Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass

Energy- the ability to do work• Kinetic (energy in motion)• Potential (stored)

• Chemical- ATPADP + Pi (glycolysis)

• Mechanical- muscles moving, producing heat, digestion

• Electrical- charges particles Na+/K+, Ca++, nerve and muscle

• Radiant (electromagnetic)- energy that travels in waves (visible, UV, IR) Retina, lightskinvitamin D

• Maintaining Homeostasis

• Reproduction, Development & Growth

• Movement

....

Periodic Table 112 known elements

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical entities by ordinary chemical reactions

An element is composed of atoms (0.1-1 nm in diameter)

Atom cluster of small particles (proton, neutron, electron)

Protons (p +)

Electrons (e -)

Neutrons (n o)

proton

neutron

electron

hydrogenatom

heliumatom

carbonatom

1p, 0n, 1e- 2p, 2n, 2e- 6p, 6n, 6e-

atomic number: number of p; #p = #e-

2He2e- and 2p

He

atomic mass (atomic wt.): sum of masses of p+nHe 2p + 2n, atomic mass = 4

4

2He

He

p + n e-

p = n = e- = Atomic number = Atomic mass =

C

Carbon Atom

O16 O17 O18

stable isotopes

Atoms that differ in the number of neutrons

16

8 O

18

8 O17

8 O#p

#p+n

O

• Cause cancer• Destroy cancerous cells• Medical imaging

Half-life:C-14= 5600 yrsI-131= 8 days

SPECT

Kidney function heart function

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bondsOxygenOxygen OO2 2

NitrogenNitrogen NN22

AmmoniaAmmonia NHNH33

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide COCO22

WaterWater HH22OO

MethaneMethane CHCH44

GlucoseGlucose CC66HH1212OO66

• Carbohydrates: C6H12O6 (glucose)

• Lipids: C3H8O3 (glycerol) + 3C16H32O2 (fatty acids)

• Proteins: COOH-NH2

• Nucleic Acids: sugar, PO4, N2 containing base

CHON, PS

Binding two or more different kinds of elements together

NaClNaCl

CHCH44

CC66HH1212OO66

An atom that has either gained or lost electrons such that it exhibits a net charge

Na+ (cation)Cl- (anion)

Sodium (Na) Atom

11 P+

12 No

Sodium (Na+) Ion

11 P+

12 No

Chlorine (Cl) Atom

17 P+

18 No

Chloride (Cl-) Ion

17 P+

18 No

• Hydrogen H+

• Potassium K+

• Fluoride F-

• Calcium Ca+2

• Magnesium Mg+2

• HydroxideHydroxide OHOH--

• BicarbonateBicarbonate HCOHCO33--

• NitrateNitrate NONO33--

• PhosphatePhosphate POPO44-3-3

• Ionic• Covalent• Hydrogen

Transfer of electron

17 P+

18 No

11 P+

12 No

electron sharing

O

HH

Between Water Molecules

Covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

A BA B

reactant reactant product product

AA + + BB AABB

AABB AA + + BB

AABB + + CCDD AACC + + BBDD

HH22OO HH++ + + OOHH--

Exergonic- a spontaneous chemical reaction where there is a net release of free energy

Endergonic- A nonspontaneous chemical reaction where energy is absorbed from the surroundings

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + energyO + energy

ATP ATP ADP + ADP + PPii + energy + energy

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + energy O + energy C C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22

ADP + ADP + PPii + energy + energy ATP ATP

ATP ATP ADP + P ADP + Pii + energy + energy

ADP + PADP + Pii ATP ATP

HH22OO

Boiling Point: 100oCFreezing Point: 0oCDensity: 1g/cm3

gas liquid solid

1. High heat capacity-very resistant to temp change; the ocean helps control the temp of the Earth (water heats slower than land)

2. High heat of vaporization- amount of heat needed to make water boil; a lot of energy is needed to break H2 bonds

3. High Surface tension- cohesion of water molecules (ex. water striders)

4. Polarity solvent properties - universal solvent; H2O + NaCl Na+ + Cl-

HCl H+ + Cl-

Proton donor, i.e., they donate H+ ions

HCl is a strong acid with a pH 1-2

Na+ + OH- NaOHNH3 + H+ NH4

OH - + H+ H2O

HCO3- +H+ H2CO3

Proton acceptor, i.e., they take up H+ ions

NaOH is a strong base ~pH 12

Neutralization- HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl

Buffer- resists dramatic changes in pH; ex. tums, rolaids…buffers stomach acid

Acidic 0-6Neutral 7Basic (alkaline) 8-14

Type of Solution pH Value

0-14

Logarithmic scale

blood

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H + ↔ CO3

2- + 2H+

By-product of respiration

carbonic acidbicarbonate

carbonate

The addition of CO2 makes blood acidic

Blood too basic:

H2CO3 HCO3- + H + pH drops

Blood too acidic:

HCO3- + H + H2CO3 pH rises

Blood ave. pH = 7.4

Inquiry

1. How many neutrons in 7 N?2. Of the following pH’s which is most

acidic? 3 7 6 23. The symbols K, Na, C, and S are:4. Which of the following are elements?water; sugar; table salt; the atmosphere

5. Which of the following are pure substances?

wine; seawater; blood; iron

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