matter and measure. two main systems english ◦ based on arbitrary measurements that have lasted...
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Matter and Measure
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Two main systems
English◦ Based on arbitrary measurements that have
lasted through history◦ Conversions are harder to remember
Metric◦ Based on powers of ten◦ Prefixes determine magnitude of power of ten
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Scientific Community has accepted certain units as base units
Dimension Unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Gram g
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount Mole mol
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Prefix Power Symbol
Giga 109 G
Mega 106 M
kilo 103 k
deci 10-1 d
centi 10-2 c
milli 10-3 m
micro 10-6 μ
nano 10-9 n
pico 10-12 p
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Digital Displays are recorded as is◦ Digital Mass Balance, pH meter
Visually Read Scales can always be estimated to smaller increment than marked◦ Rulers, Thermometers, Graduated Cylinders◦ Meter stick Example
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0m 0.4m0.2m0.1m 0.3m
Length=??
0.3m0.31m 0.314m
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Not all digits(#’s) in a measurement are significant(important)
◦ Suppose the mass of an object is estimated to be 2.5 grams
◦ The volume of that object is measured accurately to 0.6250000cm3
How many decimal places should the density have? 4.0g/cm3 or 4.000000g/cm3
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Rules on pages 66-71 of textbook
Shorthand◦ If the decimal point is present, start counting
digits from the Pacific (left) side, starting with the first non-zero digit.
1 2 3
0.00310 (3 sig. figs.)
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Shorthand ◦ If the decimal point is absent, start counting
digits from the Atlantic (right) side, starting with the first non-zero digit.
3 2 1
31,400 (3 sig. figs.)
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Addition and Subtraction◦ Answer has to have the same number of decimal
places as least decimal places in what you are adding or subtracting
Example◦ 15.62-7.248 = ???
Calculator 8.372 Science 8.37
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Multiplication and Division◦ Answer has to have same number of Sigfigs as
least number of Sigfigs in what you are multiplying or dividing
Example◦ 7.55*0.34 = ???
Calculator 2.567 Science 2.6
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Short hand way of writing very large and very small numbers◦ Uses only sigfigs
Examples:◦ 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000◦ 6.02 x 1023
◦ 0.000000000567◦ 5.67 x 10-10
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How close a measurement is to correct or accepted value ◦ Bull's-eye on a dartboard
Poor Accuracy Good Accuracy
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How close a measurement is to other measurements ◦ Darts close to each other
Poor PrecisionPoor Accuracy
Good PrecisionGood Accuracy
Good PrecisionPoor Accuracy
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Measure related to the heat of an object
Measured in °Celsius or Kelvin(no degrees)
Conversion
273 CK
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Amount of matter in a given amount of space
Amount of mass in a given volume
V
mD
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What is Chemistry?◦ Study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Branches◦ Organic◦ Physical◦ Analytical◦ Biochemical◦ Inorganic
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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Group that names elements and compounds
Meets every few years
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Anything that has mass and takes up space, volume
Classified into two categories◦ Substances (Pure)◦ Mixtures
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Simplest form of matter
Made up of Subatomic Particles
Different atoms have different properties
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Element◦ simplest form of matter that has a unique set of
properties.
◦ arranged into a table, called the periodic table
◦ Can’t be broken down by chemical means
◦ denoted using chemical symbols, O, Cu, Fe Symbols always have the first letter capitalized If needed, any additional letters are not capitalized
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Compounds◦ substance of two or more elements chemically
combined in a fixed proportion
◦ Ex. H2O, C6H12O6
◦ Can be broken down by chemical means
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Physical blend of two or more substances
Two Types:◦ Homogeneous
◦ Heterogeneous
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Homogeneous◦ Composition is uniform throughout◦ Examples: Air, Olive Oil, Stainless Steel◦ Solution is a homogeneous mixture◦ Aqueous Solution is something mixed in water
Heterogeneous◦ Composition is not uniform throughout◦ Examples: Salad Dressing, Chicken Noodle Soup
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Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures
◦ Filtration – Separates solids from liquids in heterogeneous mixtures
◦ Distillation – Separates homogeneous liquid mixtures based on different boiling points
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◦ Evaporation – evaporate away liquid to leave solid
◦ Chromatography – separation of substances based on polarity
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Solid◦ Definite shape and volume◦ Particles are packed tightly together in a regular
geometric pattern◦ (s) used after chemical formulas
◦ Cu(s)
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Liquid◦ Definite volume, takes shape of container◦ Particles can slide past each other◦ (l) used after chemical formulas
◦ H2O(l)
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Gas◦ Takes shape and volume of container◦ Particles are spread very far apart◦ (g) used after chemical formulas
◦ H2O(g)
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Dissolved in water (aq) used after chemical symbols
◦ NaCl(aq)
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Solid Liquid Melting Liquid Solid Freezing Liquid Gas Vaporization Gas Liquid Condensation Solid Gas Sublimation Gas Solid Deposition
Temperature does NOT change during a phase change
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Physical Property◦ quality or condition of a substance that can be
observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition
◦ Ex: Color, shape, size, mass
Physical Change◦ some properties change, but the composition
remains the same◦ Can be reversible or irreversible◦ Ex: melting, freezing, tearing
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Chemical Change◦ change that produces matter with a different
composition than the original matter◦ Ex. burning, rusting, decomposing, exploding,
corroding
Chemical property◦ property that can only be observed by changing
the composition of the substance.◦ Ex: Reactivity with acids, reactivity with oxygen
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Boiling Point Physical Green color Physical Shiny Physical Conductivity Physical Solubility Physical Reacts with acid Chemical Reacts with O2 Chemical
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Extensive Properties◦ property that depends on the amount of matter in
a sample.◦ Ex: mass, weight, volume
Intensive Properties◦ property that depends on the type of matter in a
sample, not the amount of matter◦ Ex: Density, hardness, viscosity
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Capacity to do work Ability to do something
Types:◦ Chemical◦ Electrical◦ Mechanical◦ Potential◦ Kinetic
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Exothermic◦ Process when energy is released or given off◦ Ex: Burning, freezing
Endothermic◦ Process when energy is absorbed or taken in◦ Ex: Melting
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Observation◦ using five senses to make observations.
Hypothesis◦ proposed explanation for an observation.
Experiment◦ procedure used to test a hypothesis.
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Analyze Data◦ check to see if results support hypothesis.
Theory◦ well tested explanation for a broad set of
observations.
Law◦ concise statement that summarizes the results of
many observations and experiments.
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Law of Conservation of Mass◦ Mass can not be created or destroyed, only
changed into different forms
Law of Conservation of Energy◦ Energy can not be created or destroyed, only
changed into different forms