materials by eric barrett & maurus brown · – too hot = excessive transpiration slows closing...
TRANSCRIPT
Fruit Production DecisionsLee Beers – OSU Extension Trumbull County
Materials by Eric Barrett & Maurus Brown
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Air & Sunlight Reduces Disease
1. Water in the morning, afternoon if you have more control
2. Water low to the ground, trickle if possible
3. Prune and shear as necessary
4. Space Plants Apart for circulation
5. Lift Certain Plants for even more circulation
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Information Disclaimer
You won’t be able to write it all down…
I can answer questions after
Search will get you most of the detail, i.e.
peach university extension
IPM
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IPM
• Some fruit crops have lots of pests and diseases
• Some fruit crops have a few pests and diseases
• Small scale and organic production choice should start with:
– IPM decision
– Selection of type, site, varieties
– Plan, Plan, Plan!
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IPM
• What you do every day
• …just not always as well as you want to because of time
• …but…IPM can save you a lot of money down the road if done correctly!
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IPM
• Multiple strategies used to avoid economic damage to crops and to minimize environmental disturbance– cultural and mechanical practices to
prevent pest outbreaks from developing
– biological control to encourage the pest’s natural enemies to survive and attack the pests
– chemical control, which is usually used when cultural and biological controls are inadequate and a crop needs to be rescued from a damaging pest population.
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IPM
1. Scout. Collect pest samples.
2. ID the pest causing damage.
3. Disease, Insect, Weed, Wildlife?
4. Use appropriate control measures directed at pest
5. “The label is the law.”
6. Avoid misuse - pest must be listed on label. (even on ‘organic’ chemicals)
7. Organic is possible! (just not always as rewarding)
Pre-planning
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IPM – PLAN before you plant
• Think about the basics– Location
– Air circulation
– Cultivar selection
– Weed control
• Most Important– No wet roots!
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Site Selection of Fruits
• Soil– Drainage Well-drained preferred
– Soil Fertility
– pH- Acidity of soil 6.5 -7.0 is preferred except for blueberries (5.0-5.5).
– Take a soil test before planting
– Water-holding capacity
– Depth of Topsoil
– Water Penetration-Access to Water
– Addition of Organic Matter-Important
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Site Selection of Fruits
• Air Drainage
– 5-15 percent slope-ideal
– Upper two-thirds of hill
– Face southeast and below ridge
• Full Sunlight- Minimum of 6-8 hours of sun daily
• Location in Landscape
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Grafting
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Types of Rootstocks
• Rootstocks influence:
– Size of plant
– Hardiness
– When fruit is produced
– How well plant is anchored in soil
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Considerations with Fruit
• Pests
• Weeds
• What specific weeds impact fruit?
• ___________________________________________________
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Wildlife Damage
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European Hornet
• Love ripe apples
• Insecticide use is spotty
• Best control is prompt removal of ripe fruit
• They will sting!
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Tree Fruit Diseases
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Considerations with Fruit
• Maturity
– Early, Mid and Late
• How long can the apple season be extended in Ohio?
__________________
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Tree Fruit ProductionPome Fruit
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Pome Fruit
• Apples & Pears
• Dwarf varieties are easier to care for
• Require regular care program
• Planning & Selection
– Consider use, location, disease resistance, etc.
– Mature size is determined by the rootstock
– Consider pollinators!
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Pome Fruit
• Planting
– Full sun
– Well drained soil, pH 5.5- 6.5
– Plant in March/ April
– Make sure the bud union is 2-3” above of soil line
– Water as needed
• Culture
– Necessary!
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Pome Fruit
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Pome Fruit
• Fertilization
• Watering – necessary?
• Weed Control/ Mulching
– Keep weeds out below canopy
– Mulch 2-3 inches
• Pruning
– Imperative to fruit production
– Prune when dormant
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Pome Fruit
• Thinning
– Remove excess fruit by mid-June
– Pears & Apples- 6”
– You choose or Mother Nature chooses…
• Insects & Disease
– The list is endless….
– IPM!
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Life of an orchard farmer…
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Apple Diseases
• Fire Blight
• Bacterial disease
• Sanitation and pruning
• Apple Scab
• Yearly disease
• Preventative fungicide
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Apple Diseases
• Fly Speck
• Both are superficial
• Preventative fungicide
• Sooty Blotch
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Apple Diseases
• Too Many to List
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_diseases
• Proper IPM!!!!
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Central Leader System
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Pears
• Issues
– Pruning
– Pests
– Varieties
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Pears?Fire Blight
• If warm, humid conditions
occur during flowering,
disease can develop rapidly.
• Once infected, the plant will
harbor the pathogen
indefinitely.
• Pears bloom first.
• Pears – extremely
susceptible.
• Bees can spread.
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Pear Diseases
• Pear Scab
• Not too common
• Preventative fungicide
Tree Fruit ProductionStone Fruit
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Stone Fruit
• Tart cherries & plums- hardy
• Peaches, nectarines & apricots- challenging
• Dwarf varieties are easier to care for
• Require regular care program
• Planning & Selection
– Consider use, location, disease resistance, etc.
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Stone Fruit
• Thinning
– Remove excess fruit by mid-June
– Thin 4-6” apart for peaches
– Thin 2-3” apart for plums
– Apples- 6”
– You choose or Mother Nature chooses…
• Insects & Disease
– The list is endless….
– Scout & spray!
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Stone Fruit
• Varieties
• Pruning – different?
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Stone Fruit Tree Pruning
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Open Center System
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Cherries
• Issues
– Wildlife
– Varieties
• Sweet
• Sour
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Peaches and Nectarines
• Issues
– Hardiness
– Insects
– Diseases
– Wildlife
Tools!
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Instruments
• Pruners– By-Pass?
– Crushing?
– ½ inch and smaller
• Snippers
• Loppers– By-Pass
– ½ to 1 ½ inch branches, depending on size of loppers
• Pruning saw– Pruning saws are all different from the basic carpenter’s
saw in that pruning saws cut by being pulled through the cut while carpenter’s saws cut by pushing through the cut.
– ½ inch and larger
• Pole saw/pruner
Chainsaw
You should not be straining –if so, use a larger tool!
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Equipment Maintenance
• Oil
• File– Dull tools are difficult to use
– More work for the pruner
– Dull tools tear wounds, make rough/jagged cuts
– Result in poor wound closing
– Sharpen to a bevel – not a point
• Sanitation– 10% bleach solution (can cause corrosion)
– Alcohol
The Cuts
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Why do we cut?
• Increase sunlight penetration
• Air flow (decreases disease and insect problems)
• Remove less productive wood
• Shape the crown into an efficient, stable form
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What gets cut first?
• In this order
– Dead
– Damaged
– Diseased
– Defective
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What gets cut first?
• In this order
– Dead
– Damaged
– Diseased
– Defective
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Cut What?
• Small trees – “When in doubt –
cut it out!”
• Larger trees– It depends
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How to cut branches
• Leave branch collar
• Try to make a cut that will not allow water to sit
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Small Vs. Large Branches
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Cut ¼” from bud that will grow in the desired direction
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End product!
• Open!
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Helping wounds heal
Conditions
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Pruning Conditions
1. Temperature extremes
– Too Cold = Death of the living cells in the vascular
cambium - slowing callusing and closing of wound
– Too Hot = Excessive transpiration slows closing of
wounds due to sap flow or the drying of surface cells
in the vascular cambium.
2. Moisture humidity extremes
– High humidity and plenty of moisture in the soil are the
best conditions for pruning.
3. Time of day
– In the morning when temperatures are cool and the
plant is turgid, there is less adverse effect to the plant.
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Pruning Conditions
4. Time of year
– Early spring encourages even more new growth
• Dormancy - re-growth is slower
• Post Dormancy - Early spring can bring on much new growth
– Mid-summer controls new growth
– Late-summer encourages new growth (risk freeze injury?)
5. When flower buds are set
– When does it flower? 1st rule – just after flowering!
– Most plants flowering in spring to early summer will set the flower buds the previous summer and fall
– These plants need to be pruned within weeks after flowering in order not to remove next year’s flowers.
– 2nd Rule – There are exceptions!
Small Fruit ProductionPawPaw
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pawpaw
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Pawpaw• Native, lives to zone 5
• Natural, shade. Best production – sun
• Protect from wind
• Slightly acidic soil, down to 5.5
• Cultivars:
– Overleese, Taytwo, Mary (Foos) Johnson, Sunflower
• NOT self pollinating. • “Protogynous” flowers. Stigma ripens before pollen.
Thus, flower’s design insures the flower will not pollinate itself.
Small Fruit ProductionOther
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Mulberry
• Large tree – up to 40’
• Fruit difficult to harvest
• Great for jelly or fresh
• Birds LOVE it!
• Messy, messy, messy
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Citrus
• Houseplants!
• Grafted plants – seeds?
• 6-7 years to fruit
• “During the winter months water sparingly, stop fertilizing, and keep the plant in a warm, draft-free place.”
• Fruit? Very tart
• Decorative & Fragrant!
Factsheet: Vermont
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Pineapple
• 1” fruit attached
• Real fruit? 6’ tall, 6’ wide!
• Half sand, half potting mix
• 2 months for roots
• White trash bag – humidity & light diffusion
Factsheet: New Hampshire & New Mexico
Fruit ProductionExtension Resources
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Small Fruit Production
PublicationsMidwest Grape Production Guide
(OSU Extension Bulletin 919)
Midwest Strawberry Production Guide(OSU Extension Bulletin 926)
Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook(OSU Extension Bulletin 861)
Brambles – Production, Management and Marketing
(OSU Extension Bulletin 782)
Controlling Diseases and Insects in the Home Planting(OSU Extension Bulletin 780)
Midwest Commercial Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide 2006(OSU Extension Bulletin 506B2)
Fertilizing Fruit Crops(OSU Extension Bulletin 458)
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Small Fruit Production
PublicationsSmall Fruit Crop Management. 1990. (Editors) Gene J. Galletta and David G.
Himelrick, Prentice Hall, Englewood, New Jersey. ISBN: 0-13-814609-8.
Insect and Mite Pests of Grapes in Ohio
(OSU Extension Bulletin 730)
Disease Management Guidelines for Organic Grape Production in the Midwest
(OSU Plant Pathology Department Series 121)
Disease Management Guidelines for Organic Strawberry Production in the Midwest
(OSU Plant Pathology Department Series 122)
Disease Management Guidelines for Organic Bramble Production in the Midwest
(OSU Plant Pathology Department Series 123)
OSU Extension Fact Sheets Ohioline: http://ohioline.osu.edu/