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1.1 ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r Navigatio n button

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Page 1: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

1.1 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MATTER

CONTENTS

Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale

Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate Ar

Navigation button

Page 2: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

1.1 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MATTER

CONTENTS

Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale

Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate Ar

Navigation button

Definition of relative atomic mass and molecular mass

based on the C-12

Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale

Page 3: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

1.1 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MATTER

CONTENTS

Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale

Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate Ar

Navigation button

Animation of mass spectrometer and how to

calculate the atomic mass from its isotopic abundances

Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate Ar

Page 4: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

Relative atomic mass, Ar of an element:

Ar = average mass of one atom of the element

mass of one atom C-121

12x

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:1) Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on C-12 scale

Back to

content

Page 5: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

Relative molecular mass, Mr of a molecular substance:

Mr = average mass of one molecule of the substance

mass of one atom C-121

12x

The mass of an atom depends on the number of electrons, protons and neutrons it contains. But atoms are extremely small particles. Clearly we cannot weigh a single atom, but it is possible to determine the mass of one atom relative to another experimentally.

By international agreement, atomic mass unit is define as a mass of the atom exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12 atom.

Page 6: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

19 20 21 22 23

20Ne 90.92%

21Ne 0.26%

22Ne 8.82%

This is the diagram of mass spectra obtained from mass spectrometer with the element Neon with three different isotopes at its own abundances.

Page 7: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

Relative abundance

m/e

63

8.1 9.1

Relative abundance

Isotopes of Mg

24 25 26

The height is proportional to the amount of isotope present

m/e ratio or nucleon no. or relative atomic mass

Typical mass spectrum of Magnesium

At this stage, you need to know that the mass spectrum diagram consist of four important element. Let’s takes mass spectrum diagram of Magnesium as an example.

Page 8: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

Since relative abundance can be presented in 2 ways, ratio & percentage, make sure you identify them before do the next step.

Relative ratio

8.0

3.5

85 87 m/e

Mass spectrum in ratio

Percentage %

70

30

85 87 m/e

Mass spectrum in percentage

Sum of abundances =

100

i.e. 70 + 30 = 100

Sum of abundances is not 100

i.e. 8.0 + 3.5 = 11.5

Page 9: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

Why mass spectrum formula is very important?This formula is useful to calculate the average atomic mass of element!!This is general mass spectrum formula could be used and you have to memorize it!

Ar = (mi x Qi) Qi

Relative atomic mass

Isotopes masses

Relative abundances

Sum of relative abundances

Example

ExercisePast year

Question

Page 10: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

Relative abundance

63

9.1 8.1

24

Calculate the relative molecular mass from the above mass spectrum.

Example 1From this diagram, we can deduce that:

1) The element has 3 isotopes: m1, m2 & m3 with value 24, 25 & 26 respectively

2) Type of abundance: Qi = Q1 + Q2 + Q3; 63 + 9.1 + 8.1 = 80.2. Not equal to 100. Thus, ratio type.

3) Write the equation: Ar = (mi x Qi)

(Qi)

Ar = (m1 x Q1) + (m2 x Q2) + (m3 x Q3)

Q1 + Q2 + Q3

4) Substitute the data into the equation to get the answer.

5) Ar = ( x ) + ( x ) + ( x )

m1 m2m3 Q3

Q1

Q1

Q2

Q2

+ + Q3

25 26 m/e24 25 26

63

9.1 8.1

Page 11: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

Relative abundance

63

9.1 8.1

24

Calculate the relative molecular mass from the above mass spectrum.

Example 1

From this diagram, we can deduce that:

1) The element has 3 isotopes: m1, m2 & m3 with value 24, 25 & 26 respectively

2) Type of abundance: Qi = Q1 + Q2 + Q3; 63 + 9.1 + 8.1 = 80.2. Not equal to 100. Thus, ratio type.

3) Write the equation: Ar = (mi x Qi)

(Qi)

Ar = (m1 x Q1) + (m2 x Q2) + (m3 x Q3)

Q1 + Q2 + Q3

4) Substitute the data into the equation to get the answer.

5) Ar = ( x ) + ( x ) + ( x )

= 24

24 25 26 8.1

Q1

63

Q2

9.1

+ + Q3

25 26 m/e

9.1 8.1

63

Page 12: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

The ratio of relative abundance of naturally occurring of copper is as follow:

Based on the carbon-12 scale, the relative atomic mass of 63Cu = 62.9396 and 65Cu = 64.9278. Calculate the Ar of copper.

Example 2

From question, we can deduce that:

1) Copper has 2 isotopes: 63Cu and 65Cu with value 62.9396 and 64.9278 respectively

2) means

3) Write the equation: Ar Cu = (mi x Qi)

Qi

Ar Cu = (m1 x Q1) + (m2 x Q2)

Q1 + Q2

4) Substitute the data into the equation

Ar Cu = (62.9396 x 2.333) + (64.9278 x 1)

2.333 + 1

Ar Cu = 63.5

63Cu

65Cu= 2.333

63Cu

65Cu= 2.333

63Cu

65Cu=

2.333

1

Page 13: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

1. Naturally occurring potassium consists of potassium-39 and potassium-41. Calculate the percentage of each isotope present if the average is 39.1.

(K-39 = 95%, K-41 = 5%)

2. Relative abundance of Rb is given below:

(a) What is the percentage abundance of each of the isotopes?

(Rb-85 = 72%, Rb-87 = 28%)

(b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of Rubidium. (Ar Rb = 85.56)

Exercises

85 87 m/e

18

7

solution

solution

Page 14: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

SOLUTION

STEP1: Write the equation

Ar K = (mi x Qi)

Qi

= (m1 x Q1) + (m2 x Q2)

Q1 + Q2

STEP2: List the data given

Ar K = 39.1, m1 = 39, m2 =41,

Q1 =?, Q2 = ?

STEP3: Substitute the data into the equation

Ar K = (m1 x Q1) + (m2 x Q2)

Q1 + Q2

39.1 = (39 x Q1) + (41 x (100 – Q1))

100

Q1 = 95%; Q2 = 100 – 95 = 5%

Abundance of K-39 = 95% and abundance of K-41 = 5%

K only has 2 isotopes; K-39 &

K-41

Assume that the abundance of potassium in percentage. Hence, Q1 + Q2

= 100 & Q2 = 100 – Q1

back

Page 15: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

SOLUTION

(a) STEP1: List down the abundances of isotopes Rb

Abundance of Rb-85 = 18

Abundance of Rb-87 =7

STEP2: Convert it to percentage

Abundance of Rb-85 in %: 18 / (18 + 7) x 100% = 72%

Abundance of Rb-87 in %: 100 – 72 = 28%

(b) STEP1: Write the equation

Ar Rb = (m1 x Q1) + (m2 x Q2)

Q1 + Q2

STEP2: List down the data given

m1 = 85, Q1 = 72, m2 = 87, Q2 = 28, Ar Rb =?

STEP3: Substitute the data into the equation

Ar Rb = (85 x 72 ) + (87 x 28)

100

= 85.56

Rb has 2 isotopes; Rb-85 &

Rb-87

back

Page 16: MATTER 1.1ATOMS AND MOLECULES MATTER CONTENTS Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the C-12 scale Analyze mass spectra in

TOPIC 1: MATTER SUB TOPIC: Atoms and Molecules

Objective:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:2) Analyze mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances and calculate A r

1. (i) Define isotope.

(ii) A sample of chlorine consists of 76% 35Cl and 24% 37Cl. Calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine if the masses of isotopes are 34.96 amu and 36.97 amu respectively. (Mac 01)

2. Mass spectrometer is used to determine the relative atomic mass. State the main function for the component or part in the mass spectrometer:

(a) Vacuum pump

(b) Vapourisation chamber

(c) Electric field

(d) Magnetic field. (Jan 00)


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