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Synthesis and In-Depth Analysis of Water, Energy and Food Issues in Rio+20 National Reports and Addressing Capacity Building for Integrated Water – Energy – Food Security Framework in National Development Planning By Anusha Jagannathan Dr. Timothy. L. Johnson, Advisor April 2014 Masters project submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management Degree in the Nicholas School of Environment of Duke University

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Page 1: Master's Project

Synthesis and In-Depth Analysis of Water, Energy and Food Issues in

Rio+20 National Reports and Addressing Capacity Building for

Integrated Water – Energy – Food Security Framework in National

Development Planning

By

Anusha Jagannathan

Dr. Timothy. L. Johnson, Advisor

April 2014

Masters project submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

requirements for the Master of Environmental Management Degree in

the Nicholas School of Environment of

Duke University

2014

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Executive Summary:

The Sustainable Development Conference, commonly known as the Rio 20+

Summit, took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2012. The United Nations, along

with United Nations-Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) helped

prepare sustainable development reports for 60 countries. As an outcome of this

conference, these reports identified water, food and energy security as areas of top

priority for sustainable development planning, with a need to understand their nexus.

This research delves into these issues of integrated energy, water and food security

for the countries of Ethiopia, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Cambodia. These four

countries have agricultural-based economies are extremely vulnerable to climate

variability and resulting disruptions in energy, food and water availability. Rising

electricity and food prices combined with the volatile nature of water resources in an

environment of increasing climate change puts immense pressure on developing and

least developed countries to find sustainable solutions to meet the countries’

developmental and consumption needs. This report analyzes the possibility of

building capacity in these countries through integrated improvement of food, water

and energy sector planning with recommendations and incentives for integrated

management.

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Table of Contents

Background on research initiative 5

Introduction 6

Tools and Methodologies 12

Understanding the nexus and working at it 14

Pilot Study: Ethiopia 16

Pilot Study: Sri Lanka 26

Pilot Study: Timor Leste 37

Pilot Study: Cambodia 43

Summary Table 47

Stakeholder Analysis 49

Problem Tree Analysis 51

Objective Tree analysis 52

Log Frame 53

Recommendations 59

Incentive to Stakeholders 62

Constraints 63

Conclusion 64

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Background on the research initiative

As part of the United Nations conference for sustainable development, more

commonly known as the “Rio 20+, United Nations Conference on Sustainable

Development”1, organized by the Brazilian government, the United Nations

Development Program (UNDP) and UNDESA helped prepare a sustainable

development report for 60 countries. These reports identified water, food and energy

security as areas of top priority for sustainable development plans, with a need to

understand their nexus. In preparation of their national reports and Rio dialogues,

many countries acknowledged the need to include food security as part of their

sustainable development goals. Currently water is also identified as a priority area,

which is addressed under the Millennium Development Goals-7 (MDG7), and

energy access, which is now being recognized under the Secretary General’s

Sustainable “Energy for All” initiative. These sectors are faced with major

challenges, especially in African, South East Asian and South Asian countries. 2

Hence it is essential to conduct an integrated analysis of these sectors to understand

the political and social climate around them and develop strategies, which can lead

to simultaneous improvement of these sectors. This research delves into these issues

of integrated energy, water and food security for the countries of Ethiopia, Timor-

Leste, Ethiopia, and Cambodia. All these countries essentially being agricultural-

based economies are extremely vulnerable to climate variability, disruptions in

energy and water availability. Rising electricity and food prices combined with the

volatile nature of water resources in an environment of increasing climate change

puts immense pressure on developing and least developed countries to find

sustainable solutions to meet the countries’ developmental and consumption needs.

To find a solution to food and energy insecurity and make these three sectors more

sustainable, it is essential to work at the nexus of the three sectors and study their

dependence and integrated developmental prospects.

1 The report is available on the UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform at http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=400&nr=742&menu=35http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/742RIO+20_Synthesis_Report_Final.pdf2 4 Countries include Cambodia, Ethiopia, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia

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Introduction

Energy

In many of these countries, there is a problem of unaffordable electricity, lack of

energy access, and excessive dependence on fossil fuel for energy production.

Currently Ethiopia and Timor-Leste suffer from lack of access to energy and

electricity leading to highly unaffordable electricity prices. 3 Nepal and Bhutan have

tremendous hydropower potential, which is however extremely vulnerable to climate

variations and international border tensions. Currently most of the hydroelectricity

produced in Bhutan is sold to India and accounts for over 50% of the government’s

gross income4. In the event of climate variations such as droughts or floods, the

electricity production and hence export can go down. This in turn can go on to affect

the gross domestic income and food security.

The developing countries are also extremely dependent on fossil fuel for meeting

their energy needs. Over 2.5 billion people in developing nations depend on

charcoal, fuel wood, biomass, animal dung, and agricultural waste, which accounts

for about 90% of their total household consumption.5 By 2030, this number is

expected to rise to 2.7 billion, i.e. one third of the world’s population will be

dependent on unsustainable energy sources. The use of these sources adversely

affects the health of the people along with contributing to climate change and GHG

emissions.

Water:In the water sector there is limited access both for consumption and non-

consumption purposes in many areas, and hence most countries are focused on

increasing water coverage, access and sanitation. Nepal and Timor-Leste suffers

from water contamination problems, while Cambodia has water scarcity and also is

faced with the challenge of contamination of the existing water resources by 3 Cambodia’s electricity sector, Kongchheng Poch ..\Downloads\Chapter 7-Cambodia's Electricity Sector in the Context of Regional Electricity Market Integration.pdf4 Hydropower vulnerability and Climate change, Middlebury College, ..\Downloads\globalhydro_final_dm.pdf5 Energy for cooking in Developing countries, IEA, ..\Downloads\cooking.pdf

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industrial and human activities. The synthesis reports focused on identifying priority

areas within the water management sector. The World Water Day was observed on

22 March,6 2014 while over 2 billion people have gained access to potable water

since 2000. 6 A few of the objectives under the water sector are to increase water

access and water supply coverage in Tanzania, Ethiopia 7and Cambodia8, waste

water management in Ethiopia and Timor-Leste, and better water sanitation in

Timor-Leste. In Sri-Lanka, especially in Colombo, about 95% of the water is

supplied through pipes; however, the fluctuating pressure and intermittent supply is a

growing problem in these pipelines. The pipes in the center of the city are older than

one hundred years, while around 700km of water distribution network pipes are over

fifty years old. Of the entire water generation, about 49% of water is non-revenue

producing, which amounted to about 290,000 m3 2011. Currently 33% is due to

commercial losses, 11% is free water and 5% commercial losses. 9Currently about

90% of Nepal’s population is dependent on Agriculture for its livelihood and this

sector is hugely dependent on availability of water. Lack of availability of water may

directly affect the economic conditions and food security in Nepal. 10 Nepal11 and

Bhutan 12 are now focusing on utilizing water for renewable sources of energy

production, while there is a focus on increasing water supply coverage and water

access in Cambodia and Ethiopia.13

Food Security:

6 World Water day, 22March, www.un.org/en/events/waterday/7Success Story, Increasing water access in Ethiopia http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/Success%20Story-Ethiopia.pdf8 Improving Local service Delivery for MDG’s in Asia, Water and sanitation sector in Cambodia http://www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/publications/undp_improving_local_service_delivery_water_and_sanitation_sector_cambodia.pdf95148-004: Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Management Improvement Investment Program (Facility Concept) http://www.adb.org/projects/45148-004/details10 Natural resources Security in South Asia: Nepal’s waterhttp://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/2007/0710Nepal.pdf11 http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/02/05/renewable-energy-powers-rural-nepal-into-the-future12 Bhutan, Renewable energy policy, http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/RE-Policy-65.pdf13 "Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation." Unicef, World Health Organization, n.d. Web. <http://www.unicef.org/media/files/JMPreport2012.pdf>.

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The World Food Summit in 1996 defined food security as “when all people, at all

times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to

meet their dietary needs and food preferences for a healthy and active life”14. Food

security can be defined and identified at the national and household levels. The

macro level looks into national food security and can be defined as “self-sufficiency,

i.e. the country has enough food for its needs or that which its population demands”.

This approach looks essentially at the supply alone and not distribution of the food,

which is equally important15. “A household is considered food secure if it has the

ability to acquire the food needed by its members”.

FAO defines food security on individual bases however measures food security by

interviewing household members and self reported cases of good insecurity, These

“Household food insecurity scales are officially used by the Government in United

States to calculate food insecurity, and is now also being adopted by other

developing countries.16. This system however leads to two problems and hence

wrong accounting:

1. Household surveys may be biased where individual may chose school fees

and housing above food consumption and security.

2. The food allocation reported by households may not be based on the needs of

each individual.

3. Food security may not necessarily lead to nutritional security without

satisfactory sanitary conditions and primary healthcare.

4. Food security can also be defined as transitory and periodic insecurity,

where transitory food insecurity has to do with seasonal insecurity while

periodic insecurity refers to long-term lack of access to food.

The ability to acquire food for many crop growing and non-growing families in

developing countries is related the price of the food.

14 FAO 1996, http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.HTM15 Andersen, Pinstrup. Food Security: Definition and Measurement. N.p.: n.p., 2009. Print.16 Coates, Jennifer, Anne Swindale, and Paula Bilinsky. "Household Food Insecurity, Access Scale for Measurement of Food Access: Indicator Guide." N.p., 2007. Web. <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/eufao-fsi4dm/doc-training/hfias.pdf>.Nord et al. 2009; Coates et al. 201

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Food production in many of these countries is dependent on climate variations. With

growing population in these countries, there is a conflict between keeping up with

growing agricultural needs to fight food insecurity and to keep abreast with

developing renewable energy strategies for greening the economies. Currently about

5.9% of the Bhutanese population lives below the poverty line and consumes less

food than what is indicated by the poverty line. Being agricultural-based economies,

the food supply in these countries depends on the availability of water and energy. In

Nepal, 90% of the nation is dependent on agriculture and tourism for its livelihood,

while in Bhutan about 50% of the federal income comes from exporting

hydroelectricity to India5. With lack of water availability and energy availability/

production, these economies may directly feel the hit, which will directly impact

food security7. With rising energy and food prices, there is an increasing threat to

food security in these countries.

Hence it is clear that each sector is co-dependent on the other and with unsustainable

management of one, the other sectors will also directly or indirectly be impacted.

This report explores the current situation at the nexus of food security, energy and

water security in these countries. On the basis of this analysis, I provide

recommendations for capacity building in these sectors, which can be implemented

at the national level.

UNDP defines capacity development as the “process through which individuals, 

Organizations and societies obtain, strengthen and maintain the capabilities to

 Achieve their own development objectives over time.”17

Expected Outcome:

Energy:17 Capacity Development, http://www.scor-int.org/CB_Summit/UNDP_Frequently%20Asked%20Questions%20on%20Capacity%20Development%20June%202009_with%20bookmarks.pdf

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A shift in the energy sector from fossil fuel to more renewable energy based

economies, namely wind, solar and hydroelectric power is expected. Most renewable

energy projects are undertaken by civil society organizations hence there is lack of

government support and infrastructure to make effective reforms. There is also an

immense problem of energy access in many countries, particularly affordable

electricity.

Water:

The aim is to improve water sanitation and water access, and incorporate better

waste water treatment technologies. In a conflict to keep up with greening the

economies and growing agricultural needs, renewable energy technologies need to

be adopted which can ensure constant and sustainable supply of water and also, be

less water intensive. These in turn May automatically go on to make the agricultural

and hence the food sector more secure. Hence, there is a need for better utilization of

water resources for hydroelectric power generation, renewable energy and

agricultural water use aimed at sustainable resource optimization.

Food insecurity:

The poverty line is defined as the minimum level of income, to meet basic needs

considered adequate in a country. About 80% of the world lives with an income of

10$ per day while 80% of the world’s population lives in countries with maximum

economic inequality. The poorest 40% of the world account for about 5% of the total

world’s income while the richest 20% account for about one third of the world’s

income. Most of these poor people are concentrated in developing nations. 18In

developing countries, the population is generally high and the per capita GDP is low.

Especially in Ethiopia (46.6%19) of total national income, Tanzania (27.8%20 of total

national income) Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Nepal, Bhutan (50% 5 of total national

income) and Ethiopia, the major sources of income is the agricultural sector which is

18 Poverty facts and stats, Global Issues, http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats19 Ethiopia Economy profile, 2013, http://www.indexmundi.com/Ethiopia/economy_profile.html20 Tanzania Country report, Global Finance, http://www.gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-reports/164-tanzania-gdp-country-report.html#axzz2ifHuzeLi

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dependent on water for harvesting the crops. The agricultural sector is also energy

intensive with high demand for diesel, fuel, propane, agricultural chemicals and

animal feed. Since these countries do not have any mainstay industry besides

agriculture, there is immense pressure to keep up with the needs of the growing

population and increase in demand for food and agricultural produce with limited

supply of water and energy and money.

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Tools and Methodologies:

This report draws primarily on United Nations sustainable development reports for

background information. The NSDS has set guidelines for sustainable development

and provides toolkits for incorporating sustainable development as part of national

development. The following procedure was conducted to prepare this report

1. Literature review using UN and World Bank reports

2. Stakeholder analysis

3. Problem tree analysis

4. Log frame

5. Solution tree analysis

The following reports have been used to conduct this research

Ethiopia, Africa

1. Ethiopia’s five year growth and transformation plan 2010-201421

2. The millennium Development Goals Report 201322

3. UNDP Ethiopia Key results23

4. UNDP Ethiopia Elements of Future Engagements24

5. MDGs in Ethiopia-Analyzing Regional Performance and Disparities in

Health Outcomes25

Cambodia, Southeast Asia

1. National Strategic Development Plan Update 2009-201326

2. The Cambodian Government’s Achievements and Future Direction in

Sustainable Development27

21 Growth and Transformation plan 2010-11-2014015, Ministry of finance and Economic Development, the federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, September 2010.22 The Millennium Development Goals Report , United Nations, 201323 UNDP Ethiopia 2011 Key Results, UNDP, 201124 UNDP Ethiopia 2011 Key Results and Elements of Future Engagements for Transformational Change, UNDP, 201125 Development brief, Analysing Regional Performance and Disparities in Health Outcomes in Ethiopia, UNDP Ethiopia, No. 2/201226 National Strategic Development Plan 2009-2013, Royal Government of Cambodia, November 200927 The Cambodian Government’s Achievements and Future Direction in Sustainable Development, Kingdom of Cambodia, 2012

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3. The Millennium Development Goals Report 201328

4. Cambodia Human Development Report 201129

5. UN Common Advocacy Point – Food Security and Nutrition30

6. Impact of High Food Prices in Cambodia31

Timor-Leste, Southeast Asia

1. Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011-203032

2. Sustainable Development in Timor-Leste33

3. The Millennium Development Goals Report 201334

4. Timor-Leste MDG-F Case Study Evaluation, 201235

Ethiopia, South Asia

1. Ethiopia Strategy for Sustainable Development36

2. The Millennium Development Goals Report 201337

3. Ethiopia Human Development Report 201238

4. Rapid Assessment of the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on

Employment and Industrial Relations in Ethiopia39

28 The Millennium Development Goals Report, United Nations, 201329 The Future for Rural Livelihoods in the face of Climate Change, Cambodia Human Development Report 2011, Ministry of Environment of Cambodia and UNDP Cambodia, 201130 Food Security and Nutrition Common Advocacy Points 2011, United Nations in Cambodia, 201131 Impact of High Food Prices in Cambodia, Cambodia Development Resource Institute, October 200832 Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030, Republica Democratica De Timor-Leste33 Sustainable Development in Timor-Leste, Ministry of Economy and Development, February 201234 The Millennium Development Goals Report, United Nations, 201335 Timor-Leste MDG-F Case Study Evaluation, Rita Fernandes, MDG CSE Task Manager, November 201236 Ethiopia’s Middle Path to Sustainable Development through ‘Mahinda Chintana – Vision for the Future’, Country Report of Ethiopia, June 201237 The Millennium Development Goals Report, United Nations, 201338 Ethiopia Human Development Report 2012, UNDP Ethiopia, 201239 Rapid Assessment of the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Employment and Industrial Relations in Ethiopia, Ramani Gunatilaka, August 2009

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Understanding the nexus and the need to work at itFig 1: Nexus Diagram

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"Water Food and Energy Nexus In Asia and the Pacific." United Nations, ESCAP, n.d. Web.

<http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/world_water_council/documents/

programs_hydropolitics_sdgs/Water-Food-Nexus%20Report.pdf>.

From the above figure it is clear how the three sectors are interdependent and how

streamlining one cam go on to affect the others and vice versa.

In the year 2000, following the United Nations summit, the UN adopted eight

international development goals, which address issues of extreme poverty,

sustainability and health issues. These are more commonly known as the Millennium

Development Goals, or MDG’s. From 1998 to 2008 there has been immense

progress made in areas, which are now covered under the MDG’s. 38

The Millennium Development Goals for Ethiopia are: 38

40 "Water Food and Energy Nexus In Asia and the Pacific." United Nations, ESCAP, n.d. Web. <http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/world_water_council/documents/programs_hydropolitics_sdgs/Water-Food-Nexus%20Report.pdf>.

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1. “Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve primary universal education

3. Promote gender equality and women empowerment

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS/Malaria and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability”

After the 1992, sustainable development conference, a follow up conference in 2012

was conducted in Rio, where most developing countries identified the need to focus

on water, and food security. These issues directly address the Millennium

Development Goal of “eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, and ensuring

environmental sustainability.”

Currently there is no country that has policies to address the energy, water and food

sector as an integrated sector with a common management. Hence, this report looks

into the opportunities and areas where the energy, water and food sector can be

integrated and the incentives for doing this.

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Pilot Study: EthiopiaFig 2(a): Ethiopia Graph 2(b) Africa Map

41 2 (a) ETHIOPIA." Ethiopia Map / Geography of Ethiopia / Map of Ethiopia. World Atlas, n.d. Web. 09

Apr. 2014.

2(b) ETHIOPIA." Ethiopia Map / Geography of Ethiopia / Map of Ethiopia. World Atlas, n.d. Web. 09 Apr.

2014.

41 "ETHIOPIA." Ethiopia Map / Geography of Ethiopia / Map of Ethiopia. World Atlas, n.d.

Web. 09 Apr. 2014.

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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ethiopia) is a land locked country in the

Horn of Africa spanning an area of 1,104,000 square km42. Of this, approximately

85% of the people live in rural areas. It is bordered by Eretria to the north, Djibouti

and Somalia to east, Sudan and South Sudan to the West, by Kenya to the South. As

of December 2012, Ethiopia had a population of 91.5 million43, which is heavily

dependent on natural resources. Agriculture is one of the largest sectors in Ethiopia,

contributing about 46.6% 44of the nation’s total revenue. Exports under the

agricultural sector include coffee, oil, flowers, vegetables and natural seeds. About

90% of the population earns its living through agriculture and the livestock sector,

which includes cattle export, hides and skins.45

Current Status Review

The millennium development goals require Ethiopia the country to integrate

sustainable development as part of the national development policy and programs.

Through the climate resilient strategies CRGE and medium term strategies, the

country has made immense progress in the sustainable development sector. Under

these, access to clean and safe drinking water has more than doubled in the last five

years to 58.25% in 2011-2012. The sanitation coverage in the rural areas has also

increased from 60-80%, while urban sanitation coverage increased from 64-86%.

Currently Ethiopia also has the lowest per capita carbon emissions. Though a lot of

development has happened under the MDG’s there is still a lot of room for

improvement in the country and the MDG’s provide a good platform for structured

development in the country. Hence the millennium development goals are of

significance to Ethiopia as they help in sustainable development of the country. 46

42 "Ethiopia." Ethiopia. World Bank, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia>.43 Ethiopia Population." - Demographics. Index Mundi, n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. <http://www.indexmundi.com/ethiopia/population.html>44 "Ethiopia Economy Profile 2013." Ethiopia Economy Profile 2013. Index Mundi, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. <http://www.indexmundi.com/ethiopia/economy_profile.html>.45 Ethiopia. Ethiopian Embassy. Embassy of Ethiopia, Washington DC. Investing in Ethiopia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.ethiopianembassy.org/pdf/investingagriculture.pdf>.46 "The Millennium Development Goals Eight Goals for 2015." Millennium Development Goals. United Nations, n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2014.

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In Ethiopia there was a 30% decrease in population living under the poverty line

(1.25$ per day) and a 60% increase in GDP between 1999 and 2009. The

employment-to-population ratio increased by approximately 15% from 1991-2008. It

received about 5-8% ODA investment in agriculture, which was on the higher end of

the MDG between 2005-2008. However, money for food still comes from aid. Lack

of energy access, unsustainable water resource management, harvesting of natural

resources, and renewable energy development pose challenges for achieving and

sustaining the MDGs environmental goal.

Currently Ethiopia is faced with inadequate energy and over 80% of the nation does

not have energy access. Ethiopia has huge water resources, but still has one of the

lowest levels of water supply and sanitation service in the world. There are low

levels of irrigation development and challenges in hydropower development, and

very few disaster risk mitigation strategies. These countries are not well prepared in

times of floods, droughts, hurricane or other natural disasters to have resilience and

recovery or relief strategies. 47 In spite of vast water resources, less than 5% of

irrigable land is used of used for food production.48 Challenges in the hydropower

sector include:

1. Impacts of dam construction on the local communities. For example in the

case of the Gilgel Gibe III hydropower plant, the effects on the community

Addisu Bodderu Peasant association are being analyzed 49

2. A few of the negative impacts were

a. Dislocation of people from the their communities

b. Impacts on protected areas and natural vegetation

c. Impacts on wildlife and farmlands.

d. This project will go on to dislocate and destroy of few of the natural

habitat and vegetation around the community 50

47 Water and poverty linkages in Africa- Ethiopia case study pdf48 Integrated Management of the Blue Nile Basin in Ethiopia under Climate Variability and Climate Change49 https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/32612/MPhil-Thesis-ThexChallengesxofxRenewablexEnergyxResourcexDeviopment-ThexCasexofxGilgelxGibexIIIxHydropowerxProjectxinxEthiopia.pdf?sequence=150 "Environmental and Social Impact Assessment." African Development Bank. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Gibe%20III_EIA_%20Executive%20Summary%20EBJK%2006-08-08.pdf>.

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3. During construction of the largest hydropower dam on the Nile River, flaws

have been detected in the design of its foundation.51

There has, however, been an increase in water access and sanitation in the last

decade. In the year 2000, 13% of the population (50 million then) lived in rural areas

of which 73% had access to safe drinking water. Access to sanitation was only 6% in

rural and 62% in urban areas. These figures have significantly improved now. In the

year 2009, water supply coverage had risen to 62% in rural areas and 89% in rural

areas, with an overall level of 62%. The sanitation however has shown lesser

improvement with only 39% coverage in 200952

Ethiopia’s acrimonious history with Somalia and Eritrea, has led to economic

downturns. There has been immense expenditure on wars and conflict resolution that

could have been utilized for economic development and resource utilization.

In 2007, Ethiopia was running its second cycle of its Poverty Reduction Strategic

plan, and a universal access plan for water access and sanitation for the whole

country. However vulnerability to climate change has hindered most plans and has

led to natural resource degradation leading to water and food insecurity. The

temperature is expected to rise by 1.5-degree Celsius during all seasons making

regions in Sub-Saharan Africa to become even drier than the most regions. With the

already increasing water stress in Africa, this may lead to severe water shortages for

70-220 million people by 2020. This in turn would affect agriculture and food

secudrity25. Currently Ethiopia is faced with inadequate energy and over 80% of the

nation does not have energy access. In spite of vast water resources, less than 5%

irrigable land is used for food production.53There is only one railroad running across

Ethiopia connecting Djibouti to Addis Ababa, however about 77% of the national

51 "Ethiopian Hydropower Dam Assessment Warns of Structural Weakness."Bloomberg Business Week. Bloomberg, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. <http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-03/ethiopian-hydropower-dam-assessment-warns-of-structural-weakness>.52 "Water Supply and Sanitation." Water Supply and Sanitation in Ethiopia. World Bank, n.d. Web. <http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Ethiopia.pdf>.

53 "Integrated Management of the Blue Nile Basin in Ethiopia, Hydropower and Irrigation Modeling" International Food Policy Research Institute, n.d. Web. <http://water.columbia.edu/files/2011/11/Block2007Integrated(1).pdf>.

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foreign currency income is spent on importing fuel.41 Most of the GDP goes into

funding the fuel needs of the nation.

Energy:

Situated in the horn of Africa, Ethiopia is naturally endowed with vast hydropower,

solar, geothermal and wind energy resources. Together, these resources produce

998.7 kWh yearly of which 83% of which is produced by hydroelectric power plants

and 17% through thermal installations.54 However, to date more than one third of the

nation does not have access to electricity and the country is more vulnerable to

energy insecurity due to fluctuating prices and supply.

Ethiopia is endowed with vast amounts of natural resources but most of them are

underutilized. It has the second largest hydropower potential in Africa after Congo,

however only 2% of the potential is currently being utilized.55. In 2009 92% of the

population was dependent on biofuel and waste. There is a huge dependence on

biomass (92% of the total renewable energy) most of which comes from wood,

charcoal and agricultural residues. Liquid ethanol has also started to be used as a

source of energy in Addis Addaba56. The annual consumption of energy is about 80

million tons while the per capita consumption is about 1 ton.

The Great Energy Valley Summit II, which took place October 23 and 24 in Addis

Addaba, was organized to discuss the energy security situation in Ethiopia and to

decide on the policy forward.

54 "Ethiopia-Energy Resources." Ethiopia-Energy Resources. Mongabay.com, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. <http://www.mongabay.com/history/ethiopia/ethiopia-energy_resources.html>.55 Mazengia, Dawit Hailu. "Ethiopian Energy Systems-Potentials, Opportunities and Sustainable Utilizations." Uppsala University, n.d. Web. <http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:408745/FULLTEXT01.pdf>.56 "Great Rift Valley, Energy Summit II." Entico Events, n.d. Web. <http://www.enticoevents.com/_reports/grv-energy-2/report/downloads/GRV_Energy_Summit_2_Report.pdf>.

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Water sector in Ethiopia:

“Water Security” is described as “the nexus between the availability, accessibility

and use of water.” The concept is defined as ‘availability of, and access to water in

sufficient quantity and quality to meet livelihood needs of all households throughout

the year, without considering the needs of other users”57.

Research has shown that there will be increasing water security and access problems

in Africa in the years to come. 20One of the major reasons for this owes to the fact

that over 50 water basins in the continent are interbasin. Hence most water bodies

are shared between nations leading to water conflicts and intercommunal intolerance,

which results in “tragedy of the commons” problems. Unsustainable water resource

management, harvesting of natural resources and energy development pose

challenges for achieving and sustaining the MDGs environmental goals in the

country. Ethiopia currently has 12 water basins, with 122-billion m3 runoff volume,

about 2.5-6.5 billion m3 ground water potential, with a total average of, 1575 m3.

Inspite of this available water, due to lack of storage facilities, the farmers do not get

enough water for irrigation, which makes it hard for most farmers to produce more

than one crop.58 Ethiopia has huge water resource development potential; but with a

hydropower potential of 45GW only 2% of it is developed so far.59 20 The, existing

policies have not unlocked this potential to use water for developmental purposes25.

Beyond water sanitation and access, water security greatly also takes into account

the dependence and vulnerabilities of communities on water, water linked

opportunities, societal stability and human dependence on resources. Adding to this,

growing evidence of climate change, directly affects the rural communities. The

57 "Climate Change, Water and Food Security." Overseas Development Institute, n.d. Web. <http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4116.pdf>.58 "Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia." International Water Management, Institute Colombo, n.d. Web. <http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/4738/WP123.pdf?sequence=1>.59 "Brief Description of Ethiopian Hydropower Development." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://nrec.mn/data/uploads/Nom%20setguul%20xicheel/Water/badrakh%20china/Ethiopia.pdf>.

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poorer regions of Ethiopia, where the pastoral farmers live do not get rains on time

anymore, and have inconsistent weather patterns, which is making it harder for them

to sell their livestock. Ethiopia remains one of the least developed countries, ranking

157 out of 169 according to UNDP reports, and climate change variability has been

affecting water, energy and food security.

Food security issues:

Food security in Ethiopia greatly depends on rainfall. Ethiopia is constantly faced

with food security challenges due to land degradation, and consistently changing

weather patterns in poorer pastoral regions leading to lower crop productivity. This

greatly affects the agricultural sector, which employs about 80% of the population of

about 82 million people. There has been an improvement in this sector in recent

years, however. In the Northern part of the country physical and biological soil

measures in the recent past, area cover measures, have been adopted and

implemented since early 1990s46. One such example of a success story is the forest

and woodland cover increase in Tigray. This has been achieved under the food for

work program which is now covered under the Safety Net program during PASDEP,

a plan for accelerated and sustained development to end Poverty, which covers food

security issues for the entire nation.46 Overall inflation in the food sector increased

by about 7% for general, 3.8% for food items and 10.8% for non food items. There

was an increase in consumer price index of bread and cereals by 6.6%.60

Climate change and weather patterns variations have led to soil degradation leading

to crop failure in rural Ethiopia61. Climate change is not directly a cause of concern

for the whole nation but it does adversely affects the pastoral farmers, who need to

fight for dwindling natural resources like water, land and cattle for agriculture. This

is turn makes the food security of the nation more vulnerable. The Government has

reported an immediate assistance of 4.5 million people for food62.

60 http://www.wfp.org/countries/ethiopia/food-security61 Ethiopia, Climate change Environment and security, https://docs.google.com/file/d/0Byky6NvKhSPzM1ljVG94eFBMbkk/edit?usp=drive_web62 UPC conflict, Climate change and water security in Sub Saharan Africa, Oluwole AkiyodeSeptember 01, 2011, http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=821

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Basic issues of food security for the poor, inadequate nutrition levels, and low rural

incomes have been prevalent in Ethiopia for a long time. The prices of maize and

cereals have been stable, with a decrease of 5% in wheat and a 1% decrease in maize

price by July 2013. The recorded import parity prices for white maize and wheat

were US $ 447/mt and at US $ 374/mt for wheat respectively. The hunger index has

also reduced from around 45 to 30 from 1988-92 to 2003-08.

Existing Policies:

After the Rio summit in 1992, Ethiopia adopted many sustainable development

plans. A few of them are medium and long term policies focused on agriculture such

as the Agriculture Development Led Industrialization (ADLI), Poverty reduction

Strategy Paper (PRSP), a plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End

poverty (PASDEP) 2005/6-2009/10.63 In 2011, Ethiopia also developed a Climate

Resilient Green Economy Strategy (CRGE), which was launched at the 17th COP to

UNFCCC in Durban.

The CRGE has a four-pillar strategy, which aims at the development of a green

economy:

1. “Adoption of agricultural and land use efficiency measures Rio+20, National

Assessment Report 2012”

2.” Increased GHG sequestration in forestry, i.e., protecting and re-establishing

forests for their economic and ecosystem services including carbon stocks “

3. “Deployment of renewable and clean power generation”

4. “Use of appropriate advanced technologies in industry, transport, and buildings64”

To follow up with effective implementation of the CRGE, the Government has also

created institutional arrangements such as a CRGE facility within the Ministry of

Finance and Economic Development. While each sector will have an environmental

segment to prepare its resilient plans, the UNDP is in charge of managing the CRGE

funds and resources.26

63 United nations Conference on sustainable Development, http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/973ethiopia.pdf64 Rio20+ National assessment Reporthttp://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/814UNCSD%20REPORT%20final%20revs.pdf

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In 2010, Ethiopia also formulated the (GTP) Growth and Transformation Plan,

which is one of the most ambitious plans, which seeks to integrate sustainable

development and principles. A vast range of policies have been formulated for

environment, water, forest, climate change and biodiversity under Article 3.2 of the

national development plans prepared by the United Nations. The Ethiopian

Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1994, while the Institute of

Ethiopian Wildlife and Conservation authority has been strengthened to enhance

biodiversity and sustainability6.

A few of the major environmental challenges faced are to reduce pollution in urban

areas, land degradation, fragmentation and impact on rural-urban migration, lack of

skilled human resources in planning and implementation of green economy strategy.

A few of the national policies are:

Sector National Policies

Water Increasing water supply and sanitation rural areas to farmers who

are dependent on rainfall for irrigation

Improving conditions to incorporate rainwater harvesting practice

Improving awareness in households about maintaining sanitation

and hygienic conditions

Improving farm water management

Promoting Rainwater capture and storage

Adopting 5% water per cent flow policy, which would help the

nation to retain 5% of the water that flows through the Sudano-

Ethiopian border

Increase volume of water tanks for drought affected areas

Increase tarrification and fees on sanitation in cities where density

is considered high

Construct public sanitation facilities

Introduce agricultural pastoral methods and technologies

Incorporate new technologies and build infrastructure for

rainwater harvesting.

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Increase water supply, sanitation and adaptation resilience.

Access to affordable technology

Improving farm water management

Rainwater capture and storage

Energy “Transform from traditional to modern energy sources

Promote development of the energy sector65

Undertake studies on development and utilization of energy and

improve13 the electric energy aimed at growth and expansion13

Promote infrastructure for development of alternative renewable

sources13

Build better petroleum storage and facilities units13

Deployment of renewable and clean power generation

Use of appropriate technologies in industry transport and

buildings “

Food

Security

Addressing issues of poor food security, inadequate nutrition, low

insecure rural income

Increasing the quality and quantity of domestic investment in

agriculture

“Adoption of agricultural and land use efficiency measures”

Pilot Study: Sri LankaFig: 3(a) Map of Sri Lanka 3(b) Map or Asia

65 Ministry of water and energy, Federal Democratic of Ethiopia http://www.mowr.gov.et/

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3(a) "SRI LANKA." Sri Lanka Map / Geography of Sri Lanka / Map of Sri Lanka. N.p., n.d. Web. 22

Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/lk.htm>.

Fig 3(b) 66 "SRI LANKA." Sri Lanka Map / Geography of Sri Lanka / Map of Sri Lanka. N.p., n.d.

Web. 22 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/lk.htm>.

Sri Lanka, formerly known, as Ceylon is an island country in South Asia, located in

the northern part of the Indian Ocean. With a total land area of 25332 square miles, it

66 "SRI LANKA." Sri Lanka Map / Geography of Sri Lanka / Map of Sri Lanka. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/lk.htm>.

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has a population of about 20.33 million. The GDP of the country is mainly

constituted by the three sectors; agriculture, industry and services which account for

11.1%, 30.4% and 58.5% of GDP respectively. In the year 2012, the agricultural and

fisheries sector recorded a growth of about 5.8%, 8.1% in the industrial sector and

7.9% in the services sector as measured based for the third quarter of 2013.67 A few

of the major agricultural crops are paddy, tea, rubber and coconut.

Current Status Review

The MDGs require the country to integrate sustainable development as part of the

national development policy and programs. The Sri Lankan Government participated

in the MDG summit and 2000 and has henceforth been committed to the cause. To

achieve the MDGs a campaign has been launched, under the Ministry and finance

and planning with direct guidance from UNDP.68 To achieve this, the country has

also adopted the Pro-Poor and the Pro Growth strategies, which have led to

improvement in some social sectors. Much work still needs to be done to make more

progressively towards the MDGs.

The millennium development goals require the country to integrate sustainable

development as part of the national development policy and programs. The Sri

Lankan Government participated in the MDG summit and 2000 and has henceforth

been committed to the cause. To achieve the MDGs a campaign has been launched,

under the Ministry and finance and planning with direct guidance from UNDP.69 To

achieve this, the country has also adopted the Pro-Poor and the Pro-Growth

strategies, which have led to improvement in some social sectors. Much work still

needs to be done to achieve the MDGs

A few of the environmental problems prevalent in Sri Lanka are deforestation, soil

erosion, wildlife population threatened by poaching and urbanization, coastal

67 "Department of Census and Statistics- Sri Lanka." Department of Census and Statistics-Sri Lanka. Government of Sri Lanka, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. <http://www.statistics.gov.lk/>.68 Millennium Development Goals, http://www.undp.org/content/srilanka/en/home/mdgoverview/69 Millennium Development Goals, http://www.undp.org/content/srilanka/en/home/mdgoverview/

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degradation from mining activities, contamination of freshwater sources from

mining activities and run offs, waste disposal, air pollution etc.70

The pro-poor pro-growth strategy is essentially one “which incorporates the positive

attributes of the market economic policy with the domestic aspirations by providing

necessary domestic support to enterprises, and encouraging foreign investment”71

The Government is trying to promote the pro poor pro growth strategy by

introducing plans such as the “Mahinda Chinthana” and the “Mahinda Chinthana:

Vision for a new Sri Lanka, a ten year development framework 2006-2016.” This

focuses on various sectors including energy, knowledge, aviation, commercial and

employment. Under the energy sector, it has been proposed to develop the nation’s

own energy sources and also strengthen the electricity grid to ensure uninterrupted

electricity supply. Under this plan, it has been proposed that the vehicles driven in

the country and the electricity supplied will be provided through locally produced

oil. This program is also expected to increase the employment opportunities in the

country. To follow up, the workshop “Service Delivery and pro-growth in Sri

Lanka” is specifically focused on pro-poor development strategies. The aim of these

programs is essentially harness local aspirations of the people by investing in

ambitious projects and also bringing in foreign investments to promote economic

development. The country has achieved a growth of about 3 percent in its GDP in

the last two decades, while poverty declined from 26 to 23 percent. The policies also

focus on reducing disparity between urban and rural estate poverty and across

various districts in the country.72

Energy:

70 Country Energy Information, Sri Lanka, http://www.energyrecipes.org/reports/genericData/Asia/061129%20RECIPES%20country%20info%20Sri%20Lanka.pdf71 Service Delivery for Pro Poor Growth in Sri Lanka, http://www.ips.lk/events/workshops/11_18_012007/concept_note.pdf

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Energy is a mandatory requirement for Sri Lanka, for its day-to-day functions and is

also a major developmental sector in the country. The energy demands in the country

are met via the following sources

1. Indigenous primary sources

2. Imported primary sources of energy

3. Imported secondary sources of energy.72

Sri Lanka currently uses 47% biomass, 8% hydropower and 45% petroleum to meet

total energy demands with a per capita consumption of 4 toe 73. As on date Sri Lanka

produces about 53.38% of electricity from renewable sources and 16 large

hydroelectric power plants have been established generating 1205 MW and wind

power of 3MW 38. As on May 30, 2013, Sri Lanka had 0.55 Quadrillion Btu of total

primary energy production, 0.228 of total primary energy consumption and 1512 Btu

per 2005 US Dollars, of energy intensity74 33. In the year 2012, the total electricity

generated grew by 4.4%. The indigenous sources contribute to about 56% of the

energy production in the country, while most of the energy produced can be

attributed to fossil fuel energy and hydroelectricity. To date most of the

hydroelectricity has already been harnessed and hence energy from fossil fuels is

expected to grow in the coming years 36.

The Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority was established in 2007 to provide

sustainable solutions to the growing energy needs in Sri Lanka and for devising

environmental friendly energy strategies 38. This agency aimed at moving the country

towards renewable energy sources and shifting from conventional energy sources to

more sustainable sources.38

A project under the Sri Lanka sustainable energy plan is the Hiru Saviya project,

which aims to provide solar powered electricity in rural villages, which are not

connected to the national grid. 38 The first village to have been powered was

72 Ariyadasa, L., Mr. "Current Status of the Energy Situation in Sri Lanka." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.sa-energy.net/m/vffcL.pdf>.73 "Expected Outcome of Rio20+ by Sri Lanka." UNCTAD, n.d. Web. <http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/362sri.pdf>.74 "Overview Data for Sri Lanka." EIA, n.d. Web. <http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=CE>.

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Galgamuwa of Monaragala district vested in public in January 2009. 38 The project

has powered more than 260 houses and powered school streets and lamps and also

powered a village Vedha community in Rathugala. 38

Water sector in Sri Lanka:

Water is an essential part of sustainable development plans in Sri Lanka, and annual

fresh water source is estimated to be 50 m3 Of the total water consumption, 83% is

used up by agriculture, 6% by industry and 5% by domestic purposes.38 The

Government has been focused on improving water quality and providing safe

drinking water. Currently about 80% of the population has access to safe drinking

water, 30% of which is through piped water supply of the National Board of Water

and Drainage

Sri Lanka typically follows a tank system for irrigation and water supply. The water

sector in Sri Lanka is essentially faced with the following challenges:

1. Lack of clean supply of water

2. Health problems due to water contamination

3. Old pipelines across the center of the city, which produce non-revenue

generating water.

Sri Lanka is also faced with water contamination issues, due to ineffective water

management. Wastewater, sediments due to ineffective land management and

excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers and agricultural wastes are the main reasons

for contaminated water sources75 76. The tank system has been one of the water

systems followed in Sri Lanka for years, which not only supplies water for irrigation

but also replenishes the ground water level. Lacks of state run authority to monitor

fertilizer use and use of toxic substances in coconut and paddy plantation is

contributing to long-term impacts on water.

75 "Water Matters (SL) :: IWMI." International Water Management Institute (IWMI). N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. <http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/newsletters-srilanka/water-matters-sl/>.76 http://www.humanrights.asia/countries/sri-lanka/news/alrc-news/human-rights-council/hrc15/ALRC-CWS-15-11-2010

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Two thirds of the country is considered dry zone and about 34% of the country

receives water through pipes systems while the rest of the country depends on local

sources, wells and tube wells, rain water harvesting, canals, steams and springs. 77As

already mentioned, these pipes in the country are more than 100 years old and over

49% of this water is non-revenue generating.

There is also an increasing concern about the health of the people, as there are

increasing health risks due to unsafe drinking water. Out of 25 districts, about 15

districts do not have safe drinking water. 51

Food security issues:

Based on a report prepared by the World Food Program, Ministry of Economic

Development and Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and training institute, a

food security assessment was conducted in April 2011. According to this study,

46% of the nation is food insecure with a 15% being extremely insecure. One of the

provinces of extreme concern is Kolinochchi78. This study covered 164 locations,

2474 households using a stratified two stage random sampling approach. Low-

income levels and high food prices have been the major reasons for the food

insecurity. The dietary intake levels deteriorated from October 2010 to April 2011. 43

The region of Batticaloa was affected by floods in January and February 2011,

which showed statistics of food insecure regions. The northern and eastern provinces

of the country were more insecure than the others. This is essentially because these

regions are relatively impoverished and the poor regions are affected constantly by

natural calamities, lack of livelihood, unemployment. These were also the areas

affected by war and hence the economic recovery in these regions is yet undergoing.

The reasons contributing to slow economic recovery in these regions are:

77 "SRI LANKA: Lack of Safe Drinking Water Leading to Upsurge in Health Problems." - Asian Human Rights Commission. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.humanrights.asia/countries/sri-lanka/news/alrc-news/human-rights-council/hrc15/ALRC-CWS-15-11-2010>.78 "Food Security, In Northern, Eastern, North Central Provinces, A Food Security Assessment Report, Sri Lanka." World Food Program, n.d. Web. <http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp243519.pdf>

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1) Over 63-75 of households had taken credit with about 20-40% to feed their

families. These households are still in debt.

2) Lack of livelihoods and alternate occupations. Most families are still trying to

build assets, acquire land and liquid assets

3) Underemployment and lack of conventional and regular sources of income

some families still depend on gifts and donations from people.

4) 15% of houses are still hosted by other families and do not have houses of

their own.

5) Household limited access, and other structural limitations. Due to the lack of

employment and other facilities, most families use borrowing, pawning,

selling jewelry etc. Most of the income of these families also goes in

repayment of debt and very little income remains for livelihood purposes. 79

6) The floods were around the agricultural seasons, which affected the crop

produce for the year, and hence the food security situation.43 A total 1.7

million people were food insecure, of which 78% lived in the eastern and

Northern province of the country.

12% of the total population is severely food insecure and 82% of this section lives in

the Northern and Eastern province of the country.43

With the growing problems of food insecurity and decreasing dietary intakes, and

the vagaries of monsoon impacting agriculture produce, innovative policy ideas to

improve the food insecurity conditions are mandatory.

Of the regions (Northern and eastern), which are highly food insecure, the main

occupation in these regions is agriculture. These regions fall under the agro

ecological zones of Sri Lanka. Paddy is the main crop in the Northern Eastern and

North central provinces of Sri Lanka. One of the major challenges to paddy

cultivation has been that of the climate change and lack of shortage of water for

irrigation.43

Existing Policies:

79 Government of Sri Lanka, World Food Programme

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A few of the existing policies in Sri Lanka are.

1. “Cleaner production policy 2004

2. National air quality management policy 2000

3. National Biosafety Policy 2005

4. National environmental Policy 2003

5. National Policy on Wetland Conservation 200380”

Currently under the Government of Sri Lanka, a project has been initiated called

Haritha Lanka, a greening initiative launched in 2009 by the Ministry of

environment which was aimed at integrating environmental considerations into

sustainable development and long term sustainability. Under this environmental

program there is a provision to establish a national council for sustainable

development (NCSD) and a development national action plan for Haritha Lanka

aimed at incorporating sustainable development along with greening the economy.

The NCSD was established and headed by the president of the country to get policy

advice on the environmental front and to incorporate it into socio economic

policymaking. The members of this project are same as the members of the cabinet,

who hold positions in office relating to economic development subjects. A few of

the sectors spanned under this are,38

Energy

Transportation

Water

Agriculture and livestock

Flora, Fauna and Ecosystems

Education

Urban Development

Coastal and Marine environment

Waste management

Health

Biodiversity

Climate change 38

80 Ministry of Environment and Renewable energy http://www.environmentmin.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=136&Itemid=127&lang=en

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This initiative includes ten goals under the National action plan under Haritha Lanka

1. Clean Air-Everywhere

2. Saving the Fauna, flora and ecosystems

3. Meeting the challenges of Climate change

4. Wise use of land resources

5. Responsible use of land resources

6. Doing away with the dumps

7. Water for all and always

8. Green cities for health and prosperity

9. Greening the industries

10. Knowledge for right choices38

This action plan is an attempt to translate the concept of sustainability from theory to

practice and involves the involvement of many ministries. It includes short term,

medium term strategies stretching from 2009 to 2016, incorporating 82 strategies

and 325 action plans. 38

Existing National water energy and Food security policies:81

Sector National Policies

Water Developing water on the Mahaweli rivers on all other major rivers

Alleviating water scarcity in dry zones by increasing

infrastructure such as building large scale storage, 82

The irrigation management policy support activity led to the

establishment of FO’s for management of irrigation by farmers

and exemption of management fees from farmers. 46

Charging fees for irrigation water 46

To make all surface and ground water resources are state owned

and managed by the Government.

The government shall pay the water sharing costs while

transferrable system for water right will be implemented.

Promote water conservation and save water allocation for new

81 Rio20+ National assessment Report82 Swings and whereabouts, a narrative eon water policy in Sri Lanka, http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3359.pdf

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user

Voluntary transfer of water rights to be encouraged

Follow water policy and law, which is funded by FAO and ADB

Local authorities are encouraged to register for domestic wells83

Energy “Providing basic energy needs

Providing energy security

Promoting energy efficiency and conservation Transform

Promoting indigenous resources

Adopting an appropriate pricing policy

Enhancing energy sector management capacity

Consumer protection and ensuring level playing field

Enhancing quality of energy services

Providing protection from adverse environmental impacts of

energy facilities84”

Food

Security

“Ensure optimal nutrition throughout the lifecycle.

Enhance capacity to deliver effective and appropriate

interventions

Ensure effective management of adequate nutrition to vulnerable

populations

Strengthen research, monitoring and evaluation

Food nutrition security to all citizens

Strengthen advocacy, partnership and networking85”

Recommendations:

Sri Lanka has recognized the dependence of its agricultural sector on water and

energy availability and the vulnerability of the agricultural sector ensuring more

constant water and energy access to the agricultural sector and all other service

83Outline of National Strategic plan to establish a national water resources authority of Sri Lanka http://www.unescap.org/esd/publications/water/wrs/85/09%20WRS85-SriLanka.pdf84 http://www.ceb.lk/download/db/national_energy_policy.pdf85 National Nutrition policy of Sri Lankahttp://203.94.76.60/health/eng/publications/National%20Nutrition%20Policy-English/National%20Nutrition%20Policy-English.pdf

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sectors. A few of the recommendations to achieve sustainable integrated

management are:

1. Increase the understanding of the water energy and food security nexus

challenges and the need to integrate and work at the nexus.

2. Encourage technological disruptive innovations for improving the conditions

in the country

3. Re orient the Government framework more towards sustainable development

4. Incorporate institutional thinking

Pilot Study: Timor-LesteFig : 4(a)Map of Timor Leste 4(b) Map of Asia

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4(a) "EAST TIMOR." East Timor Map / Geography of East Timor / Map of East Timor. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/etimor.htm>.

86

4(b) "EAST TIMOR." East Timor Map / Geography of East Timor / Map of East Timor. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/etimor.htm>.

86 "EAST TIMOR." East Timor Map / Geography of East Timor / Map of East Timor. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/etimor.htm>.

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The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste located in Australasia, lying between

Indonesia and Australaia is commonly known as Timor-Leste or East Timor is a.

The country occupies a land area of 14,874 km2 with a population of 1,114,000

(2012). Almost 78% of the population is Timorese and Indonesians and Chinese

making up 20% and 2% respectively.

East Timor is predominantly a lower middle-income economy with a Gross national

per capita of $6,230. Almost 50% of the country is illiterate and 37% of the people

live below the international poverty line, which is less than US $1.24 per day.

Although the country is expected to have the sixth-highest growth of GDP in the

world in 2013, they are still tanked 134th in the Human Development Index.

Current Status Review

Timor-Leste is very susceptible to climatic changes. Being a small island, natural

disasters such as floods, typhoons and hurricanes can greatly impact the nation and

also cause a lot of destruction in the agricultural sector leading to loss of produce.

Timor-Leste has some environmental, infrastructural and demographic constraint.

Large urban populated compounded by water scarcity during the dry season has been

a major issue in the country. The water scarcity has also had a major impact on the

agricultural system of the country.

The country’s large urban population has also led to a very big waste management

problem. The lack of financial support from the state, compounded by very bad pre

existing infrastructure is quickly becoming a major issue in many of the highly

populated coaster regions.

Energy Status in Timor-Leste:

People of Timor-Leste do not have adequate access to dependable electricity.

A recent study by the International Energy agency has shown a strong correlation

between human development and modern energy usage. People of Timor-Leste have

problems utilizing basic necessities for health such as heating, cooking and lighting

due to energy problem in the country. In Timor Leste, ensuring reliable and

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uninterrupted energy access, electricity supply, fuels such as LPG, kerosene, and

reduction in consumption of biomass are mandatory for help reducing poverty and

promote health and wellbeing. 87.

The problem of lack of electricity has indirectly led to another major problem in the

country. The poor depend primarily on biomass fuels, like wood or agricultural

waste, for domestic use. Burning these biomass fuels generates toxic compounds that

lead to severe respiratory and health problems. World health Organization (WHO)

estimated in 2002 that 1.3 million people in South-east Asia died of reparatory

problems. Although many of the people killed due to smoking and smog, respiratory

illness due to the use of biomass fuel is also a major contributing factor. It is

estimated that 500,000 premature deaths, mainly women and children, have been

reported each year because of burning biomass in India alone.

Improving the access to modern energy plays a critical role in many of the aspects of

heath and well being other than the above mentioned issues. Apart from the effect of

burning biomass can have on the health, women also carry heavy loads on foot,

which makes their back susceptible to injury. This might even reduce the gender

prejudice, which leads to girls having to sacrifice their education to bring wood for

their family. Thus improving the energy infrastructure can promote gender equality.

Electricity can also help women pump water instead of carrying water, which caused

issues similar to carrying wood.

Energy poverty is very prevalent in Timor Leste, which also propagates gender

inequality. Women and girl children are responsible for carrying wood for biomass

instead of going to school or other activities. These lead to health problems for the

women including back aches, respiratory diseases due to burning wood etc. This

situation can be changed by proving energy sector, E.g. by providing diesel

generators to villages, this would reduce the consumption of wood; provide more

uninterrupted and reliable energy than fuel wood. 88

87 Holdren et al. 2000 cited in Gaye 2007, p.7 / WHO 2002, pp.187-19188 Moss, Jeremy, and Michael McGann. "Climate Change and Energy Poverty in Timor Leste." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.socialjustice.unimelb.edu.au/assets/files/pdf/2012/TimorLeste%20.pdf>.

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Water sector in Timor-Leste:

Many project have been successfully undertaken to develop the water sector in

Timor Leste. These projects have been faced with challenges to make them

sustainable. The main problem in the urban areas is the lack of maintenance and

inadequate water resources while in rural areas it is essentially community

management.

Progress under the projects is as follows:

Water supply sanitation services and water supply services were re-

established in 12 district towns while little was achieved in the sanitation

sector.

The project helped in capacity building, and many reports were prepared

which however were beyond the existing capacity of the people and the

communities. The project however had its gaps. It did not take into

consideration, which made the community models and the project

unsustainable.

The project was also negatively impacted due to political reasons where

immediate results were expected leading to quick distribution of resources.

These issue led to temporary insurgency, and failure to achieve the desired results.

This project was more focused on quick results as opposed to sustainable results,

which hence made the project little ineffective. The lack of focus on community

capacity building, follow up measures to ensure project success and fast paced result

oriented approach were the drawbacks of the project, though significant capacity

building was achieved through the project.

The Red Cross Society is trying to introduce these basic necessities and restore

existing one, which are not accessible enjoyed by all. Construction of water and

sanitation amenities is addressed by the society and community involvement is a

huge part of ensuring sustainability and longevity of the projects.

Under CVTL over 150 water and sanitation facilities have been constructed in the

country, which include lavatories, wells, water tanks, and irrigation systems. This

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project has provided better sanitation and health to many families hence improving

quality of life.

To make these projects sustainable, communities are involved and given ownership

to ensure personal care and involvement in maintaining the facilities. The

communities are also provided with First Aid and hygiene training, to ensure

maintained quality of the sanitation and hygiene program.

.89 90

Food security issues:

To maintain continues food access by poor households, the three aspects enabled by

the policymakers are:

1. Seasonal income transfers to poor households;

2. Seasonal food imports;

3. Increasing agricultural productivity91.

The first policy, (84 M.d.J. da Costa et al.), increases the purchasing power of poor

households hence directly increasing food demand while the second policy reduces

the staple food prices through seasonal imports and stock releases hence addressing

food supply.

At an international level, many food interventions are covered under the first policy.

As an example, under such policy, employment for millions is generated during lean

periods and while many cash and food for work programs are introduced.

An example under the second policy is BULDOG is rice import and price control

program in Indonesia, while the third policy intervention 92.

The third policy encourages public sector investments in the agricultural sector, in

areas such as agricultural research, improved input supply, rural roads, agricultural

extension system etc. This policy helps in increasing productivity and also

89 Project Performance Evaluation Reportshttp://www.adb.org/documents/evaluation-timor-leste-water-supply-and-sanitation-rehabilitation-projects-phase-i-and-ii-82 Red Cross – Timor-Lestehttp://www.redcross.tl/water-and-sanitation90

91 Dorosh and Haggblade 1995; Dostie et al. 2002: Pinstrup-Andersen et al. 199992 Agriculture, growth and poverty reduction, http://dfid-agriculture-consultation.nri.org/summaries/wp1.pdf , Timmer 1997

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improving lives if the households. Seeds of Life program are an example of a

program in Timor Leste, which falls under this category.

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Pilot Country: CambodiaFig: 5(a) Map of Cambodia 5(b) Map of Asia

5(a) "CAMBODIA." Cambodia Map / Geography of Cambodia / Map of Cambodia. N.p., n.d. Web.

25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kh.htm>.

93

5(b) "CAMBODIA." Cambodia Map / Geography of Cambodia / Map of Cambodia. N.p., n.d. Web.

25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kh.htm>.

93 "CAMBODIA." Cambodia Map / Geography of Cambodia / Map of Cambodia. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kh.htm>.

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Introduction:

Cambodia is a southeastern country bordering Thailand, Vietnam and Laos with a

total land area of 176515 sq. km and has a population of 15,205,539. The

population growth rate is 1.67%. The country has tropical and rainy

seasons for summers and dry season from December to May. A few of the

natural resources are oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese,

phosphates and hydropower potential. It has an 800 km border with

Thailand and 450km with Lao, 1450km along Vietnam and a 450km long

coastline. Of the total land area of about 181035km, around 49% is

covered by forest and 2.5million hectares is arable land and .5 million

hectares is pastureland. The climate in Cambodia has both southeast and

northwest monsoons.94

Cambodia is still the poorest country in South East Asia, with poor

infrastructure due to the recent wars from 1970-1990 and also the Khmer

Rouge massacre which killed 2-4 million people most of whom were

skilled professionals leaving with country in dearth of doctors, lawyers,

engineers etc.95 96The FDI development is slowly growing in the country

but currently the Cambodians still live under 1USD per day.

Current status:

Cambodia is mainly an agricultural based economy with 85% of the population

living in rural areas. The nation’s infrastructure was greatly damaged due to the war

and the aim of the government is to restore the country’s infrastructure. The people

greatly depend on Farming, fishing, livestock, forest and non-forest products and use

fuel wood, charcoal and agricultural residues.

94 The World Bank group, regional fact sheet, the World Bank group, Regional fact sheet from world development indicators.95 http://www.bama.ua.edu/~joshua/archive/may10/aguilar.pdf96 The world Bank group, frequently asked questions about poverty in Cambodia

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As one of the world's biggest food importers, South Korea's foreign agricultural

investment has been on a steady increase (Pearce 2012). It was reported in Korean

times that 13,000 ha of maize in Cambodia for shipping back to Korea. 97

Energy Status:

Cambodia has significant deposits of energy, such as coal and natural gas and about

84% of the energy needs are met by primary sources, essentially fuel wood.

However less than 9% of the country has access to grid electricity. There is however

rapidly increasing electricity access in the country, which cannot be met by the local

electricity companies.

Rural electrification of villages has been increasing at a fast rate. However, the local

energy companies do not have the potential to keep up with the rapidly growing

energy needs.

Water status:

Cambodia has abundant water resources including the Mekkong Basaac

Lake and the Tonle Sap Rivers alongside having the largest freshwater

lake in Asia with a surface area of about 8155 square km. 98 Availability

of groundwater from hand wells and dug wells is common too. UNICEF

and other organizations have been working on the scale up of water

access though water is also facing arsenic contamination in wells. 99

Though the country has abundant water resources, due to lack of

infrastructure conditions in the country, more than 39% of the country’s

rural population uses unimproved water techniques. 100 And this has

97 "Cambodia Energy Structure Strategy." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/cambodia/energy.pdf>

98 "Improving Local Service Delivery for the MDG's in Asia: Water and Sanitation Sector in Cambodia." Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://bama.ua.edu/~eritter/Ritter/research.html>99 Feldman P, Rosenboom JW, Mao S, Chea S, Peng N &Iddings S. (2007). Assessment of the Chemical Quality of Drinking Water in Cambodia. Journal of Water and Health, 5(1):101‐ 116.100 UNICEF. (2006). Cambodia Statistics. Accessed 14, December 19, 2009 at:http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html.

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further gone on to affect the infant mortality rate which has gone up to

82% and 56.2% of preneo-natal deaths, due to spread of diarrhea due to

unclean water. 101102

A few engineers, under the group Engineers Without Borders, have

inspected Cambodia with the following aim:

1. Increasing water access in rural Cambodia

2. Providing household ceramic water purification systems

101 National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Statistics [Cambodia] & ORC Macro. (2006).Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2005. Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Calverton, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Public Health, National, Institute of Statistics, and ORC Macro.102 N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.unescap.org/esd/Energy-Security-and-Water-Resources/water/egm/2013/wfe-nexus/documents/background-papers/Status-of-the-Water-Energy-Food-Nexus-15%20March.pdf>

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Summary Table:Table 1:

Country Ethiopia Timor-Leste Cambodia Sri Lanka

Rural

population

85% 74% 78.4% 84.97%

Dependence

on

agriculture

46.6% 70 % 72% 18% GDP and 30%

employment

Energy

access

20% 20% Less than 9% 47%

Water

Coverage

56.6% have

access to

safe

drinking

water

1/3 has full

access,

1/3-partial

access

1/3 poor/ no

access

8155 km2

39% of the nation

uses unimproved

water techniques

80% of population has

safe drinking water

15 on 25 districts do

not have safe drinking

water.

Sanitation

access

Food

insecure

39%

coverage

More than

11 millions

need food

40% -access

to sanitation

2/3 ,

1.6 million

people

63.3% of total

population103

91% of the nation has

sanitation access104

15% extremely

insecure

103 UNICEF , Cambodia Statistics http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html104 Trading Economics, World Bank, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/sri-lanka/improved-sanitation-facilities-rural-percent-of-rural-population-with-access-wb-data.html

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105 From the summary table, it can be noted that all the economies are essentially

agricultural based economies, with about 75% of the man power or GDP coming

from agriculture related professions with the exception of Sri Lanka, which has

greater dependence on services. The rural population is also fairly high with more

than 75% of the nation living in rural areas. Essentially, these are also the areas

where the population is involved in agricultural activities, and are susceptible to

climate variations, have limited energy and water access. Due to climate variations,

these regions are faced with delayed rainfall, droughts, floods etc. and which affects

the agricultural productivity and hence food security and GDP, which further goes

on to affect the infrastructure of the area and the capacity to have better water, food

and energy management systems. Hence the focus of the recommendations and the

proposed project is to reduce the vulnerability of the susceptibility of the rural

population to natural disasters, by building capacity, improving the agricultural,

water, energy and food sector by introducing modern techniques and also by having

integrated management of the sectors to ensure optimal distribution of resources and

better planning.

Stakeholder analysis, problem tree, solution tree analysis, and log frame-project

formulation have been done to address the issues, essentially in rural areas where the

management of the energy, water and food sectors are not good, and there is lack of

technical expertise or capacity to sustain any changes.

105 Cambodia Energy Structure Strategy." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/cambodia/energy.pdf>

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Stakeholder Analysis:

A stakeholder is one who has an interest in the project. A stakeholder analysis is a

very important tool, which helps us identify everyone who has some interest in the

project and the degree of involvement. This can vary from the donors and funders of

a project to the beneficiaries including local communities and the people who get

financial returns on the project. It is extremely helpful to know the donors are and

who actually benefit from this project. The stakeholders in this project are:

1. 1.The National Governments: The Governments need to take ownership of

this project and make them their own. The Government, along with the

energy, water, food and agricultural authority will be the key planning and

execution body at the center.

2. Local people: The key beneficiaries, also the key stakeholders will be the

local people of the country. The project being conducted would directly,

impact their lives, either directly benefitting them or disturbing their

everyday lives. They will also be the ones involved in the project on an

everyday basis, as it will be carried out in their surroundings.

3. International Organizations like UN, UNDP, UN-DESA, UNDSD. These

organizations will be responsible for providing technical expertise,

consulting, monitoring and evaluation of the project. UN-DESA and DSD

would be the biggest stakeholders who will also be involved in the convening

and negotiations process.

4. Multilateral Funding agencies like World Bank and IFC, and bilateral

agencies such as US-AID, DFID, and US-AID. These organizations will

have greater stake, however lesser operational control in the actual project.

5. Civil Society, and the Local NGO’s can play a major role by taking

ownership of the project and mobilizing it at the Local level. The local

people can have maximum outreach in this project, and by leveraging that, it

is possible to achieve local people’s cooperation, support and involvement

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6. Academic institutions like Duke and UNC can be involved in this project

where the research expertise can be used to conduct feasibility studies and

design projects.

From the above analysis, it can be inferred that the National governments and the

local people of the countries. Essentially, for any of the four countries, the local

people need to take ownership of the project and ensure have full involvement to

sustain the project. The Government Authorities in the country need to make policy

changes while the, the local communities need to be involved in the training process

so ensure better understanding of the project and also take over the monitoring,

maintenance and upkeep and hence make the project more sustainable

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Problem tree and objective tree analysis:

A problem tree analysis is a fault tree analysis of a problem and looks into the root

cause of the problems and the effects and the trickle down effects. This tree shows

the cause-effect relationship of the problems relating to the integrated management

of water-energy and food security in Ethiopia. It delves into the root cause of these

problems and how it is affecting the country at a more national level.

Fig 6: Problem tree statement

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Fig 7: Objective Tree statement

An objective tree statement provides a flowchart of objectives with recommended

solutions that can lead to expected results. By identifying the required ends and

goals, recommendations are provided to bridge the gaps in the systems. In the case

of Ethiopia, one of the major drawbacks in the system is the lack of understanding of

the problems and the need for integrated management of these. The problem in

Ethiopia can be addresses by working at the nexus of water, energy and food

security by increasing awareness and expertise. The lack of policies to address these

issues at the nexus has led to disintegrated energy water and food sector. By

implementing policies that lead to the collaboration of these sectors, a common

management can be appointed in place, which can set common goals and design

projects, which address the three sectors along the way. Incorporating sustainability

into it can incorporate sustainable development into National Development planning

by training personnel to understand the problems of the disintegrated sectors, train

them to work at the nexus and enable them to make better development policies.

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Project formulation table: Log Frame

A log frame is a project-scheduling tool, which helps break down problems into its

various components in a methodical way hence helping in of addressing it step by

step.

The Log Frame is a unique project management tool106, which enables us to break

down the project into various smaller components. The log frame entails the

identification of measurable indicators and assumptions in every step/ deliverable,

which is a great way of also tracking progress in a project and ensuring how a project’s

success can be evaluated. This can also help in identifying gaps in the project and the

recommendations that can be added to a project to over come the gaps.

A Log Frame to analyze the nexus of energy, water and food security in Agricultural

based economies, as a model project for Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Timor Leste and this tool

was used to look at the problem with a holistic perspective and break it down into

three intermediate sectors, which were also the intermediate results essentially:

Sustainable energy sector

Better managed water sector

Better managed food sector

By breaking down the final deliverable into smaller intermediate results and outputs,

the log frame helps in getting a step by step methodical view of the problem and ways

to approach it.

The following project can be translated into individual countries, based on the

conditions of each individual country. The overlap in work noticed in the three sectors

in energy, water and food security can be used as opportunity areas for the

administrations to collaborate.

106 "Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Toolkit-files/08-58296_tool_10-3.pdf>.

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From the above analysis, essentially the problem for all four countries is the inability

to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, due to disintegrated water, energy

and food sectors. The reason is none of the countries have policies, which address

the sectors as one, or even incentivize collaboration across sectors. The management

for all the sectors is independent and the so are the decision making and executing

bodies. The solution essentially for these problems is to implement policies, which

help in integration of the three sectors. Based on each country, it will be necessary to

determine the level of training and expertise required in each country to suit the

economic conditions, its capacity to sustain, and the degree of benefits that can be

reaped. Taking from the log frame and the solution tree statement, the project can be

broken down into water, energy and food sector projects, which overlap at the

agricultural sector and at the hydropower sector. Hence, the solution tree analysis

gives the breakdown of the different intermediate results, while the Log Frame

provides a methodical solution to actually carry out the various steps, the ways to

monitor it and the necessary prerequisite for each output.

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Recommendations:

A few of the recommendations to achieve sustainable integrated management are:

1. Privatization of agriculture: If the private sector takes over the

agricultural sector, and also collaborates with the water sector, there can

be concentrated planning and managing of the agricultural productivity

and planning. If the water sector is managed by the same authorities as

the agricultural authorities, there can be cost cutting in irrigation, and

reduce wastage. There can also be a common distribution channels for

water and food. This can reduce distribution costs by two different

channels.

Integrated management

of water energy and

food

Incorporating policies, that enable the energy water and food sector to work together-1. Certain minimum limit of renewable energy as part f

the portfolio, and incorporating water as part of

energy

Foreign direct investment in energy sector and

privatization of agriculture

Collaboration of water authority with agricultural

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2. Joint management of the water the water and energy sector for more

profitable hydropower harvesting.

3. Invest in R&D and better measurement of the potential risks to food

security, climate change, land degradation and erosion. Having better

disaster risk mitigation measures and be better prepared to deal with

natural disasters and accidents.

4. Build infrastructure to adopt more renewable energy technologies. The

private sector can be involved here. By encouraging investments from

the private sector, the hydropower potential can be better harnessed due

to more efficient management, trained personnel, better monitoring and

maintenance. The biggest struggle faced by developing nations is the

lack of infrastructure to harness renewable technologies and new energy

production units. Also increase availability of toolkits for sustainable

development.

5. Develop small-scale industries and shift focus of the economy from

agriculture to other sectors. Shift focus from consumption based economy

to investment-based economy.

6. Improve collaboration with stakeholders and encourage greater

involvement of stakeholder in policy implementation process. Effecting

policy reforms, which encourage more public Private sector partnerships.

Increasing incentives for investing and promoting renewable energy,

sustainable water management and provide food security.

7. Promote the Green Growth Action Plan , an initiative under the World

Economic Forum. It is an initiative to encourage private sector

investments in developing countries to harness renewable energy and

green technologies.

8. Strengthen human capital, financial capital, better IT infrastructure to

develop intelligence forces.

9. Vocational and technical training to the Governmental staff for better

understanding of sustainable development. Training of staff for best

available practices. 107

107 Technical and Vocational Education and Training for sustainable Development..\Downloads\AB1_TVETforSD.pdf

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10. Recommendation for UN: The role of the UN in this project essentially will

be the convene the National Government of each country, the water, energy,

food and agricultural Authorities of the various countries, donor

organizations like World Bank and IMF, external research institutes such as

University, experts from the field from educational, non profit and private

sectors. Upon convening a meeting, and proposing dialogue, UN should be

the mediator in agreeing up the terms and conditions of the project. UN can

further be involved in the actual implementation of the project by monitoring

and evaluating the project. Un can lend technical staff for field work in the

countries

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Incentives to stakeholders:

The greatest incentives would be financial incentives:

1. By managing the sectors in an integrated fashion, there can be more optimal

resource, management and administrative planning. This would help in cost

cutting by eradicating redundant activities.

For example, if the same authorities overlooked food and water distribution

channels, then there can be more concentrated management, cost cutting in

individual supply lines and would reduce overhead construction, maintenance and

transportations costs which may be incurred if different authorities managed then

separately.

2. By privatizing the agricultural sector, there can be increased productivity, hence

giving better returns and increasing GDP of the country and also helping in fighting

food security by ensuring greater produce.

Constraints

1. No Reference Project:

The biggest constraint in this project is the lack of a reference project. Since

no such project has been conducted in the past, where the energy, water and

food sector have been approached in a unified manner, it is difficult to

gauge the success off the project and the difficulties we may face along the

way.

2. Opposition from Locals:

The local people may not cooperate with the project officials. In such a case,

it can be very difficult to move the project forward. It would be absolutely

mandatory to get the local communities’ accent and support to conduct this

project in their areas, as they will be the key beneficiaries.

3. Lack of Capacity to sustain the changes:

In spite of capacity building, it is possible that the changes incorporated, as

the countries may not sustain part of this project. This could be due to

existing practices and behavior of the people, poor infrastructure or

ineffective policies.

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Conclusion:

The major problem currently is that, there is lack of central integrated management

of the three sectors. Currently in the four countries, there are no policies, which

address the problems of the three sectors as one. The sectors are handled, managed

and funded individually. Hence there is a need for policies, which address the three

sectors at the nexus. Policy changes need to be made which help in the integration of

the three sectors. The objective and purpose of this project would however needs to

be different from managing the three sectors independently in a way that each goal

of this project shall directly address a problem in more than one sector instead of

individually addressing problems in each sector.

By using the recommendations provided in this report, and incorporating additional

changes to meet the needs of each individual country, the three sectors can be

integrated and productivity can be increased by working at the nexus of energy,

water and food security.

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