maths vocabulary comenius why maths
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The file was prepared as a part of the Comenius project Why MathsTRANSCRIPT
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Maths vocabulary
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Numberscomposite
numberA whole number that has more than two factors 6 is a composite number because it has three factors: 1, 3, and 6
digit
even number
Any one of the ten numerals: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9.
A whole number that is divisible by 2; a number that has 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 in the ones place
odd number
A number that is not divisible by 2; a number that has 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 in the ones place
prime number A number greater than 1 that has exactly two different factors, 1 and itself 5 is a prime number, as its only factors are 1 and 5.
factor A number or expression that is multiplied by another to yield a productAll the factors of 6 are: 1, 2, 3, and 6
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exponent
A number placed to the top right of another number (base) to indicate the number of times the base is multiplied by itself
34
square root
A number (factor) that, when multiplied by itself, produces the given square
2
scientific notation
standard form
A method of writing or displaying numbers in terms of a decimal number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10The scientific notation of the number 5,300,000 is 5.3 ∙ 106
3 2square root cube root
power
exponent/indexbase
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integers
The set of numbers consisting of the whole numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, . . ., their opposites -1, -2, -3, - 4, . . ., and 0.
irrational number
A real number that cannot be represented as an exact ratio of two integers; the decimal form of the number never terminates and never repeats
natural numbers
The set of counting numbers. Natural numbers include 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . .
rational numbers
Any number that can be expressed as a fraction in the form a/b where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0. All rational numbers can be expressed as a terminating or repeating decimal.
real numbers The set of numbers that includes all rational and irrational numbers.
whole numbers The set of counting numbers plus 0 {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }.
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real numbers
irrational number
rational numbers
integers
whole numbers 2
75
...23456789.1
083 42
9
8
57.0
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Maths operations Symbols
addition +subtraction –
multiplication
division equal =
addendAny of the numbers in a designated sum of two or more numbers
The result of adding two or more quantities
sum
55241318 addend sum
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221335 minuend subtrahend difference
60415 factor produ
ctfactor
factor
Factors are numbers you can multiply together to get another number
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dividendA number to be divided by another number (divisor)
The number by which the dividend is divideddivisor
69:54 dividend divisor quotient
rounding
remainder
Remainder is the amount left over after division when one divisor does not divide the dividend exactly
243:14 r remainder
A method of approximating a number to its nearest place value
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FractionsNumeratorDenominator
proper fractionA proper fraction is a fraction where the
numerator (the top number) is less than the denominator (the bottom number)
smallerlarger
improper fractionAn improper fraction is a fraction where the numerator (the top number) is greater than or equal to the denominator (the bottom number).
larger (or equal)smaller (or equal)
8
5
8
5
5
8
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mixed fraction
also called mixed numbers
A mixed fraction is a whole number and a proper fraction combined.
Fractions that represent the same amount.
equivalent fractions
common denominatorCommon denominators for ½ and 2/5 and are
10, 20, 30, . . .
4
32
6
3
4
2
2
1
wholenumber
numerator
denominator
When we multiply or divide both the top and bottom by the same number, the fraction keeps it's value
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decimalA fractional number written in base ten form
0.56 is a decimal number 4.7 is a mixed decimal number
recurring decimal
A decimal in which one or more digits repeat infinitely e.g., 0.777777 . . . , or 0.7percen
tPercent means parts per 100. The symbol is %
decimal point
76.452
units
tens hundredths
tenthshundreds
.
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algebraic term
AlgebraThe addends of an algebraic expression involving constant(s) and at least one variable.Examples
3xy contains one algebraic term: 3xy5x2 — 3y contains two algebraic terms: 5x2 and —3y
monomial
polynomial
A polynomial with just one term.Example: 5x2
term
In Algebra a term is either:* a single number, or* a variable, or * numbers and variables multiplied together.
754 x
terms
A polynomial is a monomial or a sum or difference of two or more monomials.Example: 3x + 8, 4a2 + 2a – 5, 3x2 – 12xy + 15y2
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equationA mathematical sentence stating that two expressions are equal.
coefficientA constant that multiplies a variable In 3x + 4y = 14, 3 is the coefficient of x and 4 is the coefficient of y.
variable
A symbol used to represent a number in an expression In 2n + 3 the variable is n
543 xvariable constantcoefficient
operatorconstant
543 x 0652 xxlinear equation quadratic equation
1042 xinequality
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Plane geometry base
A particular side or face of a geometric figure.
collinear
Lying on the same straight line.
In the illustration below, A, B, and C are collinear
A
C
B
base of a prismbase of a triangle
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congruentTwo figures that have the same shape and size.
Two angles are congruent if they have the same measure
height
The perpendicular distance from a vertex to the line containing the opposite side of a plane figure; the length of a perpendicular from the vertex to the plane containing the base of a pyramid or cone
congruent trianglesTriangles are congruent when
they have exactly the same three sides and exactly the same three angles.
height
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hypotenuse
leg of a right triangle
One of the two sides that form the right angle of a right triangle; the sides that are not the hypotenuse.
The side of a right triangle opposite the right angle; the longest side of a right triangle.
line
(line) segment
A part of a line between two endpoints along the line. A line segment is named by the endpoints.A
B
hypotenuseleg of a
right triangle
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line of symmetry
A line that divides a figure into two congruent parts so that they can be matched by folding the shape in half.
parallel
Line AB and line CD are parallel
perimeter The total distance around a closed figure.
A
D
C
B
perpendicular
Lines, faces, or edges that intersect at right angles (90°) to each other.
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perpendicular bisector
A line, segment, or ray that meets a line segment at a right angle and divides the line segment into two equal pieces.
A
B
plane A set of points forming a flat surface that extends without end in all directions.
ray Part of a line that has one endpoint and extends infinitely in one direction.
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side A line segment joining two adjacent vertices of a polygon.AB is a side of ΔABC
vertex
The common endpoint of two sides of a polygon.The common endpoint of two rays that form an angle.vertex
sidecircle All points on a flat surface that are the same
distance from a fixed point. The fixed point is called the centre of the circle.
circumference
The distance around (perimeter of) a circle, calculated by multiplying the length of the diameter (d) of the circle by pi (π)
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diameter
A line segment of a circle passing through the centre of the circle.
radius A line segment that extends from the centre of a circle to any point on the circle; equal to half the diameter.chord A line segment joining two points on a cirlce.
radiuschord
diameter
tangent
A straight line that touches the cirlce at one point.
tangent
A
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Angles
acute angleAn angle whose measure is greater than 0° and less than 90°.
A geometric figure formed by two rays or line segments (also called arms) with a common endpoint (called a vertex).
angle
obtuse angle An angle whose measure is greater than 90° and less than 180°.
right angle
reflex angle
An angle whose measure is greater than 180° and less than 360°.
A 90° angle; an angle formed by two perpendicular lines.
straight angle
An angle with a measure of 180°.
vertex arms
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obtuse angle
reflex angle
straight angle
acute angle right angle
revolution
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supplementary angles
Two angles are supplementary if they add up to 180 degrees.
complementary anglesTwo angles are complementary if they add up to 90 degrees (a right angle).
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α1
α2
β1
β2
γ1
γ2
δ1
δ2
β1
alternate exterior angles
alternate interior angles
corresponding angles
andβ2
α1 andα2
γ1 andγ2
δ1 andδ2
γ1 andα2
β1 andδ2
δ1 andβ2
α1 andγ2
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angle bisectorA line segment or ray that divides an angle into two congruent angles.
interior angle
An angle on the inside of a polygon formed by two adjacent sides of the polygon.
exterior angle
angle bisector
interior angle
exterior angle
exterior angle
An angle between any side of a shape, and a line extended from the next side.
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An angle whose vertex is at the centre of a circle and whose sides contain radii of the circle.
central angle
An angle whose vertex is at the centre of a circle and whose sides contain radii of the circle.
inscribed angle
central angle
inscribedangle
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Trianglesacute triangleA triangle in which all three angles are acute.
obtuse triangleA triangle containing one obtuse angle.
right triangleA triangle with one right angle.
acute triangle right triangle obtuse triangle
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isosceles triangle
scalene triangleA triangle with no congruent sides and no congruent angles.
A triangle with at least two congruent sides and two congruent angles.
equilateral triangleA triangle with three congruent sides and three congruent angles.
equilateral triangle isosceles triangle scalene triangle
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Quadrilaterals
parallelogramA quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.
Polygons with four sides and four angles.
rectangle A quadrilateral with four right angles; a parallelogram with a right angle.
rhombus A parallelogram with all four sides congruent.
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square A rectangle with all sides congruent (equal in measure); a rhombus with a right angle.
trapezoid A quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides.
kite
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Polygonsdecago
n
heptagon
hexagon
A polygon with ten sides.
A polygon with seven sides and seven angles.
A polygon with six sides and six angles.
A closed plane figure formed by three or more line segments.
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nonagon
pentagon
octagon
A polygon with nine sides and nine angles.
A polygon with five sides and five angles.
A polygon with eight sides and eight angles.
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regular polygon
diagonal
A polygon in which all sides and all angles are congruent (equal).
A line segment connecting two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon
convex polygon concave polygon
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Cartesian coordinate systemThe plane formed by a horizontal axis and a vertical axis, often labelled the x-axis and y-axis respectively; contains quadrants 1 to 4 (the quadrants are often labelled using Roman numerals I to IV).coordinat
esAn ordered pair of numbers that identifies, or is used to locate, a point on a coordinate plane, written as (x, y).
origin
The point on the coordinate plane where the x- and y-axes intersect; has coordinates (0, 0).quadrant
One of four sections of a coordinate grid separated by horizontal and vertical axes.
origin
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Solid geometry
cone
cube A regular 3-D object with 6 congruent square faces, 12 congruent edges, and 8 vertices.
cylinder
sphere
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polyhedron
pyramid
A 3-D figure that is bounded by four or more polygonal faces.
A polyhedron whose base is a polygon and whose lateral faces are triangles that share a common vertex.
prism A 3-D figure (solid) that has two congruent and parallel faces that are polygons (the bases); the remaining faces are parallelograms.
triangular prism
A prism with a triangular base.
rectangular prism
A prism whose six faces are rectangles; a prism with a rectangular base
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square prismtriangular prism
rectangular prism
pentagonal prism
hexagonal prism
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surface area
The sum of the areas of the faces or curved surface of a 3-D object.
volume The amount of 3-dimensional space an object occupies.
edge
face A flat surface of a solid
A line segment where two faces of a 3-D figure intersect.
faceedge
net The 2-D set of polygons of which a 3-D object is composed.
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A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to display data.
Statistic bar graph
pie chartA graph in which the data is
represented by sectors (parts) of a circle (whole); the total of all the sectors should be 100% of the data.Each section of the circle represents a part or percentage of the whole.
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A bar graph that displays the frequency of data that has been organized into equal intervals; the intervals cover all possible values of data; therefore, there are no spaces between the bars of the graph; the horizontal axis is divided into continuous equal intervals.
histogram
double-bar graphA graph that uses pairs of bars to
compare and show the relationship between data.
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A measure of central tendency; the quotient obtained when the sum of the numbers in a set is divided by the number of addends; the arithmetic average.Example: Four tests results: 15, 18, 22, 20 The sum is: 75Divide 75 by 4: 18.75The mean (average) is 18.75
mean
median
The middle value in an ordered list. If there is no middle value, the median is the average of the two middle values.Example: Scores: 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 Median = 6
mode The number or members of a data set that occur(s) most frequently in the set of data.Example: In scores: 2, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 9, 10 Mode = 6
line graphA graph that uses line segments to
show changes in data; the data usually represents trends, relationships, or a quantity changing over time.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
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range (of a data set)
The difference between the greatest and the least values in a set of numbers.
survey To ask either written or verbal questions for the purpose of acquiring information/data.
pole The results of a question or questions answered by a group of people.
An event that has a 100% chance of occurring
certain event
impossible event
An event that has a 0% chance of occurring
Example:Rolling the number 7 when tossing a six-sided number cube labelled 1 to 6
Example: Find the of the following data set: 9, 4, 17, 5, 7, 10, 13The lowest number is 4. The highest number is 17. Range = 17 - 4 = 13
Example:A die numbered 1-6 is rolled. It is certain that the die will land on a number 1 - 6.