material usage trends in wood household furniture

Upload: darshan-shah

Post on 03-Apr-2018

221 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    1/14

    United StatesDepartment ofAgricultureForest ServiceNortheastern ForestExperiment Station

    Material Usage Trendsin the Wood HouseholdFurniture IndustryWilliam G . Luppold

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    2/14

    AbstractThe wood household furniture industry is a major user of a variety of traditionaland modern wood products. In the last two decades, traditional products such ashardwood lumber, veneer, and plywood have been replaced, in part, by moderncomposite products such as particleboard, hardboard, and medium-density fiber-board. We analyzed the uses of traditional and modern wood products by thewood household furniture industry and found that the substitution of compositeproducts for traditional hardwood products has subsided in recent years.

    The AuthorWILLIAM G. LUPPOLD attended the University of Florida where he received hisB.S.A. and M.S.A. degrees in food and resource economics in 1974 and 1977,respectively. After receiving a Ph.D. in agricultural economics from Virginia Poly-technic Institute and State University in 1981, he joined the Northeastern ForestExperiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Princeton, West Virginia. Heis currently Project Leader of a USDA Forest Service economics research unit.Manuscript'r'eceived or publication22 April 1986

    Northeastern Forest Experiment Station370 Reed Road, Broomall, PA 19008June 1987

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    3/14

    IntroductionThe wood household furniture industry (SIC 241 1) is thelargest user of higher grade hardwood lumber and one ofthe largest users of hardwood veneer. Therefore, long-term lumber and veneer usage trends by this industry willaffect long-term demand and price movements for theseproducts and ultimately affect hardwood timber manage-,ment decisions.The usage of wood materials by the furniture industry haslong been of interest to forest economists. USDA.ForestService scientists have periodically collected information onwood use in manufacturing (Gill 1965, Gill and Phelps1969, McKeever and Martens 1983). Trends in wood usageby the furniture industry also have been analyzed by ForestService scientists (Spelter et al. 1978). More recently,Cardellichio and Binkley (1984) have examined furnitureusage of hardwood lumber in development of the Hard-wood Assessment Market Model. Our study is more spe-cific than past studies because we analyze material usagein the wood household furniture industry on an application-by-application basis in the furniture production process.A serious problem associated with the analysis of materialusage by the wood household furniture industry over timeis the quality of data. Much of the data about this industryis incomplete and/or inconsistent over time. Recent U.S.Census data and Forest Service wood use in manufactur-ing c@ta vary significantly. Therefore, we attempted tointerpret the data in an easy-to-understand manner, fill inthe data gaps, and account for some of the inconsistenciesbetween data sources. A detailed discussion of the tech-niques used to arrive at the data in the figures and tablesin this paper is in the appendices.Solid Wood Products and P anel ProductsWood products used in furniture production can be dividedinto two groups-solid wood products and panel products.Solid wood products include hardwood lumber, softwoodlumber, hardwood dimensi,on, and wood furniture frames.Panel products include hardwood,plywood, softwood ply-wood, particleboard, hardboard, medium-density fiber-board, and other products that are constructed of woodveneers, fibers, or particles. In this report, hardwoodveneer is also considered a panel product even though it isnormally produced and purchased in sliced flitch form inthe domestic market.Hardwood dimension is hardwood lumber that has beenplaned, worked, or shaped into a rough or finished furniturepart or blank. Furniture frames are structural bases ormembers constructed primarily from wood. These interme-diate materials are used because some furniture manufac-turers want to purchase roygh or finished furniture partsrather than process these parts from rough hardwoodlumber. This usage of dimension may occur because the

    furniture manufacturer's rough-mill capacity is less than thecapacity of the rest of his' plant, or because the manufac-turer does not have a rough mill. Because hardwood , ,dimension and wood furniture frames used in wood furni-ture production are developed from lumber, the hardwoodlumber used to produce these parts is categorized withlumber in this paper.Veneer core and solid core hardwood plywood are twoother products that a furniture manufacturer may producein-house from veneer, particleboard, or lumber or purchasein finished form from an outside vendor. The use of panelproducts in furniture construction is not new. In fact,veneer and hardwood plywood usage in wood furnitureconstruction existed in ancient Egypt. The change is theuse of composite panel products constructed from woodfibers or particles such as particleboard, hardboard, ormedium-density iberboard. In recent years, compositewood products have increasingly substituted for hardwoodlumber and plywood in several applications.Recent Census statistics do not reveal the extent of substi-tution of nontraditional wood products for hardwood lum-ber, plywood, and veneer. In 1982, hardwood lumber wasthe most important material used by the wood furnitureindustry and accounted for 18 percent of the total maierialcost (Fig. 1). The second most important material on adollar basis was hardwood dimension. Together, these twohardwood products, along with hardwood veneer and ply-wood and wood furniture frames, accounted for nearly 36percent of the material cost in wood furniture production.Even though hardwood material cost represents a m a j ~ r.portion of the total material cost in wood furniture produc-tion, a large amount of softwood and composite materialshas been substituted for traditional hardwood material overthe last 30 years (Fig. 2). The three trend lines in Figure 2indicate that: (1) the proportion of material cost fornonwood products such as glass, plastic, door hardware,paint, and varnishes remained nearly constant; (2) theproportion of material cost for other wood products such assoftwood lumber, particleboard, fiberboard, and medium-density fiberboard increased by 300 percent between 1963and 1972; and (3) the proportion of material cost for tradi-tional hardwood materials such as hardwood lumber,veneer, and plywood decreased by nearly 30 percent. Tobetter understand these trends, we examine the usage ofsolid and panel material in :greater detail.

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    4/14

    HARDWOOD HARDWOOD CABINET SORWOOD PAINT PARTICLE HARDWOODLUMBER DIMENSION HARDWARE LUMBER PRODUCTS BOARD VENEERFigure 1.-Percentage of material cost for the sevenpredominant inputs in the wood household furniture prod-uct process.

    _- -_______I - - - -:--\_ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ - - _ _THER - _ - - _ _MATERIALSbARDWOODPRODUCTS__---/--- OTHER

    /// WOOD/-------- PRODUCTSIFigure 2.-Percentage of material cost for hardwoodproducts, other wood products, and other materials, from1954 to 1982.

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    5/14

    Solid Material Consumption TrendsSolid wood material is used in furniture construction in fourseparate applications: (1) exterior solid parts, (2) interiorparts, (3) core stock, and (4) banding material. Solid exte-rior parts are the solid boards, turning, or other parts thatare visible when looking at a piece of wood furniture. Inte-rior parts are the structural members, bracing, and drawerrailing that are not usually seen when looking at a piece offurniture. One visible interior part is drawer slides, andthese are visible when the drawer is pulled out. Core stockis lumber thal is laminated with plywood veneer to form aveneered panel. Banding material is exterior lumber that isplaced around the perimeter of a veneered panel.Hardwood lumber still accounts for a large part of the totalwood furniture material bill; however, Table 1 reveals someinteresting trends. Total hardwood lumber usage increasedby 19 percent from 1954 to 1982. However, hardwoodlumber usage decreased by 7 percent between 1972 and1982, while softwood lumber usage increased by 14 per-cent. It is more accurate to view quantity statistics after1972 because before 1972 the kitchen cabinet industry wasincluded as wood furniture. The inclusion of wood kitchencabinets in 1967 and 1963 biased the lumber use statisticsupwards; however, since fewer wood kitchen cabinets weremanufactured in the early 19501s, he 1954 lumber usestatistics are comparable to post-1972 statistics.

    Table 1 also indicates continual increased usage of hard-wood dimension by the wood furniture industry through the19501s,1960's and early 1970's. The large drop in hard-wood dimension consumption indicated in 1977 resultedfrom the addition of rough-mill capacity by the furnitureindustry in anticipation of the baby-boom generation'sdemand for furniture. This increase in demand never mate-rialized to expected levels, leaving the furniture industrywith overcapacity. Since the dimension manufacturers havetraditionally provided furniture manufacturers with the extrarough-mill capacity needed during peak production periods,the overcapacity in the furniture industry's rough endreduces the dimension industry's market.The increase in dimension usage indicated in 1982 isseriously biased by the imports of unassembled furniture.This unassembled furniture is primarily chairs from Yugo-slavia and occasional tables and dining room furniture fromTaiwan. Because of unassembled furniture imports, the1982 figures for dimension usage and lumber and dimen-sion usage reported in Table 1 are not strictly comparablewith previous years.

    Table 1.-Estimated lumber consumed by the wood household furniture industry in the form ofhardwood and softwood lumber and dimension stock and total amount of lumber, by Census year(in million board feet)

    Rough TotalCensus hardwood Softwood Dimension Total lumber andyear lumber lumber stocka lumber dimensionb

    aDimension stock includes wood household furniture frames.blncludes rough material used to produce dimension.NOTE: The information in this table has been estimated. For a detailed discussion of the estimation procedures used to

    generate these numbers, see Appendix 4.

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    6/14

    Much of the decrease in hardwood lumber and total lumberusage between 1972 and 1982 can be attributed to thelevel of wood furniture production in these two periods. Tobetter illustrate lumber usage over time by the furnitureindustry, hardwood lumber usage, total lumber usage, andfurniture production are shown relative to one anothersince 1954 (Fig. 3). Since the base year is 1954, incon-sistencies result from the inclusion of kitchen cabinet pro-duction. However, it is evident that the use of solid woodmaterial by the furniture industry is decreasing over time.This figure indicates that alternative products had substi-tuted for hardwood lumber prior to 1972, and since 1972the use of hardwood lumber per piece of furniture seems tohave increased slightly.Figure 3 shows that softwood lumber usage has increasedin recent years at the expense of hardwood lumber usage.Because the 'kitchen cabinet industry's statistics areincluded in the 1963 and 1967 observations, it is difficult todetermine from the figure when this increase in usageoccurred. However, it is still interesting to note that before1972, softwood volume accounted for about 15 percent ofthe total wood use;'while in 1972 and later, softwood vol-ume accounted for about 20 percent of the total wood use.This increase probably resulted from the acceptance ofcharacter-marked material by furniture producers andconsumers and the relatively low price of softwood lumber

    versus open-grained hardwood lumber, coupled with anincrease in the popularity of Early American and rustic-styled furniture.Panel Product Consumption TrendsAlthough hardwood lumber and dimension have been andare currently the major hardwood products used in woodfurniture production, a tremendous amount of materialsubstitutionhas taken place in the panel product market.Specifically, softwood panel products have substituted forhardwood plywood, lumber, and dimension.In the early 1950's, thin veneer core hardwood plywoodwas used to construct drawer bottoms, dust bottoms, andfurniture backs and sometimes was used to constructfurniture sides. Lumber core hardwood plywood was usedin the construction of visible furniture tops and sides andthus was an alternative to solid lumber. Softwood plywoodat times was covered with a hardwood veneer to producefurniture tops. Since the 1950's, panel products applicationand variety have changed substantially.Figure 4 shows the usage of the various panel productsover time as a percentage of total dollars spent on materi-als. In 1954, more than 18 percent of the material cost ofwood furniture was for hardwood.plywood and veneer. By1977, the proportion of the material dollar spent on hard-

    FURNITURE

    Figure 3.-Index of wood household furniture production,total lumber consumption, and hardwood lumber consump-tion, 1954 to 1982 (1954= 100).

    150

    100

    PRODUCTION

    -

    -LUMBER

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    7/14

    OTHER,PANEL_ - - '- RODUCTS

    Figure 4.-Consumption of hardwood veneer, plywood,and other panel products over time (indollars).

    wood plywood and veneer was less than 8 percent.Although some of the decline in hardwood veneer andplywood used resulted from the use of thermo resins andother plastic products, the availability of less expensivecomposite panel products was the major reason for thedecline.Estimated usage of panel products by the wood furnitureindustry as reported by the USDA Forest Service and asderived from the Census of Manufacturers is shown inTable 2. The differences in these two data sources areapparent for the year 1977. This difference seems to ema-nate from the differences in product name versus physicalspecifications. Forest Service questionnaires list productsby physical properties, while Census surveys ask for prod-uct by name. However, thin (118 inch) medium-densityfiberboard is sometimes confused for thin hardboardbecause both these products are used for drawer bottom,dust bottom, and case-back applications. Some manufac-turers also may term 314-inch medium-density fiberboard as314-inch particleboard. However, when all composite boardproducts are summed together on a 314-inch basis, theresults of both surveys are similar.As indicated in Table 2, the first major composite panelproduct used by the wood household furniture industry wasparticleboard. This product was used in place of hardwood

    1967 constant - ,,. . .- .

    lumber as core stock material,in the production of furnituretops and sides. However, the use of particleboard as corematerial made usage of lumber banding material a neces-sary rather than optional part of solid core hardwood ply-wood construction. This necessity resulted from the factthat, unlike solid lumber core material that allowed for asmooth edge finish, particleboard only allowed for a rough-edge finish.It is difficult to show the rate at which particleboard wassubstituted for lumber core stock over time because parti-cleboard core and lumber core plywood are lumpedtogether in Census data. However, the total impact of thissubstitution over time can be discussed. In 1954, 44 millionsquare feet of lumber core hardwood plywood was used bythe wood household furniture industry. If we assume a70-percent yield of grade 2 8 poplar lumber into core stockmaterial, approximately 63 million board feet of hardwoodlumber was used to produce 44 million square feet ofhardwood plywood. In 1982, 64 million board feet of solidcore hardwood plywood was purchased by the woodhousehald furniture industry, but the vast majority of thismaterial was particleboard core. If we assume that 90percent of the solid core hardwood plywood purchased in1982 was particleboard core, the yse of particleboarddisplaced 82 million feet of hardwood core stock in this

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    8/14

    Table 2.-Panel usage by the wood household furniture industry for select years(in million square feet)Medium-density Total Adjusted totalYear Particleboard Hardboard fiberboard composite board composite board

    (314" basis) (118" basis) (314" basis) (314" basis) (1954 basis)

    aDerived from Census of Manufactures.bReported by Gill (1968).CReportedby Gill and Phelps (1969).*Reported by McKeever and Martens (1983).NOTE: All Census figures were estimated. See Appendix 4 for derbation.

    Census year. In addition to particleboard purchased in solidcore plywood form, at least another 420 million square feetof particleboard and medium-density fiberboard was pur-chased by the furniture industry. If we assume a 90-percentyield from board products and a 70-percent yield on lum-ber, each square foot of particleboard displaces 1.29 feetof rough lumber. Under this assumption, the total displace-ment of hardwood lumber by particleboard in 1982 wasmore than 620 million board feet.The second composite product that displaced traditionalhardwood products in furniture producfion was high-densityfiberboard or hardboard. Unlike particleboard, which is anaggregate of wood particle held together by a resin,hardboard is composed of interlocking wood fiber formedwith resins under pressure. The introduction of hardboardin the early 1960's and gradual acceptance of this productdisplaced thin veneer core hardwood plywood used in theproduction of drawer bottoms, dust bottoms, and chestbacks in lower and middle-priced furniture. Drawer bottomsmade of hardboard are many times covered with a thinvinyl cover that simulates the color and grain of oak.Today, thin plywood drawer bottoms and case backs areusually found only in the more expensive lines of furniture.As shown in Table 2, hardboard usage by the furnitureindustry has decreased greatly since 1972. This decreaseresulted from the adoption of a thin medium-density fiber-board, which has replaced hardboard in drawer bottomsand chest back application in lower priced furniture.

    Medium-density fiberboard is constructed from wood fibersand is less dense than hardboard. The extent to whichmedium-density fiberboard has displaced hardboard isindicated in Table 2; however, medium-density fiberboardalso has been used in place of solid wood, hardwood ply-wood, and particleboard. Because of its construction,medium-density fiberboard panel's do not requireedgebanding, and in painted furniture, no veneer. Sincemedium-density fiberboard was still being adopted after1982, the impact of this product may be underestimated bythe figures presented in this paper.One other area where composite products have displacedhardwood lumber is in drawer-side production. Tradition-ally, hardwood drawer sides have been made of oak,sycamore, or other hardwood species. Although oak,sycamore, or mahogany drawer sides are still used in theproduction of more expenside furniture, less expenswefurniture may have plywood or vinyl-wrapped particleboardor medium-density fiberboard drawer sides.Material Substitution Over TimeThe subsiitution of softwood lumber and composite panelproduct for hardwood lumber, veneer, and products con-structed from hardwood lumber and veneer ha$ occurredover several years. The actual extent of this sutjstitution isdifficult to determine because of changes in ttie level offurniture production. Therefore, the material usage indexesshown in Table 3 are adjusted for the level of furniture

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    9/14

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    10/14

    ConclusionThe availability and adoption of composite panel productshave resulted in much of the lower priced furniture contain-ing none of the traditional hardwood products. The oppo-site extreme is high-priced furniture, which is still producedfrom hardwood and veneer. In the future, the less expen-sive furniture will most likely continue to be produced fromcomposite panel products and plastics, while very expen-sive furniture will be produced using traditional material.The medium-priced urniture market, however, is where theinterchange of new and traditional waod-based andnonwood-based material will occur in the future. The wordinterchange is used instead of substitute ,b.ecause.futuredemand and supply conditions may merit more or less useof traditional hardwood materials rather than continualsubstitution away from these materials.Future levels of wood material uses by the wood householdfurniture industry will depend on the level of furnituredemand, the quality of furniture purchased, the quantity offurniture that is imported from other countries, the produc-tion technique used to produce furniture, furniture styling,and the physical dimension and size of furniture. If currenttrends persist, though, hardwood lumber usage maydecrease if only because of increases in imports of roughor finished dimension. Hardwood veneer use couldincrease if veneer-wrapped medium-density fiberboardreplaced hardwood lumber in applications where hardwoodmolding was previously used. No matter what happens infurniture production techniques, however, domestic furni-ture producers will have to become more cost conscious tostem the tide of furniture imports that have persisted sincethe early 1980's.

    Literature CitedCardeilichib, Peter A.; Binkley, Clark S. 1984. Hardwood

    lumber demand in the United States: 1950 to 1980.Forest Products Journal. 34(2): 15-22.Gill, Thomas G. 1965. Wood used in manufacturing

    industries, 1960. Stat. Bull. 353. Washington,D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.121 p.

    Gill, Thomas G.; Phelps, Robert B. 1969. Wood used inmanufacturing industries, 1965. Stat. Bull. 440. Wash-ington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService. 101 p.

    McKeever, David 6.; Martens, David G. 1983. Wood usedin U.S. manufacturing industries, 1977. Resour. Bull.FPL-12. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 56 p.

    Spelter, Henry; Stone, Robert N.; McKeever, David B.1978. Wood usage trends in the furniture and fixturesindustry. Res. Note FPL-0239. Madison, WI: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Prod-ucts Laboratory. 12 p.

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    11/14

    Appendix 1 ,. . .Accounting for Material Not Specified by Kind (nsk)There are two aggregate kategories in the Census of Man-ufacturers:

    (1) All other material and component parts, containers,and supplies(2) Material, parts, containers, and supplies (nsk)

    The first category includes materials that were not specifi-cally listed on the questionnaire. The second categoryincludes materials used by establishments that did notreport detailed material use data. This second category isof interest since it includes materials that are also listed bykind. Thus, the figures for material listed by kind are under-estimates. To account for these underestimates, all valueand quantity figures used in this paper have been adjustedusing the following formula:

    01 - pnsk. , .where:

    0 = original value of figure being adjustedpnsk = percentage of total material usageclassified in the nsk category

    Appendix 2Development of FiguresFigure 1. Proportions shown were derived by dividingmaterial cost for specific item by total material cost lessmaterial cost in nsk category.Figure 2. Proportions shown were derived by dividingmaterial cost for specific groups of items by total materialcost less material cost in nsk category. Hardwood productsgroup is composed of hardwood lumber, veneer, plywood,dimension, and furniture frames. Other wood productsgroup is composed of softwood plywood, particleboard,hardboard, medium-density fiberboard, and softwood lum-ber. Other materials group is composed of all other materi-als not included in the first two groups.Figure 3. Wood household furniture production index wasdeveloped by dividing value of shipments by price index forfurniture, then indexed with 1954= 100. Hardwood lumberusage index was developed by indexing hardwood lumberusage information presented in Table 1. Total lumberusage index was developed by indexing total lumber usageinformation presented in Table 1.

    Figure 4. Dollars spent on hardwood veneer, hardwoodplywood, and other panel products were adjusted upwardfor Census-reported figure to account for percentage ofmaterial in nsk category. Other panel products includesoftwood plywood, hardboard, particleboard, and medium-density fiberboard.

    . ..

    Appendix 3Development of Missing Quantity InformationQuantity figures were suppressed for several wood prod-ucts, especially in recent Census years. These omittedfigures were estimated using the formula:

    Q = (V1Pl)swhere:

    Q = the quantity of the commodityV = the value of the commodity asreported in the Census of Manufac-turesPI = the price index for the commoditys = a scaler calculated from quantity,value, and price index data for theCensus year closest to the missingobservation. The formula for s is:

    s = PI, (Q,IV,)where:

    PI, = the price index for the commodity in aCensus year closest to the missingobservationQ = the quantity of the commodity in aCensus year closest to the missingobservationV = the value of the commodity in a Cen-sus year closest to the missing obser-vation

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    12/14

    Appendix 4Development of Information Reported in TablesTable I . Rough hardwood lumber usage adjusted upwardto account for nsk category (Appendix 1). The 1982 figurewas estimated using formula outlined in Appendix 3.Softwood lumber usage was adjusted upward to accountfor nsk category (Appendix 1). Dimension stock usage wasfigured on dimension and frames. The price used to esti-mate board-foot quantity of frames was the imputed pricefor dimension. Quantities were adjusted upward to accountfor nsk category (Appendix 1). The 1977 and 1982 figureswere estimated using formula outlined in Appendix 3. Totallumber usage figure was calculated by adding total hard-wood lumber usage figures to softwood lumber usagefigures. Total lumber and dimension usage figure wascalculated by adding lumber usage with 2 times dimensionstock usage. This assumes a 50-percent yield from lumberto dimension.Table 2. Particleboard usage figures were derived fromCensus information and adjusted upward to account fornsk category (Appendix 1). The 1958 figures were con-verted from 318-inch basis to 314-inch basis. The 1977 and1982 figures were estimated using the formula outlined in

    Appendix 3. Hardboard usage figures were derived fromCensus information and adjusted upward to account fornsk category (Appendix 1). The 1967, 1977, and 1982figures were estimated using the formula outlined inAppendix 3. Medium-density usage figures derived fromCensus information were adjusted upward to account fornsk category (Appendix 1). The 1977 figure was estimatedusing formula outlined in Appendix 3. Total compositeboard usage was derived by adjusting all data to a 314-inchbasis and summing.Table 3. Hardwood lumber usage index was based oninformation presented in Table 1. Veneer core plywoodusage index was based on raw data adjusted upward toaccount for nsk category (Appendix 1). The 1982 raw.veneer usage data was estimated using formula outlined inAppendix 3. Solid core plywood usage index was based onraw data adjusted upward to account for nsk category. The1977 and 1972 raw veneer usage data was estimated usingformula outlined in Appendix 3. Softwood lumber usageindex was based on information presented in Table 1.Composite panel product index was based on informationpresented in Table 2.

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    13/14

    Luppold, William G. 1987. Material usage trends in the wood householdfurniture industry. NE-RP -600. Broomall, PA: U .S . Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.10 p.Exam ines wood material usage by the wood furniture industry in descriptiveand numerical terms.

    Keywords: Hardwood, lumber, composite products

    *U. S.COVERNMENT PRINT ING OF F C E : 1 9 8 7 - 7 0 8 - 0 7 6 1 4 0 0 2 4

  • 7/28/2019 Material Usage Trends in Wood Household Furniture

    14/14

    Headquarters of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station are in Broomall, pa.Field laboratories are maintained at:Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts.

    8 Berea, Kentucky, in cooperation with Berea College.Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the university of Vermont.Delaware, Ohio.Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire.Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University.Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia University,Mrgantown.Orono, Maine, in c'ooperation with the University of Maine, Orono.

    @ Parsons, West Virginia.Princeton, West Virginia.

    8 Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State Universityo'fNew YorkCol'lege of EnvironmentAl Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse Univbrsify,Syracuse.

    8 University Park, Pennsylvania, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania StateUniversity.Warren, Pennsylvania.

    Persons of any race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or With any handieap-ping condition are welcome to use and enjoy all facilities, programs, and sewicesof the USDA. Discrimination n any form is strictly against agency polic$, aridshould be reported to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington,DG 2 0 2 ~ .