room temp• Ex. N, O, F, Cl• Solids tend to be brittle• Not malleable • Fewer in number
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2 Exceptional Elemental GroupsMetalloids: An element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals.Metalloids make excellent semi-conductors found in computers, calculators, digital watches, televisions & radios
Noble Gases: Found as recently as 1962. Low reactivity characterize this group. Also known as Inert Gases. Name them:What can you assume about He from observing it’s use in balloons?
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Uuo; He gas must be lighter than air