mata, bagusss.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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dr. Indriati Dwi Rahayu
Laboratorium Anatomi Histologi
FK UNIBRAW
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( ORGANON VISUS )
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ORGANON VISUS
Oculi accessorius
Supercilium (bulu mata)
Palpebrae & conjunctiva
Musculi extrinsic bulbi
Apparatus lacrimalis
Bulbus Oculi
(isi & pembungkus)
Nervus opticus
Oculus
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5
Humor aquoeus
Lensa cristallina
Humor vitreus
Isi Bulbus Oculi :
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Isi Bulbus Oculi • Humor aqueous
– Diproduksi oleh corpus ciliaris
– Mengisi COA dan COP
Klinis : Tekanan intraoculer naik
Glaukoma
• Lensa cristallina
– Transparan, biconvex elastis
– Dibungkus capsula lentis
– Mekanisme akomodasi *
– Penggantung = Lig. Suspensorium lentis (Zonula ciliaris)
Klinis : Lensa keruh Katarak
• Humor vitreus
– Massa gelatinous, transparan yang mengisi ruang lensa - retina
– Fungsi : menjaga retina ditempatnya & memberi sandaran lensa
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– Tunica Fibrosa Cornea
Sclera
– Tunica Vasculosa (Uvea) Choroidea
Corpus ciliaris
Iris
– Tunica Neurosa Retina
Pembungkus Bulbus Oculi
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Cornea • 1/6 bagian anterior • Fungsi : media refraksi, proteksi • Avaskular transparan • free nerve ending (dr N.I) sangat sensitif Reflek cornea : reflek mata berkedip bila ada rangsangan
mekanis pada kornea
Angulus iridocornealis
berhubungan dengan
canalis Schlemm sekresi humor aquoues
Tunica Fibrosa
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KLINIS - Radang : Keratitis - Astigmatism
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Sclera
• 5/6 bagian posterior
• Serabut kolagen dan elastis
non transparan
• Ditembus musculi extrinsik
dan n. opticus (pada lamina cribrosa)
• Fungsi : Menyesuaikan diri terhadap tekanan
dari dalam bulbus oculi
Tunica Fibrosa
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Choroidea
• Terletak diantara sclera
dengan retina
• Berpigmen
• Banyak pembuluh darah
• Fungsi : nutrisi retina,
corpus ciliaris, iris
Tunica Vasculosa
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Corpus ciliare
Terdiri atas
• Processus ciliaris Memproduksi humor aquoues
• M.ciliaris : Proses akomodasi
Menghubungkan choroid --- iris
Tunica Vasculosa
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Iris
Struktur berpigmen
Membagi ruang cornea – lensa
- Camera oculi anterior (COA)
- Camera oculi posterior (COP)
m. sphincter pupillae m. dilator pupillae
Tunica Vasculosa
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• Fungsi : “diaphragma” : mengatur jumlah cahaya yang masuk pupil
(celah antara 2 iris)
Miosis : m. sphincter pupillae cahaya <<
Midriasis : m. dilator pupillae cahaya >>
Tunica Vasculosa
Klinis :
Radang tunica vasculosa (choroid, corpus ciliaris, iris) Uveitis
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Musculi Intrinsic Bulbus Oculi
Nama otot Lokasi Fungsi
m. ciliaris Serat otot dalam
corpus ciliaris
Kontraksi corpus ciliaris
relaksasi lensa lensa lebih
cembung
m. sphincter
pupillae
Serabut circular dalam
iris
Kontriksi pupil
m. dilator pupillae Serabut radial dalam
iris
Dilatasi pupil
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Retina - Pars iridis : posterior iris - Pars ciliaris - Pars optica : di bulbus oculi posterior, sel sensoris [+]
Ora serrata
Pars ciliaris
Pars optica
Pars iridis
Struktur regional retina
Tunica Neurosa
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Pars optica :
- dapat dilihat melalui funduscopi
- Terdapat : Discus opticus (Blind spot)
Tempat keluar N. opticus & a. centralis retina
Receptor [-]
Klinis : Retinopathy diabetic kerusakan pembuluh darah kapiler
pada retina karena hiperglikemia kronis
Tunica Neurosa
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OCULI ACESSORIUS
Oculi accessorius meliputi :
Supercilium (eye brow)
Palpebrae - Conjunctiva
Musculi extrinsik bulbi
Apparatus lacrimalis
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Palpebrae
Palpebrae Superior et inferior membatasi fissura palpebralis
yang berakhir pada anguli oculi lateralis et medialis
Limbus anterior palpebrae : cilia (bulu mata)
Fissura
palpebralis
Anguli oculi medialis
Anguli oculi
lateralis
Limbus Anterior
palpebrae
OCULI ACESSORIUS
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Gld. tarsales (Meibom) di limbus posterior palpebrae
mencegah air mata tumpah mll pinggir palpebrae
Glandula tarsales
Klinis :
Radang pada glandula palpebrae Hordeolum/chalazion
Struktur Palpebrae (anterior-posterior)
Kulit
Subkutan
Musculi oculi
Tarsus superior et inferior
Conjunctiva
OCULI ACESSORIUS
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Musculi Extrinsik
Oculi di Palpebrae
Nama otot Fungsi Innervasi
M. orbicularis oculi
Menutup mata
Mengatur pengeluaran air mata
N. facialis (N. VII)
M. levator palpebrae
superioris
Membuka mata N. occulomotorius
(N. III)
m. levator
palpebrae
superioris
m. orbicularis oculi
OCULI ACESSORIUS
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Conjunctiva
Palpebrae conjunctiva
• Melapisi dinding dalam
palpebrae fornix conjunctiva
• sangat vascular
• Muara gld. lacrimalis,
gld. sudorifera , gld. cebacea
Ocular (bulbar) conjunctiva
• Dari fornix conjunctiva
permukaan anterior mata
limbus cornea
• Transparan
Oculi Accessorius
Klinis : Radang pada conjuctiva conjuctivitis
Palpebrae conjuctiva
Limbus cornea
fornix conjunctiva
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Apparatus lacrimalis Sistem produksi & drainase air mata.
Fungsi : membasahi & nutrisi permukaan anterior bola mata
Glandula lacrimalis et ductus
lacrimalis
• Terletak di atas angulus
palpebrae lateralis
Punctata lacrimalis
• Medial permukaan dalam
palpebrae superior et inferior
Canalis lacrimalis
Saccus lacrimalis
Ductus nasolacrimalis
Terdiri atas :
Glandula
lacrimalis
ductus
lacrimalis
Punctata lacrimalis
Canalis lacrimalis
Saccus lacrimalis
Ductus nasolacrimalis
OCULI ACESSORIUS
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Perjalanan sekresi air mata Glandula lacrimalis
Ductus excretorius lacrimalis
Fornix conjungtiva
Permukaan anterior bulbus oculi
Punctata lacrimalis
Canaliculi lacrimalis
Saccus lacrimalis
Ductus nasolacrimalis
Meatus Nasi Inferior
OCULI ACESSORIUS
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Musculi extrinsic bulbus oculi
Nama otot
M. rectus superior
M. rectus medial
M. rectus inferior
M. rectus lateralis
M. obliquus inferior
M. obliquus superior
OCULI ACESSORIUS
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CLINICAL RELATED
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Refraksi
• Cornea
• Humor aquoues
• Lensa cristallina
• Humor vitreus
Refraksi adalah pembiasan cahaya dari udara
untuk dihantarkan menuju retina
Klinis :
• Myopia
• Hypermetropia
• Astigmatism
• Presbyopia
Media Refraksi
Arah cahaya
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MIOPI & HIPEROPI Myopia
Hypermetropia
Astigmatism
Presbyopia
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Struktur yang berperanan Lensa cristallina
Ligamentum suspensorium
(Zonula ciliaris)
M. ciliaris
N. ciliaris et N. occulomotorius (N.III)
Mekanisme mata melakukan adaptasi terhadap penglihatan
jauh dan dekat dengan cara mengubah konveksitas lensa
Penglihatan dekat : • Meningkatkan konveksitas lensa (Akomodasi)
• Sumbu penglihatan berkonvergensi di satu titik
• Pupil miosis (cahaya <<)
Penglihatan jauh : • Mengurangi konveksitas lensa
• Sumbu penglihatan sejajar
• Pupil midriasis (cahaya >>)
Akomodasi
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Mekanisme Akomodasi
M.Ciliaris kontraksi
Corpus ciliare ke ventral
Zonula ciliaris relaksasi
Bagian depan lensa cembung
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Terminology recaps
• Hordeolum • Chalazion • Conjuctivitis • Keratitis • Uveitis • Ablatio retina • Myopia • Hypermetropia • Presbyopia • Astigmatism • Diplopia
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TELINGA
• Auricula
• Meatus Acusticus
Externus
Membrana tympani
AURIS EXTERNA
Cavum
tympani
AURIS MEDIA AURIS INTERNA
Udara
Tulang
Otot
• Cochlea
• Vestibulum
• Canalis
semicircularis
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• Auricula
• Meatus Acusticus
Externus
Membrana tympani
AURIS EXTERNA AURIS MEDIA AURIS INTERNA
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AURICULA
MEATUS
ACUSTICUS
EXTERNA
MEMBRANA
TYMPANI
AURIS EXTERNA
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• Fungsi menangkap
gelombang suara
• Tdd : tulang rawan
yang diliputi kulit
• Terdapat otot
shg bisa digerakan
AURICULA
AURIS EXTERNA
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MEATUS ACUSTICUS EXTERNUS
• Saluran : OAE – mbr.tympani
• Terdiri dari :
a.Pars cartilagines
b.Pars osseus
• Menyempit ISTHMUS
• Kulit : melekat pada
perichondrium / periosteum.
• Terdapat follicle rambut, kelenjar
cebacea & ceruminosa
cerumen
a b
ISTHMUS
AURIS EXTERNA
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MEMBRANA TYMPANI
• Melekat pada os temporalis
• Diameter 1cm
• Memisahkan MAE dengan cavum tympani
Pars Flaccida
Os. malleus
Pars tensa
Umbo
Cone of light
AURIS EXTERNA
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ASPEK KLINIS
Pemeriksaan : Otoscopy MAE : mbr.tympani
1. INFEKSI :
– Otitis externa
– Folliculitis
2. MISCELANOUS :
– Obstruksi cerumen
– Corpus alienum
– Ruptur mbr. tympani suara keras, trauma,
AURIS EXTERNA
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AURIS EXTERNA
Cavum
tympani
AURIS MEDIA AURIS INTERNA
Udara
Tulang
Otot
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• Di dalam pars petrosa os.temporalis
• ISI CAVUM TYMPANI
1. Udara
2. Ossiculae auditoria :
MALLEUS, INCUS, STAPES
untuk konduksi getaran suara
3. Otot :
M. tensor tympani :(N.V.3)
M. stapedius ( N. VII)
ungsi : Meredam vibrasi pada suara
keras
TYMPANIC REFLEX
4. Chorda tympani
AURIS MEDIA ( CAVUM TYMPANI )
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ISI CAVUM TYMPANI
Incus
Chorda Tympani
M.Tensor Tympani
Malleus
Stapes
M.Stapedius
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TUBA AUDITIVA EUSTACHIUS
• Penghubung cavum
tympani dan nasopharynx
• Terdiri dari :
– Pars osseus
– Pars cartilaginosa
• Selalu tertutup, kecuali saat
mengunyah dan menelan
• Menjaga tekanan cavum
tympani
• Dapat menjadi jalan infeksi
dari pharynx ke cavum
tympani
CARTILAGO
NASOPHARYNX
Pars.OSSEUS
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ASPEK KLINIS
1. INFEKSI :
– Otitis Media Purulenta (OMP)
Perforasi mbr.tympani
– Mastoiditis
2. MISCELANOUS :
– Otosclerosis
– Bell’s palsy : Paralise N.VII m.stapedius
Hyperacusis
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AURIS EXTERNA AURIS MEDIA AURIS INTERNA
• Vestibulum
• Canalis
semicircularis
• Cochlea
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Organ Keseimbangan :
1. Macula utriculi
2. Macula sacculi
3. Crista ampullaris
VESTIBULUM
CANALIS SEMICIRCULARIS
Organ Pendengaran :
organon Corti (di dasar ductus cochlearis)
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AURIS INTERNA
•Berdasarkan strukturnya terbagi atas 2 yaitu :
Labyrinthus Membranaceus
Duct. semicircularis
Labyrinthus Osseus
Canalis
semicircularis Utriculus
Sacculus
Ductus cochlearis Cochlea
Vestibulum
Isi : Perilymph Isi : Endolymph
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Lateral
Ampullae
Utriculus
Sacculus
COCHLEA
Posterior
Superior
CANALIS SEMICIRCULARIS
VESTIBULUM
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Scala Vestibuli
Organon Corti
Scala Media
Scala Tympani
Membr. Vestibularis
Membr. Basilaris
COCHLEA
Canalis Cochlearis
Ductus
Cochlearis
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ORGAN COCHLEARIS
1. Canalis cochlearis :
Saluran yang mengitari sumbu tulang (modiolus) isi cairan
perilymph
a. Scala vestibuli
b. Scala tympani
2. Ductus cochlearis (scala media) :
isi cairan endolymph
dinding bawahnya dibentuk oleh Lamina basilaris
Organon Corti
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FUNGSI PENDENGARAN
• Gelombang suara MAE menggetarkan
mbr.tympani ossiculae auditiva fenestra
vestibuli menggetarkan perilymph (scala vestibuli)
diteruskan mbr. vestibuli ke endolymph (scala
media)
• Gerakan endolymph membrana basilaris naik
turun menggerakkan cilia pd Organon Corti
• Pergerakkan cilia merangsang sel sensoris dan
pelepasan impuls saraf N. vestibulocochlearis
Lobus temporalis
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ASPEK KLINIS
Hearing loss :
Ada 2 jenis :
1. Tuli konduksi
Gangguan transmisi getaran suara sampai ke auris
interna
Contoh : cerumen, ruptur mbr.tympani, OMP
2. Tuli persepsi
Gangguan pada hair cell/ organon corti atau saraf
Contoh : occupational disease (musisi,teknisi mesin)
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Terminology recaps
• Otitis : externa & OMP
• Cerumen
• Presbycusis
• Vertigo
• Tinnitus
• Otalgia
• Otorrhea
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INTEGUMENTARY
System
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PENDAHULUAN
STRUKTUR
FISIOLOGI FUNGSI UMUM
DALAM KEHAMILAN
EPIDERMIS
DERMIS
HIPODERMIS
STRUKTUR2 ASESORIS
TIPE
GAMBARAN UMUM
TERMINOLOGY
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• 7 - 8 % total body mass
• Organ terbesar dalam sistem tubuh manusia
• Ketebalan: 1,5 -4,4 mm
• Elastis
• Menutupi seluruh permukaan tubuh
• Bervariasi
PENDAHULUAN
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STRUKTUR EPIDERMIS
DERMIS
HIPODERMIS
STRUKTUR2
ASESORIS
TIPE
GAMBARAN UMUM
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GAMBARAN UMUM
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EPIDERMIS
• tdd : epithel squamous complex dg kornifikasi
• avascular
• Innervasi : free nerve end tanpa kapsul
• 4 - 5 lapis :
– Str. Corneum : tdd >> lapisan keratinosit mati
– Str. Lucidum ( + )
– Str. Granulosum : berperan dalam mencegah dehidrasi
– Str. Spinosum : beberapa lapis keratinosit dg
kecepatan mitosis lbh rendah
– Str. Basale : supplier keratinocyte
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SEL :
– Keratinocyte :
Sel utama epidermis
– Melanocyte :
sintesa melanin
– Langerhans :
berperan dlm sistem
imun
– Merkel :
mechano-receptor
EPIDERMIS
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EPIDERMIS
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EPIDERMIS
EPIDERMAL
-DERMAL
JUNCTION
Str. Lucidum hanya di kulittebal
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DERMIS
• j.i vascular
• lapisan :
– papillary layer : dg anyaman kapiler maintenance
– reticular layer : dg anastomose arteriovenosus
• dapat membantu regulasi TD & suhu
• >> free nerve end, reseptor sensoris berkapsul,
serabut autonom untuk VSMC
• lebih tebal dr epidermis
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HYPODERMIS
• bukan kulit
• tdd j.i longgar dan lemak
• fascia subcutanea / panniculus
adiposus
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TIPE Kulit TEBAL Kulit TIPIS
Lokasi Telapak tangan & kaki Bagian tubuh lain
tebal 0,8 – 1,4 mm 0.07 – 1,12 mm
EPIDERMIS
Str. corneum 15- 40 lapis 10 – 20 lapis
Str. lucidum + p.u -
Str. granulosum Bbrp lapis 1, p.u diskontinu
Str. basale >> Merkel cell <<
dermatoglifi + -
Karakteristik
TIPE
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DERMIS Kulit TEBAL Kulit TIPIS
Rambut - +,
(kcl : glans penis, labia
minora, clitoris,
bibir)
Klj. Cebacea << >>
Klj. Keringat >> <<
Meissner >> <<
Serabut
elastik
<< >>
Dermal-epidermal junction
•Basement membrane, di bawah str. Basale
•Interdigitasi dermal papillae – epidermal ridges
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TEBAL TIPIS
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– hair
– nails
– exocrine glands :
sebacea (lemak),
sudorifera (keringat)
Dr dermis epidermis
STRUKTUR ASESORIUS
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FISIOLOGI FUNGSI UMUM
DALAM KEHAMILAN
SISTEM PIGMENTASI
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– PROTEKSI :
• Sbg barrier thd mikroba, toxic subs, radiasi,
benturan, tekanan
• Via sistem imun
• dr dehidrasi
– Regulasi suhu tubuh
– Sensoris
– Ekskresi
– Metabolisme vit D (pro-vitamin D berada di kulit)
Fungsi Umum
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Sistem Keratinisasi :
• cell renewal (aktivitas mitosis) : di germinativum & spinosum
• diferensisasi (keratinisasi) : dr germinativum ke atas
• death cell : lucidum ke atas
• Durasi : 15-30 hr secara bergeombang,
• kedalaman & tahap berbeda gambaran berlapis dan bergelombang
Tahap : (tumpang tindih)
– Mitosis
– Diferensiasi
– Apoptosis
– Exfoliasi
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Faktor :
• pigmen melanin & carotin
• ketebalan epidermis
• pembuluh darah dermis
• warna darah pd pembuluh
• genetik
Melanin
• sintesa oleh melanosit
• macam :
– eumelanin : warna : coklat gelap. Di epidermis, iris,
rambut hitam & coklat
– pheomelanin : warna kuning kemerahan
Sistem Pigmentasi
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• Jumlah melanosit/unit area sama pada semua jenis
warna kulit. Yang membedakan warna kulit :
– Kecepatan sintesa melanin
– Kecepatan akumulasi
– Kecepatan degradasi
• Fungsi melanin
– Perlindungan.
– Cara : absorbsi radikal bebas
Melanosit
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Penyebab2 peningkatan sintesa melanin :
• paparan ultraviolet
• Hormon : MSH, estrogen, ACTH
• Obat2an : chloroquin, khemoterapi
• Polusi : logam berat
• Postinflamasi
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Terutama akibat pengaruh hormon
Hormon yang terlibat : estrogen, MSH
(meningkat t.u trimester III)
pengaruh :
Melanocyte lebih besar, lebih aktif
Sirkulasi & neovaskularisasi
Klinis :
Melasma gravidarum / Chloasma
Linea nigra
Fisiologi Sistem Integumen dalam Kehamilan
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TERMINOLOGY
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Circumscribed, flat,
nonpalpable changes
in skin color
Palpable elevated
solid masses
Circumscribed superficial
elevations of the skin
formed by free fluid in a
cavity within the skin layers
Macula—Small, up to 1 cm.
Example: freckle, petechia
Papule—Up to 0.5 cm. Example:
elevated nevus
Vesicle—Up to 0.5 cm; filled with
serous fluid. Example: herpes
simplex
Patch—Larger than 1 cm.
Example:
vitiligo
Nodule—0.5 cm to 1 –2 cm;
often
deeper and firmer than a papule
Bulla—Greater than 0.5 cm; filled
with serous fluid. Example: 2nd-
degree
burn
Plaque—A flat, elevated surface
larger than 0.5 cm, often formed
by the coalescence of papules
Pustule—Filled with pus.
Examples: acne, impetigo
Urtica —A somewhat irregular,
relatively transient, superficial
area of localized skin edema.
Example: mosquito bite, hive
Tumor—Larger than 1–2 cm
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WOUND HEALING
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WOUND HEALING
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TERIMA KASIH