Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy

Phases of matterPhases of matter

Solids- definite shape Solids- definite shape and volume and volume Crystalline- orderly Crystalline- orderly arrangement of atoms- arrangement of atoms- diamonddiamond

Amorphous-opposite- gumAmorphous-opposite- gum

Phases con’tPhases con’t

Liquid- definite volume Liquid- definite volume no definite shape.no definite shape. Surface tension-force Surface tension-force acting on particles at the acting on particles at the surface causing droplets to surface causing droplets to form.form.

Phases cont’dPhases cont’d

Gas- no definite shape Gas- no definite shape and no definite volume.and no definite volume.

Particles expand and Particles expand and spread out.spread out.

Change in phase/stateChange in phase/stateCondensation- energy Condensation- energy released when gas changes released when gas changes to a liquidto a liquidTemperature and state do Temperature and state do not change together not change together

Energy must be added to separate the particles as ice melts; the same amount of energy is released when water freezes.

Energy is absorbed when water vaporizes; the same amount of energy is released when the water vapor condenses.

EnergyReleased to condense

EnergyabsorbedTo vaporize

–20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Relative energy Temperature (˚C)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Energy Released to Solidify Energy absorbed

to melt

Change in phase/stateChange in phase/stateEvaporization- energy Evaporization- energy required to change liquid to required to change liquid to gasgasSublimation- energy required Sublimation- energy required to change solid to a gas to change solid to a gas States of Matter Clip

Kinetic TheoryKinetic Theory

All matter is made of All matter is made of atoms that act like atoms that act like particlesparticles

Particles are always in Particles are always in motion, hotter= fastermotion, hotter= faster

Kinetic theory con’tKinetic theory con’t

At same temperature At same temperature heavier particles move heavier particles move slower than lighter slower than lighter particles.particles.

Conservation of mass Conservation of mass and energy– we cannot and energy– we cannot create or destroy eithercreate or destroy either

EnergyEnergy

The ability to change matter The ability to change matter and the capacity to do workand the capacity to do work Kinetic energy – energy of Kinetic energy – energy of

motionmotion Potential energy- energy of Potential energy- energy of

positionposition

Energy con’tEnergy con’t

Temperature- Average Temperature- Average kinetic energy. Amount kinetic energy. Amount of particles do not matterof particles do not matter

High temperature means High temperature means high kinetic energyhigh kinetic energy

Energy con’tEnergy con’tThermal energy is the Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of total kinetic energy of particles that make up particles that make up the object. The bigger the object. The bigger the object more T.E.the object more T.E.

3-2 Fluids3-2 Fluids

Fluids are gases and Fluids are gases and liquids. They have the liquids. They have the ability to flow.ability to flow.A liquid has weak bondsA liquid has weak bonds

A gas is free to move – molecules A gas is free to move – molecules independentindependent

Buoyancy- the upward Buoyancy- the upward force of fluids exerted on force of fluids exerted on an object.an object.Like when you do a belly flopLike when you do a belly flop

Fluids con’tFluids con’tPressure is force per unit of Pressure is force per unit of areaareaP= f/aP= f/a Pressure= pascals PPressure= pascals P Force= newtons NForce= newtons N Area = meters squared mArea = meters squared m22

Fluids con’tFluids con’t

Archimedes's PrincipleArchimedes's Principle Weight of displaced liquid Weight of displaced liquid equals the buoyant force equals the buoyant force on the object.on the object.

Densitys and ships floating Densitys and ships floating 8282

Pascal’s PrincipalPascal’s PrincipalFluid pressure is exerted in all Fluid pressure is exerted in all direction in a closed container like direction in a closed container like tooth paste tubestooth paste tubes..

ViscosityViscosityA viscous fluid such as honey A viscous fluid such as honey does not flow readily, it has a does not flow readily, it has a large viscosity.large viscosity.

Water has a low viscosity and Water has a low viscosity and flows easilyflows easily

Vis Vis

GasesGasesNo Shape, No volumeNo Shape, No volume

FastFast

FluidFluid

Constantly movingConstantly moving

Low density ( floats)Low density ( floats)

CompressibleCompressible

Spread outSpread out

3 Gas Laws3 Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law- temperature is Boyle’s Law- temperature is constant and pressure and constant and pressure and volume are opposites ( 1 goes volume are opposites ( 1 goes up the other goes down) up the other goes down) example- squeeze/ release example- squeeze/ release bottlebottle

Charles law – Pressure is Charles law – Pressure is constant and temperature and constant and temperature and volume go up or down volume go up or down together ( 1 goes up the other together ( 1 goes up the other goes up) goes up) ex. freezer & balloonex. freezer & balloon

Guy- Lussac’s- Volume is Guy- Lussac’s- Volume is constant and temperature and constant and temperature and pressure go up/down together. pressure go up/down together. Ex. Paint can & fireEx. Paint can & fire