MATTER AND ENERGY By: David Sundine II & Emilio

Zavala

What is matter? Is anything that has mass and takes up

space. Its unit is a Atoms It can be changed

What Is a Atom?

Atom Consist of three things Electrons Neutrons Protons Also Elements Ex: H, Si. And Bonds!

Covalent bonds A chemical bond in which atoms are held

together by their mutual attracti9on for two electrons they share

Ionic bonds A chemical bond in which an attractive

electric force holds ions of opposite charge together

Ionic compound Any chemical compound containing

compounds

Protons They have a positive charge.

Electrons They have a Negative charge.

Neutrons They have a 0(Zero) Charge.

What is energy? It’s the power to change things. There are different forms of energy: Mechanical Thermal Chemical Electrical Electromagnetic Nuclear

Mechanical Is get energy with the motion of an

object.

Thermal Total energy of the particles in a

substance or material.

Chemical Potential energy stored in chemical

bonds.

Electrical Moving electrical charges that produce

electricity and energy.

Electromagnetic

Energy that travels in waves

Nuclear

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom from fission or fusion.

BOOM GOES THE PLANT!

How Does A Nuclear Bomb Work?

A nuclear bomb is powered by the radioactive elements Uranium and plutonium.

All radioactive means is that the atoms in the element are unstable an release energy. The atoms of any element are made of a nucleus and electrons which revolve around the nucleus.

A nuclear bomb explodes when the energy that’s inside of a radioactive atom is released.

There's two ways the energy can be released and that consists of1. Nuclear Fission and fussion, The two sun-atomic particles protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus, in fission the reaction occurs when a loose neutron strikes an atom’s nucleus and then break down which releases a massive amount of energy.In fusion hydrogen atoms fuse together to form an atom of helium and, makes a large amount of energy.The sun operates the same way

in the process of nuclear fission refined Uranium and Plutonium are used. (make a small note about how their scientific names are U-235 and Plutonium-239)what fission means is the splitting of a nucleus, in doing so energy is released as a reactionThere are two kinds of nuclear fission and they are:Gun-TriggeredImplosion

Gun-Trigger Fission In Gun-triggered fission enriched uranium is used (make a note about what enrichment means, enrichment is done in

a complex device and it increases the radioactivity, regularly the atomic number of Uranium is 232 but after its enriched it becomes 235)

In a bomb of this design there are two different uranium objects The first one is the subcritical mass which is a mass that is used to

start a gun triggered fission reaction; this contains the neutrons The second is the Supercritical mass which is the mass containing

the fuel for the explosion, and that’s what has the enriched uranium. There is a Tamper which is a coating which prevents the loss of

energy stored inside the enriched uranium. The tamper is made out of Uranium-232

The actual bomb is exploded through the following process The trigger receives the signal to shoot the bullet (Subcritical Mass) The bullet shoots and strikes the Supercritical Mass The core expands which exerts pressure on the Tamper The tamper then starts expanding Expansion stops and pressure is then exerted onto the core The fission the takes place thus exploding the bomb

While this process sounds quite long it really only takes about a 100th of a second

However this is how old nuclear devices operated, its now been modified and is more complex, this is how Little Boy (the bomb dropped on Hiroshima) exploded which released energy equivalent to 15 kilotons (you might want to look up how much that is so we don’t look like retards)

Implosion In the beginning stages of the Manhattan project (look up what the

Manhattan project is) US scientists working on the project realized that through implosion they could compress the subcritical masses into a sphere thus making a supercritical mass

However there were a few complications that went along with this idea, the main one was how to control the shock waves across the sphere.

The problems were solved and the implosion device was made of a sphere of Uranium-235 which was the Tamper and a Plutonium-239 core which was surrounded by high explosives.

The bomb was detonated and what happened is as follows: The explosives fired which created a shock wave The shock wave exerted pressure on the tamper The tamper started expansion Expansion stopped exerting pressure on the core The fission reaction began and then exploded the bomb

The bomb known as Fat Man worked this way and had a 23 kiloton yield (power).These types of bombs were very efficient and exploded in mere fractions of a second, the fission usually occurred in around 560 billionths of a second.In later implosion triggered modifications this is what happens

The explosives fire which creates a shock waveThe shock wave propels plutonium pieces together into a sphereThe plutonium pieces strike a pellet of beryllium/polonium in the centerThe fission begins and explodes the bomb

Nuclear Fusion This is the destroyer of all destroyers, a bomb made through this

technique is known as a thermonuclear device and it uses both Fission and Fusion

However this fusion reaction involves other fuels which are called Deuterium and Tritium

While the Fission bomb worked they weren’t as efficient as fusion bomb which had higher kiloton yields

Imagine that inside that bomb casing you have an implosion fission bomb and a cylinder casing made of uranium 238 (tamper)

In the tamper is the lithium dueteride which is a fuel made of deuterium and a hollow rod of plutonium 239 inside the center of the cylinder

LOOK IN NOTS FOR MORE!!!! : D

The fission bomb explodes which gives off x-rays 1. These x-rays heat the inside of the bomb and the tamper, the uranium shield

prevents premature detonation of the fuel 2. The heat causes the tamper to expand and burn away which exerts pressure

against the lithium deuterates 3. The lithium deuterate is squeezed 4. Compression shock waves start the fission inside the plutonium rod 5. The fissioning rod gives off radiation, heat, and neutrons 6. The neutrons go into the lithium deuterate with the lithium and make tritium 7. The combination of high temperature and pressure are sufficient for tritium-

deuterium and deuterium-deuterium fusion reactions to occur which makes even more heat, radiation and neutrons

8. The neutrons from the fusion reactions produce fission in the uranium-238 pieces from the tamper and the shield

Fission of the tamper and shield pieces make still more radiation and het which in turn finally explodes the bomb

while this process seems like it would take a long time it actually occurs in about 600 billionths of a second and makes and explosion 700 times greater than the little boy explosion and has a whopping 10,000 kiloton yield

THE END!!!!!! :D