Biochemistry & Cytology

____ 1. When water dissolves a substance, weak charges carried by water molecules attract the substance’s oppositely charged atoms and pull them away from their molecules. This is a function of which property of water?a. pH c. cohesionb. polarity d. surface tension

____ 2. In classifying life-forms from cells to ecosystems, what form would follow animal cells?a. tissues c. organismsb. societies d. populations

____ 3. What is one way in which all eukaryotic cells and all prokaryotic cells are similar?a. They reproduce sexually. c. They are contained in a cell membrane.b. They are roughly the same size. d. They share the same kinds of organelles.

____ 4. A cell nucleus sends out molecules that carry instructions for protein synthesis. What is the destination of these molecules?a. enzymes c. cytoskeletonb. ribosomes d. cell membrane

____ 5. Which structural component do DNA and RNA have in common?a. uracil c. phosphate moleculeb. deoxyribose sugar d. double-stranded backbone

____ 6. What is the smallest biological unit?a. cell c. moleculeb. organ d. organism

____ 7. What do the cell wall of a plant cell and the plasma membrane of an animal cell have in common?a. They both are strong and rigid.b. They both perform active transport.c. They both consist of double layers of lipids.d. They both allow particles to enter and exit the cell.

____ 8. Which statement best describes a stem cell’s ability to change into specialized cell types?a. Metabolism occurs in cells.b. Some organisms are unicellular.c. Stem cells result from viral infections of healthy cells.d. All cells in an organism have the same hereditary material.

____ 9. What do the structure and function of a cell membrane most resemble?a. water permeating a tea bagb. a tea bag that does not allow water to permeatec. grains of tea that break through a tea bag and float into the cup of waterd. a tea bag that is permeated by water but does not allow grains of tea to be released

____ 10. This figure below shows an animal cell.

Which number corresponds to the organelle that produces cellular energy?a. 1 c. 3b. 2 d. 4

____ 11. What is an example of the human body achieving homeostasis through thermoregulation?a. Sweat is produced when exercising to expel excess water.b. Sweat is produced when exercising to keep the body cool.c. In order to lower body temperature, extra melanin is produced in the skin.d. In order to keep the body warm in the winter, extra blood flows out to the fingers and toes.

____ 12. Water is essential for life. Its special properties make water the single most important molecule in plant life. Which of the following properties of water enable it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants?a. Water expands as it freezes. c. Water exhibits cohesive behavior.b. Water is an excellent solvent. d. Water is able to moderate temperatures.

____ 13. An osmosis investigation was conducted using chicken eggs to represent cells with semipermeable membranes. The mass of each egg was measured to determine how much water diffused into or out of the eggs. The eggs were first soaked in vinegar to dissolve the shell. Each egg was then placed in one of three different solutions for 24 hours. The table below shows the results of the investigation.

OSMOSIS IN CELLS

Solution

Average Mass of Eggs Before Soaking

(grams)

Average Mass of Eggs After

Soaking (grams)

Difference in Average

Mass (grams)

Percent Change in Average

MassVinegar(95% water) 71.2 98.6 27.4 +38.5

Corn syrup(5% water) 98.6 64.5 34.1 -34.6

Distilled water(100% water) 64.5 105.3 40.8 +63.3

Based on this experiment, which of the following should be inferred about cells with semipermeable membranes?

a. Substances other than water may also cross the cell membrane.b. Substances other than water may block pores in the cell membrane.c. Water enters the cell when placed in environments of high water potential / concentration.d. Water leaves the cell when placed in environments with a low concentration of solutes.

Figure 1A cell membrane is composed of a double layer of lipids in which many kinds of proteins are embedded. Many of these proteins act like gates, allowing only certain particles to enter or leave the cell.

When a particle has to go against its concentration gradient through one of these gates, energy is supplied by the cell to the correct protein to move the particle through the membrane. A sodium-potassium ion pump is an example of a type of carrier protein that uses a large portion of the cell’s energy to move sodium ions through the cell membrane.

____ 14. Use Figure 1 to answer this question. The sodium-potassium ion pump found in some cell membranes is made of which of the following basic structural components?

a. amino acids c. monosaccharidesb. fatty acids d. nucleotides

____ 15. Use Figure 1 to answer this question. What is a primary function of the cell membrane?a. determining genetic traits c. breaking down proteins for energyb. defending against foreign particles d. generating energy from mineral nutrients

____ 16. Use Figure 1 to answer this question. Why does the study of cell membranes lead to a better understanding of cell function?a. All cell functions occur in the cell membrane.b. All energy transfers occur at the cell membrane.c. All cell membranes contain the information for making proteins.d. All materials needed for cell functions must pass through the cell membrane.

____ 17. The cell theory was first proposed in 1838. Evidence obtained through additional scientific investigations resulted in the current cell theory. Which statement describes a component of the original cell theory that was removed because of the new scientific knowledge?a. All living things are made of cells.b. All cells come from other preexisting cells.c. Cells form through spontaneous generation.d. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.

____ 18. There are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?a. lysosome c. nucleusb. mitochondrion d. ribosome

____ 19. Organisms classified as fungi have unique characteristics. Which of the following characteristics is found only in organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi?a. single cells without a nucleusb. multicellular with chloroplastsc. multicellular filaments that absorb nutrientsd. colonies of single, photosynthetic cells that reproduce asexually

____ 20. Which of the following best describes a result of the polar nature of water molecules?a. Ionic compounds dissolve easily in water.b. The volume of water decreases by nearly half when it is frozen.c. Water molecules repel each other.d. Water molecules repel most other substances.

____ 21. Water has a much higher specific heat than most other covalent compounds. What do you predict might happen if water had a low specific heat instead?a. Flooding would occur and animals would be forced to migrate.b. Harmful organisms living in water would reproduce at a rapid rate.c. Organisms that are sensitive to changes in temperature would die.d. Plants would not have enough water to effectively carry out photosynthesis.

____ 22. Which of the following best describes the difference between the functions of nucleic acids and enzymes?a. Nucleic acids are used as the building blocks of proteins, while enzymes are used as the building blocks

of phospholipids.b. Nucleic acids contain the genetic code for protein synthesis, while enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.c. Nucleic acids inhibit biochemical reactions, while enzymes provide structural support in cells.d. Nucleic acids transmit signals that begin biochemical processes, while enzymes convert carbohydrates

into lipids and proteins.____ 23. Which of the following best summarizes why the technological invention of microscopes was important to

biology?a. It allowed for development of the cell theory.b. It created a means of funding for cell research.c. It created public interest and support for research.d. It proved that cells could form spontaneously.

____ 24. Which statement best compares a eukaryote and a prokaryote?a. Eukaryotes have a cell wall, while prokaryotes have a cell membrane.b. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes have few specialized structures.c. Eukaryotes use active transport to move substances across the cell membrane, while prokaryotes use

facilitated diffusion.d. Eukaryotes use flagella to move themselves through substances, while prokaryotes are not able to move.

____ 25. Which of the following best compares the structures found in plant cells and animal cells?a. Animal cells contain cell walls and a large central vacuole while plant cells contain cell membranes and

many small vacuoles.b. Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls, or a large central vacuole while plant cells do.c. Plant cells contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and a Golgi apparatus while animal cells contain

smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by lysosomes.d. Plant cells have rigid cell walls and do not contain mitochondria or ribosomes while animal cells do.

____ 26. Which of the following best compares the membranes found in different types of cells?a. Animal cells have cell membranes and cell walls, but plant cells do not have cell membranes.b. Animal cells have membrane-bound organelles, while plant cells carry out the functions necessary

for life in the cytoplasm.c. Prokaryotes have only cell membranes, while eukaryotes have both cell walls and cell membranes.d. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have cell membranes, but eukaryotes also have membrane bound

organelles.____ 27. Cells use passive and active transport to move materials across cell membranes in order to maintain a

constant internal environment. What is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment called?a. diffusion c. homeostasis

b. evolution d. respiration____ 28. Which of these is a beneficial effect of prokaryotes?

a. the breakdown of celluloseb. survival in hot, acidic environmentsc. production of billions of offspring per dayd. conjugation as a means of sexual reproduction

____ 29. Of the following, which is considered a living organism?a. bacterium c. nucleusb. mitochondrion d. sperm

____ 30. Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis?a. Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid

surrounding the tubules.b. Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine.c. White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection.d. Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction.

____ 31. If placed in a hypertonic solution, a plant cell willa. swell c. shrink in sizeb. burst d. remain constant in size

____ 32. Which of the following “organisms” is considered to be an exception to the cell theory?a. bacteria c. amoebab. viruses d. yeast

____ 33. The function of the cell organelle circled below is to produce energy.

What is the name of this organelle?a. Golgi apparatus c. nucleusb. mitochondrion d. ribosome

____ 34. Athletes are often concerned with the question of how much protein they need in their diets because of the requirement of growing muscles for protein. Just as muscles need the basic building block of protein, protein itself has basic building blocks also. Which of the following are the basic building blocks of protein?a. nitrates c. monosaccharidesb. amino acids d. nucleotides

____ 35. Sodium chloride (table salt) is an example of which of the following?a. an element c. a chemical compoundb. a radioactive isotope d. a chemical formula

____ 36. The drawing below illustrates a small portion of the molecules that make up a cell membrane.

The phospholipid molecules serve toa. help cells recognize each otherb. allow glucose molecules into the cellc. prevent the passage of certain molecules into the celld. line up amino acids for protein synthesis

____ 37. What is the main function of a selectively permeable cell membrane?a. storage of water c. breaks down molecules within the cellb. storage of chemicals d. regulates what enters and leaves the cell

____ 38. A strand of DNA is exposed to intense heat. Which of these best describes what will happen to the strand of DNA?a. The chemical bonds of the DNA molecule will be broken.b. More nitrogen base pairs will add on to the DNA molecule.c. The chemical bonds of the DNA molecule will be strengthened.d. The nitrogen base pairs in the DNA molecule will switch places.

____ 39. What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?a. to code for proteins c. to separate the strandsb. to synthesize proteins d. to connect the base pairs

____ 40. Which structure is primarily responsible for directing all processes of a plant cell?a. chloroplast c. mitochondriab. lysosome d. nucleus

____ 41. The following cell structures are located within cells that make proteins. Which description best explains the relationship among these cell structures in making a protein? • nucleus • ribosome • endoplasmic reticulum (ER)a. nucleus makes protein; protein winds through the ER;protein folds into its active shapeb. nucleus directs ER to assemble the protein; ribosomes surround protein; protein folds into its active

shapec. ER creates protein; DNA in the nucleus codes for ribosomes to surround protein; protein folds into its

active shaped. DNA in nucleus codes for protein; protein assembled in ribosomes and moves to ER; protein folds into

its active shape____ 42. Which of these would be least likely to diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane?

a. water c. sodium ionsb. oxygen d. carbon dioxide

____ 43. What will happen if an animal cell that has a solute concentration of 1% is placed in a 5% saltwater solution?a. It will shrink because there is less water outside of the cell than there is on the inside.b. It will burst because there is more water on the outside of the cell than there is on the inside.c. It will burst because there is more water on the inside of the cell than there is on the outside.d. It will remain the same size because there is equal amount of water on the inside and outside of the cell.

____ 44. Enzymes are classified as which of the following biological organic compounds?

a. carbohydrates c. nucleic acidsb. lipids d. proteins

____ 45. Protein synthesis occurs at which of the structures shown below?

a. I c. IIIb. II d. IV

____ 46. In examining a picture of a cell taken with an electron microscope, a student observes that the cell has a nucleus and a cell membrane, but not a cell wall. The student can correctly conclude that the cell probably comes froma. a sea-weed c. a fungusb. a plant d. an animal

____ 47. Placing wilted lettuce in cold water will make it crisp again. Which statement best describes what happens to restore the lettuce to its original condition?a. Water left the lettuce cells by diffusion.b. Water entered the cells of the lettuce by osmosis.c. Osmosis caused salts to enter the lettuce cells.d. Salts in the leaf caused water to leave the cells.

____ 48. Which cell process will move substances against a concentration gradient?a. diffusion c. osmosisb. facilitated diffusion d. active transport

____ 49. The structure of the digestive tube in the grasshopper and earthworm consists of many folds. The folds affect the efficiency of food absorption by which of the following functions?a. increasing surface area c. increasing hormone secretionb. reducing transpiration d. reducing storage of sugar

____ 50. An iodine solution is placed on the cut side of a potato. Within seconds, a blue-black color appears. What is most likely occurring?a. a positive test for proteins c. a negative test for proteinsb. a positive test for starches d. a negative test for starches

____ 51. This diagram represents a cell.

Which organelle is the site where amino acids are synthesized into proteins?a. 1 c. 3b. 2 d. 4

____ 52. scientist treats a cell with a chemical that destroys the ribosomes. As a result, which cell process will be stopped?a. osmosis c. protein synthesisb. photosynthesis d. respiration

____ 53. Sandworms are annelid worms that live on the sea floor. They absorb oxygen and excrete wastes through their skin. Which characteristic will best help the worm carry out these functions?a. Large number of heartsb. large diameter blood vesselsc. largemouth compared to body volumed. large surface area compared to body volume

____ 54. A scientist performs an experiment to see if acids have an effect on the health of a particular type of plant. Three sets of plants were treated with acidic solutions of known pH while the control set was treated with a solution of neutral pH 7.

Which is the best conclusion for this experiment?a. Acid has no effect on the health of this type of plant.b. High acidity is helpful to this type of plant.c. Low acidity is harmful to this type of plant.d. High acidity is harmful to this type of plant.

____ 55. Which is the most likely function of a group of cells that contains a high number of chloroplasts?a. respiration c. fermentationb. transpiration d. photosynthesis

____ 56. In humans, glucose is kept in balance in the bloodstream by insulin. Which concept does this best illustrate?a. adaptation c. metabolismb. homeostasis d. organization

____ 57. Some insects can stand on the surface of the water because:a. water has a high specific heatb. water has a high boiling pointc. water is a good evaporative coolantd. water’s molecules are cohesive and adhesive

____ 58. Proteins are formed from monomers (subunits) calleda. amino acids c. nucleic acidsb. fatty acids d. ribonucleic acids

____ 59. A student adds an unknown solution to a slide containing an animal cell. The student observes a decrease in the volume of the cell. This unknown solution isa. isotonic c. hypotonicb. osmotic d. hypertonic

____ 60. The information was collected in the field while studying the effect of pH on the growth of the duckweed plant. The data shows that duckweed has optimum growth at a pH of

a. 4 c. 8b. 6 d. 12

____ 61. Certain poisons are toxic to organisms because they interfere with the function of enzymes in mitochondria. This results directly in the inability of the cell toa. build proteins c. dispose of metabolic wastesb. store information d. release energy from nutrients

____ 62. The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that –a. eukaryotic cells have no organellesb. prokaryotic cells are always much largerc. prokaryotic cells do not have a plasma membraned. eukaryotic cells have a more advanced cellular organization

____ 63. According to this label, which nutrient is obtained mainly from the cereal?

a. Calcium c. Proteinb. Niacin d. Carbohydrate

____ 64. Which organelle has the most control over a cell’s functions?a. Cell membrane c. Nucleusb. Ribosomes d. Vacuole

____ 65. The human body uses carbohydrates as aa. source of energy c. carrier of oxygenb. material for muscle production d. coenzyme of metabolism

____ 66. Which technology contributed most to the development of the cell theory?a. Organic stains c. Heat-resistant glasswareb. Compound microscopes d. Adjustable gas burners

____ 67. According to this label, one serving of this product would provide about 1/3 of the average daily value of —

a. fat c. carbohydratesb. cholesterol d. protein

____ 68. Anton van Leeuwenhoek is credited with developing the first microscope. Which theory of biology was a direct result of Leeuwenhoek’s work?a. The theory of natural selection c. The theory of independent assortmentb. The Gaia theory d. The cell theory

____ 69. Which molecule resembles the shape of a twisted ladder?a. DNA c. ATPb. Sugar d. Lipid

____ 70. Loriciferans are microscopic multicellular animals that live in various marine sediments. Scientists have discovered genera of Loriciferans in a deep-sea habitat that lacks oxygen. Before this discovery, some prokaryotes and some unicellular eukaryotes were known to inhabit anaerobic environments. Among the newly discovered Loriciferans is Spinoloricus sp. nov., which is pictured below.

Spinoloricus sp. nov.

Scientists determined that organisms of the genus Spinoloricus were eukaryotes and not prokaryotes because Spinoloricus cells have —a. flagella c. cell wallsb. hereditary material d. nuclear membranes

____ 71. The diagram below shows how a paramecium maintains homeostasis. A paramecium normally lives in a hypotonic environment in which water continually diffuses into the cell. To maintain homeostasis, the paramecium must pump out large amounts of water using its contractile vacuole.

If the paramecium is then placed in a hypertonic environment, which of the following will occur?a. Water will diffuse into the paramecium.b. Water will diffuse out of the paramecium.c. Salt will be pumped out of the paramecium by the vacuole.d. Salt will be pumped into the paramecium by the vacuole.

____ 72. Like complex carbohydrates, proteins are biomolecules that serve many functions and can be chemically broken down and restructured. Both proteins and complex carbohydrates are which of the following?a. Polymers of smaller subunits c. Lipids of large moleculesb. Sequences of sugars d. Nucleotides of DNA

____ 73.

a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 74.

a.b.c.d.

____ 75.

a.b.c.d.

____ 76.

a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 77.

a. c.b. d.

____ 78.a. c.b. d.

____ 79.

a. c.b. d.

____ 80.

a. c.b. d.

____ 81.

Which of these statements is supported by the data shown in the table?a. Most kingdoms are made up of prokaryotic cells.b. All cells have nuclei for control of cell functions.c. Eukaryotic cells vary in covering and in food production.d. Each of the kingdoms has different organelles for metabolism.

____ 82.

The picture shows a coverslip correctly being lowered onto a slide. This method is used because it —a. allows microorganisms to move freely in the waterb. reduces the possibility of air bubbles on the slidec. prevents the escape of microorganisms found in the waterd. prevents the coverslip from moving

____ 83. A microorganism which releases water into its environment to regulate its salinity during osmosis is undergoing a process that is similar to a human being who releases moisture on a hot day. This process that helps keep both the microorganism and the human body fluids in balance is known as —a. heredity c. cell divisionb. homeostasis d. mutation

____ 84.

\The above diagram shows the process of osmosis. Only the water molecules could enter the cell because water molecules —a. have more energy than the protein moleculesb. are more numerous than the protein moleculesc. are smaller than the protein moleculesd. contain more hydrogen atoms than the protein molecules

____ 85.

a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 86.

According to this simplified water cycle, the process of transpiration is the process that —a. speeds the evaporation of water c. causes photosynthesis in plantsb. increases the rate of the water cycle d. releases water vapor from plants

____ 87. Which of these statements best summarizes the cell theory?a. Cells contain a nucleus and other parts.b. Cells can be seen through a microscope.c. Cells come in different shapes and sizes.d. Cells are the building blocks of living things.

____ 88.a. c.

b. d.

____ 89.

a. It has ribosomes to make proteins. c. It has no membrane-bound nucleus.b. It has a cell membrane. d. It stores its genetic information in

DNA.____ 90. Cells are the functional units that make up tissues. Tissues then become the functional units that make up —

a. enzymes c. other cellsb. DNA d. Organs

____ 91. The concentration of glucose must be maintained within a fairly narrow range in most vertebrates. This statement is an example of —a. excretion c. homeostasisb. fermentation d. glycolysis

____ 92. Bacteria are tremendously successful unicellular organisms, yet all large organisms are multicellular. Unicellular organisms cannot grow very large because the —a. energy expenditures would be too greatb. diffusion of nutrients into the cell’s interior would be too slowc. locomotion of the organisms would be too slowd. respiratory rate would be too high

____ 93.

a. Attachment c. Movementb. Catching prey d. Circulation

____ 94. Which characteristic do viruses possess in common with living cells?a. They make their own food.b. They contain a nucleus and organelles.c. They are inactive outside the body of living cells.d. They contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA.

____ 95.

a. 4 c. 3b. 2 d. 1

____ 96.

a.   c.  b.   d.  

____ 97.

a. Milk c. Beansb. Apples d. Shrimp

____ 98.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 99.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 100.

a. c.b. d.

____ 101.

a. c.b. d.

____ 102.

a.b.

c.d.

____ 103.

a. c.b. d.

____ 104.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 105.

a. c.b. d.

____ 106.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 107.

a. c.b. d.

____ 108.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 109.

a. c.b. d.

____ 110.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 111.

a.b.c.

d.

____ 112.

a. c.b. d.

____ 113.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 114.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 115.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 116.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 117.

a. c.b. d.

____ 118.

a. c.b. d.

____ 119.

a. c.b. d.

____ 120.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 121.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 122.

a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 123.

a. c.b. d.

____ 124.

a. c.b. d.

____ 125.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 126.

a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 127.

a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 128.

a. c.b. d.

____ 129.

a.b.

c.

d.

____ 130.

a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 131.

a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 132.

a. c.

b. d.

____ 133. In 1665 Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of cork under a microscope and presented a drawing similar to the one shown. Hooke called the structures he observed —

a. Chloroplasts c. stomatab. root hairs d. cells

____ 134. In a typical animal cell, which component contains the greatest amount of water?a. Cell membrane c. Ribosomesb. Cytoplasm d. Nucleus

____ 135. Students in a biology class thought that salt water would affect the movements of planaria. They put 25 planaria in salt water and recorded their observations. Which flaw was present in the design of their experiment?a. There was no hypothesis. c. The sample was too big.b. There was no control. d. The procedure was too complicated.

____ 136. The diagram shows a section of a cell membrane that includes a channel protein. The function of this protein is to —

a. strengthen the outer boundary of the cellb. connect reproductive cells during fertilizationc. allow certain substances to enter or leave the celld. exchange organelles or chromosomes between specialized cells

____ 137. Which set of materials would be best to use to prepare a wet mount slide of onion skin cells?a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 138. Under a microscope, a series of cells are observed that lack membrane-bound internal organelles. Which of these is the most likely cell type?a. Plant cell c. Eukaryotic cellb. Animal cell d. Prokaryotic cell

____ 139. As represented in the diagram below, bacteria have cell walls like plant cells do.

Unlike the plant cell walls, however, the bacterial cell wall is made of which of the following?a. cellulose and starches c. sugars and amino acidsb. chitin and fats d. cellulose and sugars

____ 140. To help patients replenish bodily fluids quickly during an illness, doctors need to understand how cells behave in their environment. Doctors have confidence in what they know about how cells behave because

a. cell theory has been tested, refined, and observed to be true over hundreds of yearsb. large medical institutions have conducted their own experiments justifying cell

theoryc. the basics of cell theory have not changed much since the original experimentsd. what we know about cell theory has been published in reputable journals

____ 141. Early elements of the cell theory followed soon after the development of Hooke's light microscope. What does this relationship suggest about the evolution of the cell theory since Hooke?a. Improvements in technology are closely related to changes in the cell theory.b. Isolated scientists contributed pieces of the cell theory to form the whole.c. Progress on the cell theory was delayed by a lack of technological progress.d. Scientists needed to focus less on cells and more on microscope development.

____ 142. Which of the following characteristics defines a cell as a eukaryote?a. Being able to move c. Having a nucleusb. Being able to reproduce d. Having ribosomes

____ 143. When an animal has to survive without food for a long time, it will eventually break down proteins for energy. However, this process occurs only after exhausting the animal’s reserves ofa. DNA and RNA. c. carbon dioxide and water.b. carbohydrates and lipids. d. enzymes and nucleic acids.

____ 144. A person fills a drinking glass with water until the water is bulging slightly over the glass rim. The property of water that prevents the water from spilling isa. pH. c. cohesion.b. osmosis. d. solubility.

____ 145. Which property of water is shown below?

a. pH c. adhesionb. polarity d. solubility

____ 146. What is the primary difference between diffusion and osmosis?a. Diffusion requires energy input but osmosis does not.b. Diffusion does not require energy input but osmosis does.c. Diffusion is the movement of water from high to low concentration, while osmosis

is the movement of any substance from high to low concentration.d. Diffusion is the movement of any substance from high to low concentration, while

osmosis is the movement of water from high to low concentration.____ 147. Complex molecules are broken down during cellular respiration and converted into smaller molecules

containing energy. What are these complex molecules called?a. proteins c. nucleic acidsb. enzymes d. carbohydrates

____ 148. Which two transport mechanisms are considered to be passive?a. diffusion and osmosis c. endocytosis and osmosisb. diffusion and exocytosis d. exocytosis and endocytosis

____ 149. Which subunit makes up a protein molecule?a. fatty acids c. amino acidsb. nucleotides d. monosaccharides

____ 150. The presence of which cell structure can be used to differentiate between Bacteria and Eukarya?a. nucleus c. ribosomeb. cell wall d. plasma membrane

____ 151. Which set of organelles would be found in both human cells and plant cells?a. chloroplast, nucleus, and cell wallb. nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell wallc. mitochondria, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulumd. mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and centrioles

____ 152. Which two types of molecules are found in all viruses and all protists?a. lipids and nucleic acids c. nucleic acids and proteinsb. carbohydrates and lipids d. carbohydrates and proteins

____ 153. An amoeba can take in a large food particle by surrounding it and creating a vacuole. What is this method of feeding called?a. lysis c. exocytosisb. osmosis d. phagocytosis

____ 154. Which process would be directly affected if all of a cell’s ribosomes were weakened?a. replicating DNAb. producing new proteinc. metabolizing glucose to produce ATPd. transporting nutrients across the cell membrane

____ 155. Which best distinguishes between a plant cell and an animal cell?a. Plant cells have cell membranes, while animal cells have cell walls.b. Plant cells contain centrioles, while animal cells contain chloroplasts.c. Plant cells contain chloroplasts, while animal cells contain centrioles.d. Plant cells have small vacuoles, while animal cells have large vacuoles.

____ 156. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity toa. assemble into multi-cellular organismsb. establish symbiotic relationships with other organismsc. obtain energy from the Sund. store genetic information in the form of DNA

____ 157. Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane-bound structures calleda. cell walls c. organellesb. cilia d. cytoplasm

____ 158. Proteins are long chains or polymers made up ofa. nucleotides c. amino acidsb. carbohydrates d. lipids

____ 159. If scientists search other planets for possible life, they are likely to focus on the presence of molecules containing which of the following elements?a. carbon c. potassiumb. iron d. sodium

____ 160. Many land plants store energy in starch. When energy is needed, the starch molecules can be broken down quickly.This chemical reaction produces which of the following?a. amino acids c. monosaccharidesb. lipids d. RNA chains

____ 161. Which of the following functions does active transport perform in a cell?a. packaging proteins for export from the cellb. distributing enzymes throughout the cytoplasmc. moving substances against a concentration gradientd. equalizing the concentration of water inside and outside the cell

____ 162. Which of the following is a main function of the cell wall?a. to store carbohydrates for later use c. to package proteins for exportb. to give the cell a rigid structure d. to carry out photosynthesis

____ 163. Which of the following functions does active transport perform in a cell?a. packaging proteins for export from the cellb. distributing enzymes throughout the cytoplasmc. moving substances against a concentration gradientd. equalizing the concentration of water inside and outside the cell

____ 164. Which of the following statements correctly matches a cell part with its function?a. The cell membrane packages lipids for export.b. The mitochondria perform photosynthesis.c. The lysosome digests molecules.d. The nucleus produces energy.

____ 165. Many plants have waxy coatings on some surfaces. This coating reduces water loss because it is not water-permeable. This waxy coating is which of the following types of organic molecule?a. carbohydrate c. nucleic acidb. lipid d. protein

____ 166. If an animal cell is placed in distilled water, it will swell and burst. The bursting of the cell is a result of which biological process?a. active transport c. osmosisb. enzyme activity d. respiration

____ 167. In which of the following ways does a bacterial cell differ from an animal cell?a. A bacterial cell is much larger than an animal cell.b. A bacterial cell has more mitochondria than an animal cell.c. A bacterial cell has RNA for its genetic material, whereas an animal cell does not.d. A bacterial cell does not have membrane-bound organelles, whereas an animal cell

does.____ 168. Scientists believe that the first organisms that appeared on Earth were prokaryotic. Which of the following

best represents what the cell structure of these organisms may have looked like?a. c.

b. d.

____ 169. In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for sealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since fibrinogen is made of chains of amino acids, it is an example of which type of organic molecule?a. carbohydrate c. fatty acidb. protein d. nucleic acid

____ 170. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant. Which of the following elements will be most abundant in the sample?a. zinc and copper c. carbon and hydrogenb. sodium and chlorine d. magnesium and calcium

____ 171. The table below lists the concentrations of water inside and outside a cell under four different conditions.Water Water

Condition Concentration Concentrationin Cell in Environment

1 90% 95%2 90% 100%3 95% 90%4 95% 95%

Under which condition will the cell experience a net loss of water to its environment?a. Condition 1 c. Condition 3b. Condition 2 d. Condition 4

____ 172. A biologist looks at an organism through a microscope. Which of the following observations tells the biologist that the organism is eukaryotic?a. The organism is unicellular.b. The organism moves with flagella.c. The organism has a cell membrane.d. The organism has membrane-bound organelles.

____ 173. In the human digestive system, the enzyme trypsin acts on proteins. The optimal temperature for the enzyme is approximately 4ºC. Which of the following graphs shows how the activity of the enzyme most likely relates to the temperature of the reaction environment?a. c.

b. d.

. ____ 174. A cell releases a chemical into the space surrounding it to communicate with nearby cells. Which of the

following must occur for the communication to be successful?a. The chemical must be received by the nearby cells.b. The nearby cells must divide to produce more cells.c. The nearby cells must generate and send a nerve impulse.d. The same chemical signal must be produced within the nearby cells

____ 175. Organism A is eukaryotic, is unicellular, and lacks a cell wall. Organism B is eukaryotic, is multicellular, has a cell wall, and contains chloroplasts. In which kingdoms should these organisms be classified?a. organism A in Protista and organism B in Fungib. organism A in Protista and organism B in Plantaec. organism A in Animalia and organism B in Fungid. organism A in Animalia and organism B in Plantae

____ 176. Which of the following lists of elements contains the most common elements in organic compounds?a. calcium, iron, and potassium c. chlorine, phosphorus, and sodiumb. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen d. copper, magnesium, and sulfur

____ 177. A diagram of a plant cell is shown below.

Which number identifies the organelle that functions to store water and dissolve salts?a. 1 c. 3b. 2 d. 4

____ 178. A lab technician needs to determine whether cells in a test tube are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The technician has several dyes she could use to stain the cells. Four of the dyes are described in the table below.

Dye Testacridine orange stains DNA and RNA

osmium tetroxide stains lipidseosin stains cell cytoplasm

Nile blue stains cell nuclei

Which dye could the technician use to determine whether the cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?a. acridine orange c. eosinb. osmium tetroxide d. Nile blue

____ 179. Which of the following statements best explains why oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood?a. The diaphragm draws oxygen into the alveoli at a rapid speed.b. Alveoli cells contain hemoglobin to transfer gases to the blood.c. The concentration of oxygen is greater in the alveoli than in the blood.d. Red blood cells move one at a time through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

____ 180. Which of the following examples best illustrates the process of evolution by natural selection?a. A person with asthma has trouble breathing.b. A group of species has common DNA sequences.c. A man and a woman have 10 children over the course of their lifetime.d. A population becomes immune to a lethal disease over many generations.

____ 181. One category of organic compounds contains molecules composed of long hydrocarbon chains. The hydrocarbon chains may be saturated or unsaturated. Which of the following categories of organic compounds contains these molecules?a. carbohydrates c. nucleic acidsb. lipids d. proteins

____ 182. In a cell, which of the following organelles most likely contains digestive enzymes?a. centriole c. lysosomeb. chloroplast d. ribosome

____ 183. Which element is the main component of all organic molecules?a. carbon c. potassiumb. nitrogen d. sodium

____ 184. If a cell’s lysosomes were damaged, which of the following would most likely occur?a. The cell would produce more proteins than it needs.b. The cell would have chloroplasts that appear yellow rather than green.c. The cell would be less able to break down molecules in its cytoplasm.d. The cell would be less able to regulate the amount of fluid in its cytoplasm.

____ 185. Prokaryotes are structurally simple organisms that have existed for over two billion years. Which of the following are prokaryotes?a. bacteria c. plantsb. fungi d. protists

____ 186. Which of the following best describes the composition of a nucleotide?a. a pair of six-carbon rings attached to each otherb. a carbon atom joined to hydrogen and three functional groupsc. a chain of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group bonded to one endd. a five-carbon sugar attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

____ 187. Which of the following is the main reason that humans need to include carbohydrates in their diet?a. Carbohydrates are broken down in cells for energy.b. Carbohydrates combine to form many different proteins.c. Carbohydrates act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.d. Carbohydrates are the building blocks for cell growth and repair.

____ 188.The diagrams show how carrier molecules allow passive and active transport. In the diagram of active

transport, the letter X represents another molecule. This molecule provides energy for active transport but is not needed for passive transport.

Which molecule is most likely represented by the letter X?a. water c. ATPb. DNA d. oxygen

____ 189. Vitamin D is an organic molecule that regulates the absorption of calcium by the body. Which of the following elements is most common in a molecule of vitamin D?a. aluminum c. magnesiumb. carbon d. sodium

____ 190. What do disaccharides, such as sucrose, and polysaccharides, such as starch, have in common?a. They are lipids made of fatty acids.b. They are proteins made of amino acids.c. They are nucleic acids made of nucleotides.d. They are carbohydrates made of simple sugars.

____ 191. Which type of molecule in the yolk of a chicken egg provides the most energy for a developing chick?a. lipid c. saltb. nucleic acid d. water

____ 192. Many animals have either internal or external skeletons that provide support and structure. Which of the following parts of plant cells play a similar role?a. cell membranes c. chloroplastsb. cell walls d. cytoplasm

____ 193. What is the function of the selectively permeable plasma membrane?a. to store chemical and heat energy inside the cellb. to control the movement of substances into and out of the cellc. to control the movement of red blood cellsd. to seep up chemical reactions

____ 194. Which structure is in all living cells?a. vacuole c. ribosomeb. chloroplast d. nucleous

____ 195. Stem cells are cells that do not have a specific function. What must happen to these cells for them to become specialized cells like heart muscle cells?a. Certain genes in the cell have to become activated to cause special enzymes to

form.b. The nucleus in the stem cell must become bigger and more DNA has to be

produced.c. The cells must begin to divide by mitosis.d. The cells must begin to divide by meiosis

____ 196. This diagram represents a plant cell.

What is most likely found in the structure marked?a. Carbon c. Waterb. Chloroplasts d. DNA

____ 197. Which function do cilia perform?a. Communication c. excretionb. digestion d. movement

____ 198. What are the main molecules that make up muscle fibers?a. lipids c. carbohydratesb. proteins d. nucleic acids

____ 199. Which base bonds with adenine in DNA?a. Uracyl c. Cytosineb. Thymine d. Guanine

____ 200. Which substance provides the instructions for producing proteins?a. ATP c. H2Ob. DNA d. FAT

____ 201. What process best explains how a nerve cell and a muscle cell can both develop from the same fertilized egg?a. differentiation c. selective breedingb. natural selection d. genetic engineering

____ 202. Which statement best describes the relationship that exists among proteins, DNA, and cells?a. Proteins combine to produce cells, which produce DNA.b. Proteins are made up of DNA, which determines the cells that are produced.c. DNA is made up of proteins, which tell a cell how to function.d. Cells contain DNA, which controls the production of proteins.

____ 203. What are the subunits of DNA and their function?a. nucleotides that store informationb. monosaccharides that provide quick energy for the cellc. lipids that store energy and provide insulationd. proteins that provide the building blocks for the structural components of

organisms____ 204. This diagram shows a plant cell. Which structure is found in a plant cell but is absent in an animal cell?

a. 1 c. 3b. 2 d. 4

____ 205. Which best explains why muscle cells are different from blood cells?a. A mutation occurs during the development of muscle cells but not in blood cells.b. Different genes are activated in muscle cells than in blood cells.c. Muscles cells experience different environmental influences than blood cells.d. Muscle cells are produced by the brain, but blood cells are produced by the heart.

____ 206. A freshwater plant is placed in a container of saltwater. What will most likely happen to the cells of the plant?a. They will swell because water will move into them.b. They will swell because salt will move into them.c. They will shrink because water will move out of them.d. They will shrink because salt will move out of them.

____ 207. If energy is needed to move materials into or out of a cell, what is most likely occurring?a. active transport c. osmosisb. passive transport d. diffusion

____ 208. How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar?a. Both contain a nucleus.b. Both contain ribosomes.

c. Both contain membrane-bound organelles.d. Both contain cell walls.

____ 209. These diagrams represent a Euglena and a Paramecium.

Euglena Paramecium

Which function do the pointed structures have in common?a. digestion c. movementb. gathering food d. reproduction

____ 210. Which would be the best evidence that a cell is using active transport to move a substance across its cell membrane?a. Substances are moving rapidly across the cell membrane.b. ATP is being rapidly consumed near the cellular membrane.c. Substances are moving from high to low concentrations.d. Substances are moving through channels in the cell membrane.

____ 211. A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic compound?a. carbohydrates c. nucleic acidsb. lipids d. proteins

____ 212. A student learns about the special characteristics of water in biology class. She knows that water will rise through a narrow tube through capillary action. Which of the following experiments would demonstrate that water has this ability?a. placing a bouquet of white carnations in water containing blue dye and noting that after a time, the

flowers turn blueb. filling a container to the very top with water and noting that after the water is placed in freezing

conditions, the ice has expanded above the brim of the containerc. heating an identical mass of water and metal to the same temperature and noting that after a time, the

metal has cooled faster than the water hasd. taking the pH of water and finding that it is exactly neutral

____ 213. The illustration below depicts a paramecium. Paramecia have star-shaped organelles called contractile vacuoles that move water from inside to outside the cell. The data presented in the table below were obtained in an experiment in which paramecia were placed in different salt concentrations. The rate at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was recorded.

How could you explain the observed relationship between the rate of contractile vacuole contraction and the salt concentration?a. When the salt concentration outside the cell is very high, diffusion causes water to move inside the

cell, and the contractile vacuole has to contract more rapidly.b. When the salt concentration outside the cell is very low, diffusion causes water to move outside the

cell, and the contractile vacuole has to contract more rapidly.c. When the salt concentration outside the cell is very high, diffusion causes water to move outside the

cell, and the contractile vacuole does not need to contract as rapidly.d. When the salt concentration outside the cell is very low, diffusion causes water to move outside the

cell, and the contractile vacuole does not need to contract as rapidly.

____ 214. The ion (salt) concentration of sea water is three times that of most marine fishes’ tissues. As a result, these fishes lose water to the environment through osmosis. To make up for the lost water, fishes drink sea water and pump out the excess salt through their gills. Freshwater fishes have the opposite problem. Their bodies contain more salt than the surrounding water, so they tend to take in water by osmosis. The additional water dilutes their body salts. Freshwater fishes regain salts by actively taking them in from their environment. Because of these challenges, few fish can move between salt water and fresh water.

The figure shows ion excretion in a fish as it moves from one body of water to another. What kind of water is the fish initially swimming in?a. fresh water c. brackish waterb. salt water d. hypersaline water

____ 215. A florist places a bouquet of white carnations in water containing blue dye. After a time, the flowers turn blue. What process helped the carnations to change color?a. water’s ability to form crystalsb. formation of covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen moleculesc. ability of H2O to dissolve NaCld. cohesion and adhesion of water molecules

____ 216. What is the attractive force between two of the same kind of particle?a. adhesion c. cohesionb. capillary action d. polarity

____ 217. Surface carbohydrates, branching chains of sugar units on the surface of some bacteria, are MOST similar to which of the following?a. artificial sweetener c. a metal personal identification braceletb. wood used for a campfire d. the hide of an animal

____ 218. Water is one of the most important nonliving (abiotic) components of any ecosystem. Water passes through plants and evaporates from their leaves in a process known asa. photosynthesis. c. respiration.b. precipitation. d. transpiration.

____ 219. The combined observations of Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchin resulted in the formation of the cell theory. Which of the following is NOT part of this theory?a. All cells come from existing cells.b. The cell is the basic unit of all living things.c. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.d. All cells contain a nucleus.

____ 220. Susan finds some old celery in the refrigerator. When she picks it up, she finds that it is limp and bendable. She places the celery in a bowl of water for an hour. When she returns, she finds that the celery stalk is rigid. Which organelle in the cells of the celery is responsible for this change?a. cell membrane c. chloroplastb. nucleus d. central vacuole

____ 221. A student conducted an experimental investigation of the gas production of a water plant. She placed a beaker upside down over a water plant submerged in water and collected the gas that the water plant produced when kept in sunlight.

After six hours, the contents of the test tube were analyzed and a significant amount of oxygen was measured. Which of the following organelles was responsible for this change?a. central vacuole c. chloroplastb. nucleus d. cell wall

____ 222. Which of the following does NOT describe a function of the cell membrane?a. Cell membranes maintain homeostasis by controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell.b. The cell membrane contains many different proteins that enable a cell to detect and respond to its

surroundings.c. The cell membrane participates in both active and passive transport.d. The cell membrane aids in both mitosis and meiosis.

____ 223. A student made this sketch of a paramecium during a laboratory investigation.

A paramecium is able to move on its own. Which of the following allows a paramecium to move?a. contractile vacuole c. flagellab. micronucleus d. cilia

____ 224. Which of the following properties could be used to distinguish between an organism in the domain Bacteria and an organism in the domain Eukarya?a. uses energy to carry out multiple functionsb. uses simple mechanical motion to move aroundc. contains membrane-bound organellesd. is composed of organic chemicals such as amino acids

____ 225. Which of the following would happen if the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the cell of an organism lost all of its ribosomes?a. Protein production in the organism would stop.b. Storage of proteins within the cell would increase.c. ATP production in the cell would stop.d. Proteins would no longer be exported from the cell.

____ 226. How are cells that form tissues different from cells that form colonies?a. All cells can be organized to form tissues, but only independent unicellular prokaryotic cells can form

colonies.b. Independent cells of unicellular prokaryotes form tissues, but individual cells of multicellular

eukaryotes can only form colonies.c. Interdependent cells of multicellular eukaryotes form tissues, but individual cells of some unicellular

organisms can only form colonies.d. All cells can form either tissues or colonies, but only interdependent cells of multicellular eukaryotes

form tissues.

____ 227. An oxygen molecule comes into contact with the outside of a cell’s lipid bilayer. What process would allow the molecule to move into the cell?a. osmosis c. facilitated diffusionb. simple diffusion d. active transport

____ 228. The diagram below shows a cell with several structures identified.

Which structure is MOST like a town library, where information to help run the town is stored?a. endoplasmic reticulum c. nucleusb. mitochondrion d. ribosome

____ 229. Which of these is capable of moving quickly in response to its environment?a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 230. According to endosymbiotic theory, which kingdom represents organisms that may have given rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts?a. Archaebacteria c. Fungib. Eubacteria d. Protists

____ 231. A student mistakenly transfers a protozoan from a marine culture to a drop of fresh water ona microscope slide. While observing the slide, the student notices that the protozoan begins to swell and quickly transfers the organism back into a drop of salt water. What process did the student observe?

a. active transport c. endocytosisb. osmosis d. exocytosis

____ 232. Which of the following BEST describes the factors that influence protein folding?a. Protein folding depends on the sequence of amino acids and fatty acids that make

up the protein.b. Protein folding results from the interactions of the double helix and the nucleotide

bases that form it.c. Protein folding is completely dependent on how amino acids interact with transfer

RNAmolecules.

d. Protein folding depends on the sequence of amino acids, the interactions of amino acids with each other, and the interaction of amino acids with water.

____ 233. What are the bonds between water molecules called?a. covalent bonds only c. ionic and covalent bondsb. hydrogen bonds only d. covalent and hydrogen bonds

____ 234. What is the name of a cell vesicle that contains enzymes that destroy damaged cell organelles?a. endoplasmic reticulum c. lysosomeb. Golgi complex d. mitochondria

____ 235. Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport?a. It moves substances with a concentration gradient.b. It requires energy from the cell.c. It involves facilitated diffusion.d. It relies on vesicles that often function as pumps.

____ 236. The single-celled organism shown in the illustration below uses a whiplike structure to move.

What is the whiplike structure called?a. nucleus c. ciliab. chloroplast d. flagellum

____ 237. Which organelles consist of membranous tubes and sacs and serve as part of the cell’s packag- ing and transport system?a. mitochondria and lysosomesb. mitochondria and chloroplastsc. ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulumd. Golgi apparatus and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

____ 238. Which of the following are found in eukaryotes but NOT in prokaryotes?a. mitochondria c. cell membranesb. DNA d. receptor proteins

____ 239. The movement of materials across the cell membrane is vital to the health of the cell and the organism as a whole. Which of the following movements would require active transport?a. moving a substance down a concentration gradientb. moving a substance against a concentration gradientc. moving a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower

concentrationd. moving a substance by osmosis

____ 240. A community of plants growing in a terrarium can grow even if the terrarium is sealed.Which of these possible explanations is NOT a reasonable hypothesis to explain how this can happen?

a. A particular plant in the terrarium does not appear as healthy as other plants.b. There was enough carbon dioxide initially to support the growth for a long time.c. Some kind of decomposer that releases carbon dioxide is growing in the terrarium.d. The sealed terrarium actually has small openings that allow exchange of air with

the out- side environment.____ 241. In all organisms and viruses, what type of biological molecules contains instructions for specifying the

characteristics of living things?a. carbohydrates c. nucleic acidsb. lipids d. proteins

____ 242. Look at the diagram of a cell below.

Which structure is MOST like a furnace that heats your home?a. endoplasmic reticulum c. nucleusb. mitochondrion d. ribosome

____ 243. Which of the following are proteins in your body?a. collagen and hemoglobin c. glycogen and fructoseb. cholesterol and antibodies d. chlorophyll and hemoglobin

____ 244. Enzymes in your body probably work BEST at what temperature?a. 25°C c. 37°Cb. 30°C d. 98°C

____ 245. A red blood cell has a flattened disc shape, as illustrated below.What advantage does the shape of a red blood cell provide?a. increases its surface area-to-volume ratio so it can take in nutrients efficientlyb. decreases its surface area-to-volume ratio in order to limit cell growthc. increases its surface area-to-volume ratio so that the cell can grow much largerd. decreases its surface area-to-volume ratio so more cells can fit in a blood vessel

____ 246. The table below compares bacteria and eukaryotes.

Which of the comparisons in the table is NOT correct?a. comparison A c. comparison Cb. comparison B d. comparison D

____ 247. Which membrane proteins transmit information into the cell by responding to signal molecules?a. carrier proteins c. marker proteinsb. receptor proteins d. structural proteins

____ 248. Why does the human body require carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?a. The body uses these nutrients to synthesize inorganic compounds.b. The body uses these vitamins to synthesize and maintain bones and nerves.c. The body uses these organic compounds to provide energy to maintain life

processes.d. The body uses these inorganic compounds to maintain life processes and

reproduce.____ 249. As the pH of an aquatic ecosystem decreases, there is a gradual decline in the plant and animal population.

At a pH of 5.5, bacterial decomposers begin to die. At a pH of about 4.5, mostfish are dead. How does pH = 4.5 compare to pH = 5.5? A pH of 4.5 isa. 5 times less acidic. c. 2 times more acidic.b. 5 times more acidic. d. 10 times more acidic.

____ 250. The following section focuses on different lemur species of Madagascar.Read the information below and use it to answer the four multiple-choice questions and one open-response question that follow.

Madagascar is an island located off the east coast of Africa, as shown on the map below.

Madagascar has a unique animal community. Lemurs are one of the animal groups that have diversified extensively on Madagascar. Lemurs are primates, which is an order of mammals that also includes monkeys and apes. Lemur species vary widely in habitat, diet, size, and color. Lemurs only live on the island of Madagascar. However, fossil evidence shows that lemur ancestors existed on Africa’s mainland. Scientists hypothesize that lemur ancestors reached Madagascar by floating across the Mozambique Channel on matted clumps of vegetation.

Lemurs’ bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar. Which of the following types of molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage in the lemur?a. lipids c. nucleic acidsb. monosaccharides d. proteins

Biochemistry & CytologyAnswer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: B PTS: 12. ANS: A PTS: 13. ANS: C PTS: 14. ANS: B PTS: 15. ANS: C PTS: 16. ANS: A PTS: 17. ANS: D6N1401NX PTS: 18. ANS: D PTS: 19. ANS: D PTS: 1

10. ANS: A PTS: 111. ANS: B PTS: 112. ANS: C PTS: 113. ANS: C PTS: 114. ANS: A PTS: 115. ANS: B PTS: 116. ANS: D PTS: 117. ANS: C PTS: 118. ANS: D PTS: 119. ANS: C PTS: 120. ANS: A PTS: 121. ANS: C PTS: 122. ANS: B PTS: 123. ANS: A PTS: 124. ANS: B PTS: 125. ANS: B PTS: 126. ANS: D PTS: 127. ANS: C PTS: 128. ANS: A PTS: 129. ANS: A PTS: 130. ANS: A PTS: 131. ANS: C PTS: 132. ANS: B PTS: 133. ANS: B PTS: 134. ANS: B PTS: 135. ANS: C PTS: 136. ANS: C PTS: 137. ANS: D PTS: 138. ANS: A PTS: 139. ANS: D PTS: 140. ANS: D PTS: 141. ANS: D PTS: 142. ANS: C PTS: 143. ANS: A PTS: 144. ANS: D PTS: 145. ANS: C PTS: 146. ANS: D PTS: 147. ANS: B PTS: 148. ANS: D PTS: 149. ANS: A PTS: 1

50. ANS: B PTS: 151. ANS: B PTS: 152. ANS: C PTS: 153. ANS: D PTS: 154. ANS: D PTS: 155. ANS: D PTS: 156. ANS: B PTS: 157. ANS: D PTS: 158. ANS: A PTS: 159. ANS: D PTS: 160. ANS: C PTS: 161. ANS: D PTS: 162. ANS: D PTS: 163. ANS: D PTS: 164. ANS: C PTS: 165. ANS: A PTS: 166. ANS: B PTS: 167. ANS: C PTS: 168. ANS: D PTS: 169. ANS: A PTS: 170. ANS: D PTS: 171. ANS: B PTS: 172. ANS: A PTS: 173. ANS: C PTS: 174. ANS: D PTS: 175. ANS: B PTS: 176. ANS: D PTS: 177. ANS: A PTS: 178. ANS: A PTS: 179. ANS: D PTS: 180. ANS: C PTS: 181. ANS: C PTS: 182. ANS: B PTS: 183. ANS: B PTS: 184. ANS: C PTS: 185. ANS: D PTS: 186. ANS: D PTS: 187. ANS: D PTS: 188. ANS: B PTS: 189. ANS: C PTS: 190. ANS: D PTS: 191. ANS: C PTS: 192. ANS: B PTS: 193. ANS: C PTS: 194. ANS: D PTS: 195. ANS: A PTS: 196. ANS: A PTS: 197. ANS: B PTS: 198. ANS: A PTS: 199. ANS: A PTS: 1

100. ANS: C PTS: 1101. ANS: B PTS: 1102. ANS: B PTS: 1103. ANS: D PTS: 1

104. ANS: D PTS: 1105. ANS: B PTS: 1106. ANS: D PTS: 1107. ANS: B PTS: 1108. ANS: C PTS: 1109. ANS: C PTS: 1110. ANS: D PTS: 1111. ANS: D PTS: 1112. ANS: C PTS: 1113. ANS: C PTS: 1114. ANS: D PTS: 1115. ANS: D PTS: 1116. ANS: D PTS: 1117. ANS: A PTS: 1118. ANS: D PTS: 1119. ANS: C PTS: 1120. ANS: A PTS: 1121. ANS: C PTS: 1122. ANS: D PTS: 1123. ANS: C PTS: 1124. ANS: A PTS: 1125. ANS: C PTS: 1126. ANS: D PTS: 1127. ANS: A PTS: 1128. ANS: C PTS: 1129. ANS: B PTS: 1130. ANS: C PTS: 1131. ANS: A PTS: 1132. ANS: C PTS: 1133. ANS: D PTS: 1134. ANS: B PTS: 1135. ANS: B PTS: 1136. ANS: C PTS: 1137. ANS: D PTS: 1138. ANS: D PTS: 1139. ANS: C PTS: 1140. ANS: A PTS: 1141. ANS: A PTS: 1142. ANS: C PTS: 1143. ANS: B PTS: 1144. ANS: C PTS: 1145. ANS: B PTS: 1146. ANS: D PTS: 1147. ANS: D PTS: 1148. ANS: A PTS: 1149. ANS: C PTS: 1150. ANS: A PTS: 1151. ANS: C PTS: 1152. ANS: C PTS: 1153. ANS: D PTS: 1154. ANS: B PTS: 1155. ANS: C PTS: 1156. ANS: A PTS: 1157. ANS: C PTS: 1

158. ANS: C PTS: 1159. ANS: A PTS: 1160. ANS: C PTS: 1161. ANS: C PTS: 1162. ANS: B PTS: 1163. ANS: C PTS: 1164. ANS: C PTS: 1165. ANS: B PTS: 1166. ANS: C PTS: 1167. ANS: D PTS: 1168. ANS: C PTS: 1169. ANS: B PTS: 1170. ANS: C PTS: 1171. ANS: C PTS: 1172. ANS: D PTS: 1173. ANS: A PTS: 1174. ANS: A

.

PTS: 1175. ANS: B PTS: 1176. ANS: B PTS: 1177. ANS: C PTS: 1178. ANS: D PTS: 1179. ANS: C PTS: 1180. ANS: D PTS: 1181. ANS: B PTS: 1182. ANS: C PTS: 1183. ANS: A PTS: 1184. ANS: C PTS: 1185. ANS: A PTS: 1186. ANS: D PTS: 1187. ANS: A PTS: 1188. ANS: C PTS: 1189. ANS: B PTS: 1190. ANS: D PTS: 1191. ANS: A PTS: 1192. ANS: B PTS: 1193. ANS: B PTS: 1194. ANS: C PTS: 1195. ANS: A PTS: 1196. ANS: C PTS: 1197. ANS: D PTS: 1198. ANS: B PTS: 1199. ANS: B PTS: 1200. ANS: B PTS: 1201. ANS: A PTS: 1202. ANS: D PTS: 1203. ANS: A PTS: 1204. ANS: B PTS: 1205. ANS: B PTS: 1206. ANS: C PTS: 1207. ANS: A PTS: 1208. ANS: B PTS: 1209. ANS: C PTS: 1

210. ANS: B PTS: 1211. ANS: C PTS: 1212. ANS: A PTS: 1213. ANS: C PTS: 1214. ANS: A PTS: 1215. ANS: D PTS: 1216. ANS: C

‘

PTS: 1217. ANS: C PTS: 1218. ANS: D PTS: 1219. ANS: D PTS: 1220. ANS: D PTS: 1221. ANS: C PTS: 1222. ANS: D PTS: 1223. ANS: D PTS: 1224. ANS: C PTS: 1225. ANS: D PTS: 1226. ANS: C PTS: 1227. ANS: B PTS: 1228. ANS: C PTS: 1229. ANS: D PTS: 1230. ANS: B PTS: 1231. ANS: B PTS: 1232. ANS: D PTS: 1233. ANS: B PTS: 1234. ANS: C PTS: 1235. ANS: B PTS: 1236. ANS: D PTS: 1237. ANS: D PTS: 1238. ANS: A PTS: 1239. ANS: B PTS: 1240. ANS: A PTS: 1241. ANS: C PTS: 1242. ANS: B PTS: 1243. ANS: A PTS: 1244. ANS: C PTS: 1245. ANS: A PTS: 1246. ANS: D PTS: 1247. ANS: B PTS: 1248. ANS: C PTS: 1249. ANS: D PTS: 1250. ANS: A PTS: 1