Materials

• “Materials can effectively generate and capture students’ interest in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology.”

-Dr. Thomas Strobe

University of Washington

AIM – Products 2 – engr making it work

Why Study Materials?

• Materials in bulletproof vests worn by Police

• Warm, lightweight, waterproof winter coats

• Materials have played a significant role in field of engineering and education

Material Science video Metal rubber video

http://www.alpineco.com/bulletproofvests.htm

FYI

• Interesting points about advanced materials– Markets for advanced ceramics grew from less than $2

billion in 1987 to over $20 billion in 2000– Materials consume up to 50% of manufactured goods cost– According to U.S. Office of Technology, a key to remaining

competitive in the world is to train more scientists and technologists with a broad background in advanced materials

History of Materials Science

• Babylonians first makers of ceramic building materials

• Imprinted clay tablets used to teach trades from parents to offspring in 2200 B.C.

• Time periods named after dominantly-used material

http://www.livius.org/zo-zz/zopyrus/zopyrus.html

Time Periods

1950s - Silicon Photovoltaic Cells & Transistors1958 - Ruby Laser1959 - Integrated Circuit1966 - Fiber Optics1986 - High Temperature Super Conductors

Data Courtesy of Dept. of Energy and Energy Concepts, Inc.

New Materials

• New materials are designed based on need

• Engineers can design without worrying if a material exists for their application

Metal Rubber

Characteristics of Materials

Strength (Stiffness)Ability to resist effects of tension, compression, and torsion forces

DuctilityHow well a material can be shaped without fracturing

Brittleness– When a material will break while undergoing small deformations

Hardness Ability to resist indentation and wear

Elasticity Ability to return to original shape after deformation

Electrical Conductivity Ability to conduct electrons/electricity

Thermal Conductivity Ability to conduct heat

Hardness Ability to resist indentation and wear

Elasticity Ability to return to original shape after deformation

Electrical Conductivity Ability to conduct electrons/electricity

Thermal Conductivity Ability to conduct heat

Classifying Materials

• Metals

• Ceramics

• Polymers

• Composites

Metals

• Earliest used were “native” metals– Copper, Gold, Silver, and Meteoric Iron

• Can be classified as Ferrous or Non-Ferrous– Ferrous

• Contain 50%+ of iron• Attract magnetic materials

– Non-Ferrous• Contain less than 50% iron• Do not attract magnetic materials• Higher corrosion resistance

Metals Mechanical Properties-see characteristics of materials

• Strong• Tough• Malleable• Ductile• Most are

– Opaque– Lustrous– Dense– Good Heat and Electric Conductors– High Melting Point

Metal Facts

• Iron and Steel are 1st and 2nd most commonly used metals

• Aluminum is third– Lightweight– Can be stronger than steel

AIM-Products 2-Materials - Steel

Ceramics

• Derived from Greek word - keramos– Burned material

• Early applications were building materials and containers

• Glass, although considered a ceramic, is a separate part– Lacks crystalline organization

• No orderly atomic structure

http://www.cumi-murugappa.com/useful-articles/industrial-ceramics-products.html

Ceramics

• Clay products • Refractories

– Used in high temperature applications

– Made of clay

• Abrasives– Extremely hard, pure,

ceramic compounds or mixtures

• Glasses

AIM glass production-products 2

What the ancients knew about glass blowing

http://skovsantik.dk/keramik+stentøj.htm

Polymers

• Formed by Greek words:– Poly - Many– Mer - Parts

• Natural Materials– Wood, leather, cotton,

wool, silk, rubber• Polymers processed by

plants and animals– Proteins, Enzymes,

starches, and cellulose• Plasticshttp://www.hydropolymers.com/en/products/pvc/

Plastics

• Polymers and Plastics ARE NOT the same– Plastics are a member of the polymer group

• Are Synthetic Polymers– Thermoplastic

• Can be reformed• Recyclables

– Thermoset• Once set, cannot be softened by heat

More About Polymers

• Are not strong

• Good electrical insulators

• Low melting temperatures

Polyethylene Terephthalate• PETE• Recycle Code - 1• Most comes from beverage

containers• 99% pure, granulated recycled

PETE sells half cost of new PETE• Recycled Uses

– Fiberfill of jackets, strapping, liquid soap bottles, surfboards, paint brushes, tennis ball fuzz, and more beverage bottles

http://www.designinsite.dk/htmsider/mb0011.htm

High-density Polyethylene

• HDPE• Recycle Code - 2• Well-developed process for

recycling• Recycled Uses

– Drain pipes, flower pots, plastic lumber, trash cans, automotive mud flaps, kitchen drain boards, beverage bottle crates, stadium seats, recycling bins, traffic barrier cones, golf bag liners, and toys

http://www.inglass.com/hdpe_bottles.htm

Polyvinyl Chloride or Vinyl

• PVC or V• Recycle Code - 3• Not burned due to release

of hazardous fumes– Dioxins and Furans

• Recycled Uses– Drainage pipes, pipe

fittings, floor tiles, bottles, doormats, hoses, mud flaps

Plastic Separating System

http://www.labs.nec.co.jp/rel/english/topics/t12.html

Low-density Polyethylene

• LDPE• Recycle Code - 4• Burned in incinerator-

powered generators to produce electricity

• Recycled Uses in where color is not important– Garbage can liners, grocery

bags, paint buckets, fast food trays, lawn mower wheels, and automobile battery parts

http://www.pop-international.com/POP/products_plastic.htm

Polypropylene

• PP• Recycle Code - 5• Recycled Uses

– License plate holders, desktop accessories, hanging files, food service trays, flower pots, and trash canshttp://www.cawalker.co.uk/index.asp?id=43

Polystyrene

• PS• Recycle Code - 6• Most challenging to

recycle• Styrofoam cups and

packing material made• Some methods for

recycling in place– Chemists still looking for

more effective ways to recycle huge amounts

How styrofoam is made

http://www.lafourmi.be/contenu/produits/decorer/decorer_polystyrene.html

Composites

• Combination of two or more constituent materials bonded together in an effort to provide better properties than those of the individual materials

• Ubiquitous in recreational equipment

• Used extensively in International Space Station and make over 10,000 pounds of each space shuttle

What consists in a composite?

• Reinforcement– Part that provides strength to composite

• Shape of a fiber, whisker, or particulate

• Boundary in between• Matrix

– Glue that holds everything together

Industry Support

• ASM International (ASMI)– Society for materials

engineers and scientists

– Dedicated to advancing industry, technology, and applications of metals and materials

http://mnasm.org/asmintl.htm

Industry Support

• American Ceramic Society (ACerS)

– Dedicated to dissemination of scientific, commercial, and educational information about ceramic materials and industry