materials and green design-lect2

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Case Study: The design of

writing pen“ No man was more foolish when he had not a

pen in his hand, or more wise when he had ”

-Samuel JohnsonBut the insatiable need oman to document his

odyssey both as a measure of achievement

and a platform for education lead to the evolutionof the technology of writing



History of writingFrom 25,000 BC

Cave painting

Sumerian

CuniformEgyptian

Hieroglyphics

Greek

Roman

GothicModernHandwriting2000 AD



Goose feather

Early dip nib

Fountain pen - Waterman



" Every Safety Pen buyer should be carefully andaccurately informed as to how to fill and use theSafety Pen. Lacking this knowledge, the buyer of aSafety may have trouble. The directions are simple:To fill, hold the pen in an upright position and screwoff the cap. You will notice that the pen is sunk in thebarrel. With a dropper fill the barrel to the top.

Keeping the open end up, place the cap on the lowerend of the barrel and turn to the right. This willcause the pen point to rise from the barrel and lock

the pen section securely in place. Now wipe all inkfrom the end and the pen is ready to write."

As late as 1925, Waterman was still offering the

safety pen, but still felt compelled to provide acareful explanation of its use:



• From the 1850s there was a steadily

accelerating stream of fountain penpatents and pens in production.

• 3 key inventions which made fountainpens popular

–iridium-tipped gold nib –hard rubber

–free-flowing ink



Mechanics of Fountain pen

3 function categories:

•The reservoir•The feed system

•The nib



THE RESERVOIRFunction:• to store ink

• should be leak proof• should not corrode in contact with ink



The reservoirThe reservoir or inkstorage mechanism ofmost modern fountainpens stores ink two ways.

• Plug in the appropriatecartridge

• Plug in a piston converter



The converter is a closed container with a

threaded rod running down the center of itschamber and a plunger at the end. With theplunger in the downward most position,closest to the nib section of the pen, twistinga knob on the top of the converter siphons

the ink into the container when the nibsection is immersed in a bottle of ink

Materials: Metals, celluloid, plastics, hard rubber, brass



THE FEED BAR:

Functions:1. It should channel

and regulate the inkflow to the nibthrough the inkgroove

2. It should balancethe effects of gravityand atmosphericpressure and

capillary action

3 I h ld ll i k fl



3. It should allow ink to floweasily over its surface

without clotting

4. It should have an

expansion chamber that willhold any ink forced out of the reservoir by expandingair

5. It should provide a way of allowing the air through intothe reservoir to replace inkas it is used

6. It should su ort the nib



Delivery:

The feed systemregulates the flowof ink by means

of a series of channels andgrooves

Materials ofconstruction :

Injection molded

synthetic resins,ebonite



CAPILLARY ACTION

Plants carry water andnutrients from the ground

to the leaves throughsmall tubes running allthe way through.Capillary action is able tolift water (about 180liters in summer) fromground to the highestpoint in the tree (which

may be several meters)



THE NIB

Functions:• To transfer the ink to the writing

surface• It should be strong enough to take

the pressure of the writer’s hand• It should be smooth on the writing

surface• It should not corrode• It should not wear down fast



Air hole

NIB PELLET



Air hole

Slit

The nib

Tip



NIB MANUFACTURE

1.Rolling of an ingot 10-20mm thick,annealing to ensure flexibility tothickness of 0.3 – 0.6mm, cold benchpressing to ensure flexibility andresistance

2.Cutting of the first dies3.Soldering the iridium onto gold

4.Sanding the gold-iridium connection5.Rolling the from between two groovedcylinders to thin down the from to 0.1mm thickness



6. Cutting off other parts of the nib on a bench press

7. Drilling the eye or air hole

8. Impressing the curvature on the nib

9. Splitting the nib to the eye with a cutting disk

10. Repeat sanding the nib

11. Polish the upper part of the nib to jewelry qualityand the underside dulled to regulate ink flow



The cartridges of conventional ball point pens areopen to permit ink to be fed to the point. Thesecret behind the Space Pen lies in the unique

design characteristics of the ink and the highprecision manufacturing tolerances of the ballpoint and socket. The ink is fed to the ball pointby gas pressure permitting the pen to write inany position. An additional benefit of the closeddesign is that it keeps the pen from drying out.

Copyright © 1999 Fisher Space Pen Co. All rights reserved

Space Pen



http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwaterman.htm

http://www.luttmanns.com/pens/intro.html

http://www.parkerpen.co.uk/history/fountain.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_pen

http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/

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