MATERIAL FLOWS BETWEEN FORESTS AND ATMOSPHEREFORESTS AND ATMOSPHERE

Timo VesalaTimo Vesala

University of Helsinki

Department of PhysicsDepartment of Physics

Division of Atmospheric Sciences

Content:

• Terrestrial feedbacks

• Flux towers and carbon, water, nitrogencycles

• Tall towers and top-down flux estimates

• ICOS - Integrated GHG observationi finfrastructure

ion 0.8

1.0aHalf of the man-made

emissions stays in theAtmosphere

bo

rne

fra

ct

0.4

0.6

emissions stays in the atmosphere

Air

b

0.0

0.2Fraction into the atmosphere

tion 0.6

0.8bincreases

Terrestrial ecosystems

La

nd

fra

ct

0 0

0.2

0.4Fraction into terrestrial

-0.2

0.0

0 5

ecosystems stable

actio

n 0.4

0.5c

Fraction into Oceans

Oce

an

fra

0.2

0.3oceans decreases

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0.1Canadell et al. (2007) PNASRaupach et al. (2008) Biogeosciences

• Total positive radiative forcing comparable in magnitudeto other physical forcings/feedbacks

• Understanding of these very low (e.g. nitrogen cycle ti l ti li it ti f C t ti )stimulation or limitation of C sequestration)

Transport of CO2 by eddies: eddy covariance (EC)

Hei

ght

H

Concentration

”Everything” on footprint area is integrated to EC flux

Water vapour and CO2 exchange in Hyytiälä (Scots pine)Water vapour and CO2 exchange in Hyytiälä (Scots pine)Water vapour and CO2 exchange in Hyytiälä (Scots pine)Water vapour and CO2 exchange in Hyytiälä (Scots pine)

WaterWater

EvapoEvapo--transpir.transpir.WaterWater

vapourvapour

pp

SourceSource

COCO22

SinkSink

Annual weekly averages

S. Launiainen

Meta-analysis of Net Urban Exchange vs. vegetation land-use fraction

N db t lNordbo et al.,GRL in press

Scaling up using MODISsatellite land-use datasatellite land use data

Global evapotranspiration (ET): ca. 65 Eg yr‐1Intro ― Soil & Earth System ― Interact & feedback ― Lateral BGC ― Global Earth Obs. & MDI

Crossvalidation Indep. validation

Jung et al. Nature MM. Reichstein

Continuous Measurements

Korhonen et al., Biogeosci. Disc.

““Astrophysicists have Hubble, nuclear physicists have CERN biogeochemists ha e FLUXNET”CERN, biogeochemists have FLUXNET”. a reviewer of Nature paper (Valentini et al., 2000)a reviewer of Nature paper (Valentini et al., 2000)

TallTall towerstowers ororTall Tall towerstowers ororhills/mountainshills/mountainsoror openopen seasea

Air planesAir planes

Flux towersFlux towersFlux towersFlux towers

ChambersChambers

Anthropogenici iemissions

O iOceanic exchange

Terrestrial ecosystem exchange

NH land sinkN a d s

NH CO2 land sink : Top-down inversion: 0.8 - 2.6 PgC/yr

(Ciais et al., 2010) Bottom-up land-based: 1.4 - 2.0 PgC/yr

• Inversion-based estimates of CO2-equivalentGHG emissions (Schulze et al 2009)GHG-emissions (Schulze et al. 2009)

• Sinks/sources of forests arable land peatlands and grasslands• Sinks/sources of forests, arable land, peatlands and grasslands

Science 320 1444 (2008)Science 320, 1444 (2008)

• Physical, chemical and biological processes affect the climatey g p(energy, hydrology and atmospheric composition)

• Complex and non linear interactions can damp and enhance• Complex and non-linear interactions can damp and enhanceanthropogenic changes

• Forests act as carbon sinks and feedbacks can increase ordecrease this climate forcing

• Transpiration of tropical forests cools and the darkness of borealforests (albedo) warms( )

• Net effects are not known

• Monitoring of concentrations and fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O

• Tentative ending year 2031

• Head Office to be located in Helsinki, Kumpula

Stations in Finland

LEVEL 1 ASSMEAR II-ICOS HyytiäläP ll ICOSPallas ICOSPuijo ICOS Eastern FinlandICOS Utö - Baltic sea

LEVEL 1 ESSMEAR II-ICOS HyytiäläyyICOS-Sodankylä

LEVEL2 ESLEVEL2 ESSMEAR II-ICOS Siikaneva

LEVEL 3 ESLEVEL 3 ESICOS LompolojänkkäSMEAR I-ICOS VärriöSMEAR III-ICOS Kumpula, HelsinkiICOS LettosuoICOS KaamanenICOS KenttärovaICOS Kuivajärvi, Boreal lake

COSTowards ICOS

Preparatory phase project (EC funded 2008 2013)(EC funded, 2008- 2013)

Transition phaseTransition phase (constructions, negotiations)negotiations)

ICOS establishedICOS established (operational 2013/2014)

You, the researhers, are the end-users of the data; you , , ; ycan also actively affect how well the data is used

Remember that the whole ICOS-Europe is available

Kuva: Sakari Uusitalo