master sanskrit easily 2of3

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Lesson 10 97bhtavat, anustavat, pa hitavat, li khi tavat, sakitavat, ditavat,etc.,are formed, and their adjectival forms likebhuktavn , bhktavantau,bhuktavanta , etc., are declined in various Cases and Numbers. Such aPast Participle, whether Active or Passive serves as an adjective of

some noun or pronoun used as the subject of a sentence. Thus, they arethe adjectives derived from verbal roots and denote sense of their thePast Tense.

We have noted that the base of the Past Passive Participle endsin ta, while that of the Past Active Participle ends in tavat. In theP inian terminology, these terminations are mentioned askta and ktavatu , respectively, and P ini calls both these terminations joint lyby the nameNih ,and the words formed by affixing these terminationsare known asKtnta and Ktavanta , or jointly asNihnta .

Since the Past Passive Participles area-krnta , they aredeclined like thea-krnta nouns likerma , and since the Past ActiveParticiples areta-krnta , they are declined as ta-krnta nouns Iikebhavat .

Now l et us see, by way of specim ens, the declension of t he ta- krnta noun bhuktavat , both in Masculine and Neuter:

Bhuktavat (M.)Case Sing. Du. Plu.Pra./ Nom. bhuktavn bhuktavatau bhuktavanta

Sa ./Voc. bhuktavat bhuktavatau bhuktavanta

Dvi./Acc bhuktavantam bhuktavatau bhuktavanta

T./Instr. bhuktavat bhuktavadbhym bhuktavadbhi

Catu./ Dat. bhuktavate bhuktavadbhym bhuktavadbhya

Pa./ Abl. bhuktavata bhuktavadbhym bhuktavadbhya

a./ Gen. bhuktavata bhuktavato bhuktavatm

Sapt./ Loc. bhuktavati bhuktavatoh bhuktavatsu

112 Master Sanskrit Easil

denotes mere action, (bhva-vcaka ) irrespective of any Person andNumber. And, since they are used as adjectives. they have to agreesyntactically with the substantive in Gender, Case and Number, as forinstance, neyam agrees with cittam, whilekartavya agrees withsacaya . These adjectival forms can be used in different Cases andNumbers, as would be needed so as to agree syntactically with thoseof the substantive concerned.

In the case of the forms like,hara yam, uccr a yam, smara- yam, tar a yam, etc., the termination anya is applied. Thus,harayam= h (har)+ anya+ am / ucc ra yam= ut+ car+ anya + am.

And, in the case of the forms likegeyam, dhyeyam, neyam anddeyam,the terminationya is applied. Thus,gai+ ya+ am= ge+ ya+ am

/ N+ ya+ am= ne+ ya+ am / D+ ya+ am= de+ ya+ am.P ini mentions in all four terminations, viz., -tavya-tavyat , -

anyar , and -yat to be applied to a root to derive a Potential Participlefrom it. These derivative forms are thus distinguished as adjectival forms,from the regular verbal forms of the roots in the Potential Mood.


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110 Master Sanskri t Easily

Pacabhi janai militv saha gantavyam / Pachbhi puruai eki bhya saha sth tavyam / Pachbhi nar ai ekat rbhya saha vaktavyam / Pachbhi mnuai yad etat sarva saha kriyate tad kim api dukha na bhavati /

Vocabulary: Pachbhi = by five. Saha= together. Ganta-vyam= should go. Janai= puruai= narai= m nuai= persons.Sth tavyam= should stay. Vaktavyam= should speak.

Dtavya bhoktavya sati vibhave sacayo na kartavya / Payantu madhukar sacitam artha haranty anye / /

Yad vibhava samddhi asti t ad dtasvya dna karaya ,bhoktavya bhoga kara ya, kin-tu vth nirart haka sacaya sa graha na kart avya / Payantu bhavanta sarve jan / Madhukarya madhumakik madhu-pu ake vth madhuna sacaya kurvanti, yata t tan-madhu na tu svaya bhujanti, na ca

kasmai-cid api yacchanti / Ata eva te puru rthena sacit amadhu- rpm artha dhana vydh lubdhak haranti / Vocabulary: Dtavyam = should be given away, donated.

Bhoktavyam = should be enjoyed.Sati vibhave = when there is properity.Sacaya = hoard, accummulation.Kartavya = should be done.Payantu = (you all) see, mark.Madhukar = of the honey-bees.Haranti = take away. Anye = others.

Coalescence: Sacaya+ na (a+ na= o na) / Sacitam+ n artham (m+ a= ma)/ Haranti+ anye (i+ a= y).

New f orms: P ayantu = Imperative 3rd Per. Pl. of the Sanskritverbal rootd (1 P. to see). Haranti = Pre. 3rd Per. Pl. of the root h(1U. to take away, deprive of.).

Kasyacit kim api no hara yaMarma-vkyam api noccara yam /

rpate pada-yuga smara yaLlay bhava-jala tara yam / /

Kasya-cit = of any body.Kim-api = anything.No = not. Hara- yam = should not be taken away, stolen.Marma-vkyam= marm-

ghta-janakam vacanam = statement that hurts vitally.Uccr a yam =should be uttered. rpate= Lakm-pate= Vi o = of the Lord

Vi u.Pada-yugam= Cara a-yugmam = pair of feet.Smara yam=

Lesson 10 99

New Forms: Bhagavata = Gen. Sing. ofbhagavat (M.).Coalesence: Pr ta+devnm+ arcanam (+ d= rd, m+ a= ma)

/ Prandebhya+ virma (a+ v= ov / Sarvasya upakra (a+ u= o / uci+ vyavahra (+ v= rv) / Mati+ iti_eva / (+ i= ri, i+ e= ye) /

Srya vin dina na hi / Puya vin sukha na hi / Suputra vin kula na hi / Guru vin vidy na hi / Dana vinkrtir na hi / Bhojana vin tptir na hi / S hasa vin siddhir na hi / Udyama vin dhana na hi / Kula-str vina gha na hi / V0 I vina subhika na hi / Hdaya-uddhi vin dharmo na hi / Jna vin muktir na hi /

In each of the above sentences, we find that the indeclinablevin has been used with the nouns in the Accusative Case, and there isanother noun in the Nominative Case, while the verb, likebhavati,

asti, or vartate, though not actually mentioned, is implied orunderstood. Vocabulary : Udyama = endeavour, effort.Kula-str= a woman

of good family.VI = rain.Subhika = the condition in which the almsare easily obtained, i.e., abundance of food.Hdaya-suddhi = purity ofheart. Mukti = liberation.

Suvacanena mait ri , indu-daranena samudr a, gr e a r ga, vinayena gu a, d nena kr ti , udyamena r, satyena dharma, abhy sena vidy ny yena r jyam, aucityena mahattvam,audr ye a prabhutva , kamay tapa, bhojanena arra ,l bhena lobha, dur vacanena kalah a, nca-sa gena dulat ,upekay r ipu, ku umba-kalahena dukham, aaucena d ri dryam,apathyena roga, asantoea t , vyasanena viaya vardhate / /

Vocabulary: Indu = the Moon. g ra = amorousness.R ga = attachment. Vinaya = modesty. Nyya = justice. Aucitya =propriety. Audrya = generosity. Kam= forgi veness. Kalaha =quarrel. Dulat= proneness to evil behaviour. Aauca = impurity.Apathya = u n w h o l e so m e ( f o o d o r c o n d u ct ) . Asantoa =dissatisfaction. Vyasana = addiction.. Viaya = sexual urge. Vardhate = Pre. 3 rd Per. Sing. of the root vdh (= to grow, to increase, toaugment).


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with each of the phrases, we can formulate as many independentsentences, e.g., Suvacanena mait ri vardhate/ Indu-daranena samudra vardhate /

Satpurua paropakr yvatarat i / Suvar apar l a k r ya t pa -t an d ika sahate / Aguru para - saurabhyya dha sahate / Karpra para-saugandhyya mardana sahate / Candana para-t popa ntaye ghara asahate / Kastri k para-patra-bha g-kte kartana sahate / Tmbla para-ra g ya carva a sahate / Dadhi par rthaviloana sahate / Maji h para-vastr a-rajan ya ku ana- kha an ni sahate / Srya par rt ham eva udgacchati, Jaladhara paropak r yaiva varati / Sari t par rtham eva vahanti / Vk paropakrrtham eva phalanti /

In the above sentences, the nouns in the Nominative andDative Cases are used.Coalescence: paropakr ya+ avatarati ( a + a = ) /

par rham+ eva (m+ e= me) / paropakr ya+ eva (a+ e= ai)/

Vocabulary: Para= other.Upakra = doing good, benevolence.Ala kra = decoration.Tpa = heat, grief . Tana+ di = beating, andetc.. Sahate = 3rd Per. Sing of the rootsah (1. . to suffer.Saurabhya= saugandhya = making fragrant, scenting. Dha= burning. Upanti =calming. Ghar a = rubbing, friction. Mardana = pounding,messaging. Patr a-bha g= picture designs (drawn on various limbsfor decoration). Kte ( ind.)= for the sake of.Kartana = cutting. Ra ga = colouring. Vastra-rajana = dying cloth.Carva a = Chewing.Viloana= mathana= hurning. Ku ana = beating, thrashing.Khanana = breaking, crushing. Udgacchati = 3rd. Per. Sing. of theroot ud+ gam (gacch , 1 P.) ) to rise.Varti = 3rd Per. Sing. of the rootv (1 P.) to rain.

Tasm d tmana k a sambhta / k d vyu / V yor agni / Agner pa / Adbhya pthi v / Pthi vy oadhaya / Oadhi bhya annam / Ann t pur ua / Sa v ea puruo nna- rasamaya /

Lesson 11 109

Hari (m.) = God Vi u

Sing. Du. Pl.Pra./ Nom. hari har haraya Sa ./Voc. hare har haraya Dvi./Acc. harim har harn T./ Instr. hari haribhym haribhi Cat./ Dat. haraye haribhym haribhya Pa./ Abl. hare haribhym haribhya a./ Gen. hare haryo har m Sap./ Loc. harau haryo hariu

Sthu (m. )= God ivaSin g. Du. Pl,

Pra./ Nom. sthu sth sth ava

Sa ./Voc. sth o sth sth ava Dvi./Acc. sth um sth sth n T./ Instr. sthun sthubhym sthubhi Cat./ Dat. sth ave sth ubhy m sth ubhya Pa./Abl. sth o sth ubhy m sth ubhya a./ Gen. sth o sth vo sth nm Sap./ Loc. sth au sth vo sth uu

Here, the apparent difference between the forms of thesetwo nouns is that while in the case of Hari the final vowel i i sreplaced by it s gu a equivalent e , and being coalesced with thefoll owing vowel t hey are changed to ay . And, in t he Gen. pl. the n changed to . In the case of the noun Sth u the final vowel u i sreplaced by its gua equivalent o, and being coalesced with thefollowing vowel they are changed to av .

Now, sing aloud rhyt hmically t he follow ing verses,tryi ng to grasp t heir m eanings:

Pachbhi saha gantavya sth tavya pachbhi saha / Pachbhi saha vaktavya na dukha pachbhi saha //

Herein, the nouns in theNominative and Instrumental areused, and with every phrase, the verbvardhate is implied. By joining it


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Lesson 10 101

In the above sentences, the nouns in t he Ablative andNominative are used, and the verb sambhta in all them, butthe last one is impli ed; in t he last one the verb bhavati,or asti, orvartate is implied.

Vocabulary : tmana= Abl. Sing. oftman (m.) = from theSelf. Vyo= Abl, Sing. ofvyu (m.)= from the wind.Agne = Abl. Sing.of agni (m.) = from the fire.Adbhya = Abl. Sing. ofap (f.)= from thewaters. Pthivy = Abl. Sing. ofpthiv(f.)= from the earth.Oadhibhya = Abl. Sing. ofOadhi (f.)= from the plants.Annt = Abl.Sing. ofanna (n.) = from grains.Rasa (m.)= juice.

Coalescence: Tasmt+ tmana (-t+ -= -d- ) / kt+ vyu (t+ v= dv) / InVyo+ agni and Agne+ pa (o+ a=ora, e+ = er) / Pthi vy+ oadhaya (+o= o) / Oadhaya+ annam (a+a=a

a) / Purua + anna- rasamaya (a+ a=o)/ Sukhasya mla dharma / Dharmasya mlam ar tha / Arthasya mla r jyam / Rjyasya mla indr iya-jaya / I ndriya- jayasya mla vinaya / Vinayasya mla vddhopasev / Vddhopasevy mla vijnam / Vij nen tm na samp dayet /

Coalescence: Mlam+ artha (-m+ a-= -ma-) / - mlam+ indriya- (-mi-) / -sevy+ mlam (-+ m-= m-) / Vij nena+ tm nam+ sam-(-a+ = , am+ sa= a sa). sevy+ mlam (+ m= m)/

Vocabulary: Mlam = Root, source, cause. Vddhopa- sevy = Gen. Sing. of the compound nounvddhopasev(f.)= Of theservice to aged people. tmana = Gen. Sing. of the nountman (m.)=Of the Self.Sampdayet= Causal Potential 3rd Per. Sing. of the rootsam+ pad (4 .)= One should accomplish.

Compounds: R jya-mlam = r jyasya+ mlam / Indriya-jaya = Indriy jaya / Vddhopasev = vddhasya upasev /


Madhu (neu.) = honey.Sin g. Du. Pl.

Pra./ Nom madhu madh madhava Sa ./Voc. madho madh madhava Dvi./ Acc. madhum madh madhava T./ Instr. madhn madhubhym madhubhi Cat./ Dat. madhne madhubhy m madhubhya Pa./Abl. madhuna madhubhym madhubhya a./ Gen. madhuna madhuno madhn m Sap./ Loc. madhuni madhuno madhuu

On comparing these forms, we find thatthe di fference is muchmore in the forms of the Nominative, Vocative and the Accusativecases. The forms in the Instr umental are simi lar. The dual and pl uralfor ms of th e Dati ve, Ablat ive, Geni ti ve and the Locati ve cases, too,are similar. But the singular forms of these four cases are slightlydifferent from each other, as betweengurave and madhne , guro andmadhuna , gurau and madhuni . From the point of view of grammaticalanalysis,the final u of guru is replaced by its gu a vowel o, beforeterminations of these cases and it coalesces with them. Thus,guru+ e= guro+ e (Dat.)=gur-av+ e = gurave / guru+ as (Abl. &

Gen.)=guro+ as= guro-s (by elision ofa ) guro / guru+ i= guro+ i= gura (o> a)+ i (e> au)= gurau . But in the case the word madhu , the num- gama (i.e. , n ) is added before these cases terminations. Thus,madh+ n+ (Instr.)=madhun / madhu + n+ e (Dat.)=madhune / madhu+ n+ as (Abl.-Gen.) =madhuna / madhu+ n+ i= madhni . ThisPa ini an analysis is for subtle logic of the grammatical understanding.

Now, let us compare and contr ast t he forms of th e i-krnta (mas.) nouns with t hose of the u-krnta (mas.) nouns:


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Nakula-sarpayo, jal a-vaiv narayo, deva-dait yayo,s rameya-mr j rayo, si ha-gajayo, vyghra-gavo, k ka- ghkayo, pa it a-mrkh ayo, pativrat -svair i yo, sajjana- durjanayo sahaja vaira bhavati /

Divasa-r tr yo, srya-khadyotayor, ha sa-bakayor, hasti - gardhabhayo, si ha-gl ayo, r ja-ra kayo, tath samyaktva- mithytvayor mahad antara bhavati /

In the sentences of both the above paragraphs, the GenitiveDual forms of the compound nouns are used, and, after every form inthe dual in the first paragraph, the verbal phrasesahaja vairabhavati is implied, whi le after those in the second paragraph, the verbalphrase mahad antara bhavati is implied. On repeating these verbalphrases, respectively, in the sentences of the respective paragraphs,

we can formulate as many independent sentences as there are dualforms, e.g.,Nakula-sarpayo sahaja vaira bhavati / Divasa-r tryor mahad antara bhavati / (= There is a great difference between theday and the night.) and so on.

Coalescence: -rtr yo+ mahat (-o+ ma= orma). Mahat+ antaram (t+ a= da).

Vocabulary: Nakula (m.) = mongoose. Sarpa (m.)= snake.Vaiv nara (m.)= fire. Daitya (m.) = demon. S rameya (m.)= dog.Mrj ra (m.) = cat. Si ha (m.)= lion. Gaja (m.)= hastin (m.)=elephant. Vy ghra (m.)= tiger. Gau (m.)= bull. Kka (m.)= crow.Ghka (m.)= owl. Pativrat (f.)= chaste woman. Svairi (f.)= wanton,unchaste woman. Sahaja (mfn.) = natural. Vaira (n.) = enmity.Khadyota (m.) = glow-worm. Ha sa (m.) = swan. Baka

ompounds: Nakula-sarpayo= nakula ca sarpa ca nakula- sarpau, tayo / Jala-vaivnarayo = Jala ca vaivnara ca nakula- vaivnarau, tayo / Vyghra-gavo= vyghra ca gau ca vyghra- gavau, tayo / Pativrat -svairi yo= Pativrat ca svair i ca, tayo / Divasa-r tryo= divasa ca r trca, tayo / Samyaktva-mithy vayo= samyaktva ca mithy tva ca, tayo / , and so on.

Lesson 11 107

in the dual for ms of t he Nominat ive, Locati ve and Accusative cases,the medial one is long in the plural forms of those cases.

Here it should also be remembered that the forms of thepopular neuter words like aki (= eye) , asthi (= bone) and sakthi (= thigh) are also declin ed in accordance wit h those of the noundadhi , e.g., in Instr. Sing.ak / asthn / sakthn, in Dat. Sing.ak e/ asthne/ sakthne , in Abl. and Gen. Du.ak o/ asthno/ sakthno , inGen. Pl. ak m/ asthn m/ sakthnm.Since this type of forms werepopular in t he usage in Sanskrit , P ini j ustifi ed them grammaticallyby showin g them by way of the exception t o the general r ule.

The difference betweenthe masculine and the neuter formsof thei-krnta nouns is limited to those of the Nominative, Vocativeans Accusative cases only. The Vocative Singular and those of all other

cases are similarly declined, as for instance:Sing. Du. Pl.Pra./ Nom. hari (m.)/vri (n.) har(m.)/vri(n.) haraya (m.)/vr i (n.)Sa / Voc. hare (m.)/ vre(n.) har(m.)/vri(n.) haraya (m.)/vri(n.)Dvi./ Acc. harim (m.)/vri (n.) har(m.)/vri(n.) harn (m.) /vri(n.)

Now, let us compare and contr ast the forms of the u-k r ntanouns guru (mas.) and madhu (neu.):

Guru (mas.) = preceptor/ teacher.Sin g. Du. Pl.

Pra./ Nom. guru gur gurava Sa ./Voc. guro gur gurava Dvi./Acc. gurum gur gurn T./ Instr. guru gurubhym gurubhi Cat./ Dat. gurave gurubhym gurubhya Pa./Abl. guro gurubhym gurubhya a./ Gen. guro gurvo gur m Sap./ Loc. gurau gurvo guruu


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Pa./ Abl. mune munibhym munibhi

a./ Gen. mune munyo munnm

Sap. /Loc. munau munyo muniu

Pati (mas.)

Sing. Dual Plu.

Pra./ Nom. pati pat pataya

Sa ./Voc. pate pat pataya

Dvi./ Acc. patim pat pataya T./ Instr. paty patibhym patibhi

Catu./ Dat. patye pati bhym patibhi

Pa./Abl. patyu patibhym patibhi

a./ Gen. patyu patyo patn m

Sap./ Loc. patyau patyo patiu

Note: Among the forms of these two i-krnta nouns in masculinegender there is no difference in the case of the endings in the dual andplural numbers. And even in the singular, there is only slight differencebetween the endings of the forms of the cases from the Instrumental tothe Locative, as between munin and Paty, munaye and patye , mune and

patyu , munau and patyau . But when the noun pati occurs as the lastmember in a compound, its forms are found to be just like those of thenoun muni , as for instance in the case of the compound noun bhpati(=bhuva pati =master of the earth=king). Thus, we have munin an dbhpatin, munaye and bhpataye, mune and bhpate , munau

Lesson 11 103

LESSON 11(Ek daa P ha )

Read the fol low ing Sanskr it sentences aloud,tryi ng to grasp t heir m eanings:

Kuptr asya vidy vth , kui ya vrata vth , dhanhye d na vth , are upta vth , munaye bhara ni vth ,andhasya preka yaka vth , badhir asya gta vth , madyapeu sadupadeo vth bhavat i /

Parrthe maraa lghya , dne dridrya lghya ,tapasi kat l ghy , v idy r the laghutva l ghya ,path ikopabhoge phal ni l ghyni , paropabhoge tagasya oa l ghyo bhavati /

In th e sentences of the fir st paragraph, the for ms of therespective nouns in the Nominative, Dative, Genitive and Locativeare used, and with every phrase the verb bhavati is implied. Byrepeating it with each phrase, new independent sentences can beformed.

In t he sentences of t he second paragr aph, the for ms of theadjective l ghya have been modif ied in accordance with the genderand the number in which the subject is used. The implied verbbhavati has to be modifi ed in accordin g to the number in which thesubject is used.

Vocabulary : Vth(ind.)= useless.ara = salty land.Uptam = that which is sowed. Prekayakam = drama.Badhira = a deafperson.Madyapa = drunkard.Parrthe = for the sake of others.Mara am = death. lghya = worthy, commendable.Dridryam = poverty.Kat= leanness, emaciation, slenderness.Laghutvam = smallness,littleness, levity.Pathikopabhoga = eating by the travelers. oa= beingdried up.

Compounds : Kuptram= kutsitam (= contemptible, censu-rable, low, dirty)ptram (= fit , worthy, deserving person).Kuiya=


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kutsita ,tasmai . iya = censurable disciple, student.Dhanhye = dhanena hya , tasmin = (rich, wealthy).Madyapa =madya pibati it i asau. Sadupadea = samyak upadea = good advice.Par rthe = parasya arthe (= for the sake of).Pathikopabhoge = pathikai upabhoga (= for use, enjoyment),tasmin .

New Form s : Uptam = Nom. Sing. of the neu. P.P.P.upta derivedfrom the rootVap (1 U.) to sow, scatter, weave, cut, shave.Munaye =Dat. Sing. of thei-krnta nounMuni (m.).Tapasi = Loc. Sing. of thesa-krnta noun Tapas (n.). Sarasa = Gen. Sing. of thesa-krnta noun Saras (n.).

Note : In the lessons so far we find that the forms of the - kr nta, i-kr nta, -kr nta and u-krnta nouns, in masculine,feminine or neuter gender, such askam (fem.), vidy ( fem.), krti

(fem.), dulat (fem.), muni (mas.), siddhi ( fem.), uddhi (fem.),tpti (fem.), upanti (fem.), vI (fem.), mukti (fem.), kul astr(fem.),maitr (fem.), r (fem.), etc., have been used. Out of them we haveseen the forms of the-krnta nounRam (fem.) by way of specimen,in the 8th lesson. Please, recollect them.

Now, let us see and compare the forms the two i-krnta nouns Muni (mas.) and Pati (mas.), by way of specimen

Muni (mas.)

Sing. Dual Plu.

Pra./ Nom. muni mun munaya

Sa ./ Voc. mune mun munaya

Dvi./ Acc. munim mun munaya

T./ Instr. munin munibhym munibhi

Catu./Dat. munaye munibhym munibhi

Lesson 11 105

and bhpatau . Here we find a slight diversion from the general rule.Inthe Pa ini an terminol ogy, the general r ule is called the Utsarga and the slight di version fr om it, i .e. the option, as the Apavda .Such and apavda is found in the forms from theTtyto the Saptamvibhaktis .

Looking from t he point of view of grammatical analysis,Muni+ (Intr. Sing.)>muni+ n+ = munin / Here thenu gama (i.e.n ) is inserted before the case termination . In muni+ e (Dat. Sing.)> mune+ e= munay+ e > munaye , the final i vowel of nounmuni hasbeen replaced by itsgu dea (i .e ,e ), and as per the rules of coalescencee followed by any vowel is replaced byay . In muni+ as (Abl. & Gen.Sing.) > mune+ s (bypurva-rpa ek dea e+ a= e ) and then s replacedby visarga (:= )> mune / In muni+ i (Loc. Sing.) > mune+ i (bygu dea)> mune+ au (as per svdi-sandhi) > muna+ au = munau . (The

gu dea is due to the fact that i n the P inian terminology, theterminations of the cases from Dative to Locative Singular, viz., e , as , as , i , are it , i.e. having a as indicatory (it ) sound. But in the caseof the forms of the nounpati (mas.),pati+ > pat-y+ (by ya - dea)= paty.; pati+ as > > paty+ us ( replacement of a-kra of thetermination)> patyu (by u-kra , of s by visarga ). In pati+ i > paty+i> (byya dea)> pate+ au (as per svdi-sandhi) > paty+ au = patyau .

One should remember here that these forms are notformul ated and popularized by anybody like a grammarian or so.Language i s inher i ted f rom the mother and o ther e lders .Grammarians task is only to offer an analytical outlook on the

basis of a general rules and their exceptions, by separating thebase, the adjuncts, the t erminati on, and the various types of theint ernal mod if icati ons of vowels and consonants as per the ru les ofcoalescence appli cable in th e situat ion. This analyti cal outlook isbased on linguistic logic, and is meant rather for a sort of logicalunderstanding, than for generating a headache. The import ant pointto be noted is to recognize the forms, keep them and theirimpl ications mind, use them for expressing particular m eaningfulideas, and understand the meanings when such usages are foundin lit erature, and to translate accordingly.


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Recite aloud rhythmically the following verses along with theirSanskrit explanation, trying to grasp their meaning:

ru tv spv ca dv ca bhuktv ghr tv ca yo nara / Na hyati gl yati v sa vijeyo jitendri ya / /

Yo nara rutv (= having heard), na hyati (= is not delighted),na gl yati ( = is not dejected, does not become cast down), v(= or= nor), sa jitendriya vijeya (= should be known as one whohas conquered the senses, is self-restrained) /

In t his same manner for mul ate new sentences by using theother usages, viz.,spv (= having touched), dv (= having seen),

bhuktv(= having eaten, enjoyed), ghrtv (= having smelt) .Vocabulary: rutv = ravaa ktv / Sptv= spara

ktv / Dv = dara ktv / Bhuktv= bhoga ktv , bhojanaktv / Ghrtv = ghr ana ktv / Vijeya = vijya, vijtavya, j tavya / Jitendriya = jit ni indriy I yena sa / Hyati = haraprpnoti / Glyati = glni prpnoti /

Grammatical Forms:Hyati = Pre. 3rd Per. Sing. of the verbalroot h (4 P. to be delighted).Glyati = Pre. 3rd Per. Sing. of theverbal rootglai (1 P. to be despondent).Vijeya = Nom. Sing. of thePot. Part. vijeya derived from the verbal rootvi+ j(9 U. to know),formed by suffixing the terminationyat , because the root is prefixed byvi .

Mna hitv priyo nitya kma jitv sukhbhavet / Krodha hitv nir bdhas t jitv na tapyate / /

(Manuya ) mna = garva (= pride),hitv = tyaktv(= havinggiven up) n i t ya = sa d - k l am (= for all ti mes, for ever),priya= vallabha (= beloved, lovable),bhavet (would become)/

Lesson 12 113

LESSON 12(Dvdaa p ha )

Now, when the forms of the Potential Participles ending in theterminations aniyar and yat , being denotative of mere action (bhva- vcaka ), they serve the same purpose as those ending in the terminationtavyat . And when these forms of the potential participles ending inthe above two terminations and derived from the verbal roots, are usedadjectival objects in the sentences in the passive voice (karmai ), theyserve the purpose of the forms ending in thetavya termonation.

The difference between the terminations tavyat and tavya isbased on that of the accentuation in the archaic Vedic Sanskrit usagesin ancient Br hma a works. In the classical Sanskrit , however, thi sdifference has almost disappeared.

Aj teu na vivasanyam / N ru mantro na pr aka anya / M l nup lanena dhana vyayanyam / Virodha pronmlanya / Mah jano na vacanya / Guravo na khedany / vayake karmai na pramda kara ya / Sktam ukta ripor api na da yam / Dhana bhr y-putr dhna na vidh nyam / Kaeu purua-vrata na tyajanyam / A-d na-tapaska d inan ti vhanyaam /

Ajteu = ye prva na j t teu = About those who areunknown;Na vivasanyam= vivsa na kartavya = should not betrusted. Nru = n r-jana-samaka= to a women, in front of thewomanfolk.Mantra= rahasya-yukt kath= a secret matter. Na praka anya = should not be revealed.Ml nup lanena= mlasya = ofthe principal amount.Anuplanena = raka a ktv= havingpreserved. Dhanam = wealth, property, money.Vyayanyam= vyaya kartavya = should be spent. Virodha= atrubhva = opposition,conflict.Pronmlanya= praka yath syt t ath(= in the best way,by all means), unmlanya= ml t ucchedanya = should be rootedout).Mahjana= jann samudya = people at large.Na vacanya = vacana kartum na yogya = should not be deceived.Gurava= guru-jan = elders, preceptors, teachers. Na kheday =


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kheda-yukt na karay = should not be displeased, made sorrowful. vayake karma I = yat karma avaya kartum yogyam, tasmin viaye = in actions that are obligatory.Pramda= lasyam = laziness. Na kara ya = should not be done.Suktam = good saying, fair words.Uktam = spoken.Ripo= atru-janasya = of the enemy.Api = even, also,too. Na dua yam= doa-pr am na mantavyam = should not be takenas ful l of fault s.Bhr y-putr dhnam= bhry y (= patny ),putr ca adhna yath syt tath= so as to be under the possessionof the wife and sons.Na vidhnyam= vidhna-yukta na kartavyam =should not be legally stipulated.Kaeu= kcchreu= p -d yaka- paristhitiu = in dif ficulti es, adverse situations.Vratam= niyama = avow.Na tyajanyam= tyga na kartavya = should not be given up.A- dna-tapaskam= dnena tapasyay ca hnam = without charity andpenance. Dinam= divasa = day.Na ati-vhanyam= na vyatitavyam =should not be passed.

Grammatical An lysis: Vivasaniyam = Nom. Sing. (Neu.) ofthe Pot. Par. derived from the verbal rootvi+ vas (2 P. to rely on, putfaith in).Praka anyam = Nom. Sing. (Neu.) of the Pot. Par. derivedfrom the adjectival rootpraka a. Vyayanyam = Nom. Sing. (Neu.) ofthe Pot. Par. derived from the verbal rootvyay (10 U. to expend,bestow). Pronmlanya= Nom. Sing. (Mas.) of the Pot. Par. derivedfrom the verbal rootpra+ ut+ ml (10 U. to root out) . Rajanya=Nom. Sing. (Mas.) of the Pot. Par. derived from the verbal rootraj (4U. to dye, colour, be pleased, be devoted to, be in love with).Khedanya = Nom. Sing. (Neu.) of the Pot. Par. derived from the verbalroot khid (4 ., 6 P., 7 . to strike, affl ict, be depressed, suffer pain, bemiserable). Kara ya= Nom. Sing. ( Mas.) of the Pot. Par. derived fromthe verbal rootk(8 U. to do).Da yam = Nom. Sing. (Neu.) of thePot. Par. derived from the verbal rootdu (4 P. to be wrong, impure)in Causal. Vidh nyam = Nom. Sing. (Neu.) of the Pot. Par. derivedfrom the verbal rootvi+ dh (3 U. to make, to stipulate). Tyajanyam= Nom. Sing. (Neu.) of the Pot. Par. derived from the verbal roottyaj (1 P. to abandon, to give up). Ativhanyam = Nom. Sing. (Neu.) ofthe Pot. Par. derived from the verbal root = Nom. Sing. (Neu.) of the Caus.Pot. Par. derived from the verbal root ati+vah (1 U. to pass).

Lesson 13 127

ancestors), svh (= may a blessing rest on, hail! hail to!) ,alam (= enough, sufficient, adequate, equal to, compe- tent, able),vaa / vaua (= an exclamation uttered by the sacrificial priest at the end ofthe sacrificial verse),asti (= it is said, it was in ancient ti mes, they sayin olden days) up u (= lightly muttering),m (= false, untrue),mithy(= false, useless, in vain, fake),mudh (= false, useless, in vain),pur (= formerly, in ancient times, in olden days),mitha / mitho (=together, mutually, reciprocally, alternately, to or from or with eachother, privately, in secret), pryas (= mostly, generally),abhk am (= often, again and again),s kam / s rdham (= with, along with,simultaneously),namas = (salutation),dhik (= fie! shame! pshaw!),atha (= now, auspicious beginning),m (= yes, alright),m / m (=no, not, lest). These indeclinable words have been put under the sub-list called kti-gaa under the main listSvar di-ga a.

But, the following indeclinable words, viz.,ca (= and),v (= or),aha (= Oh!),h (= O!),eva (= only, merely),evam (= thus, in this way,in this manner),nnam (= realy, in fact, but),avat (= often, fromtime to time),yugapat (= once),bhyas (= often, over again) ,cet (= incase, if ), yatra (= where), tatra (= there), kvacit (= somewhere),hanta (= alas!) m (= no, not, lest),na (not), yvat (= as much), tvat (= that much),raua , vaa , vaua , svadh, svh , tath -hi (= forthat reason, hence, to the same effect),khalu (= indeed),kila (=it issaid), atha, su hu (= well, good),sma (denoting the past tense) havebeen listed in theSvar di-gaa as corresponding to the prefix, case andvowel (upasarga-vibhakti-svara-prati-rpaka ). In the ThirdK a ofthe Amarakoa,, such ideclinable words have been listed in the verses240 onwards, in the sub-class called Nnrtha-varga under the mainclass Avyaya-varga

Now, read aloud over again the verses and the prosepassage, along with their Sanskrit explanation, trying to grasp themeaning.

____________________________________________________________

* For those interested in theAmarakoa,the Edition published by the Nirnaya Sagar,Bombay (now Mumbai), wit h the Commentary by Bh nujDkita will be very useful,as it explains every word grammatically in t he P inian manner.


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(= when, at which time),tad (= at that time, then),yadi (= if, in case),cet (= if i t be proposed that),tarhi (= in that case, then it follows that),etc., are grammatically known as the Indeclinable (avyaya ) usages,because they are used without any declensional changes in the contextof Gender, Case, Number. And, it is difficult to analyze themgrammatically as to their underlying verbal root, noun, base,termination, etc., although as per the outlook of the P inian system,every verbal root or the nominal base takes some or other terminationbefore they are used in the sentence, but when these are not foundactually applied to it, it is technically taken as elided grammatically.Among such Indeclinable usages the Infinitive (tum-anta ) words likegantum, are notable as quite different. Such Indeclinable usages werecurrent since ancient times, although, it is almost impossible to tracetheir original source.

To draw our attention to, and remind us of, this fact, P inihas used the term Nipta , explained asNipatanti iti nipta / It meansthose words in the Sanskrit language that have been just in popular usesince time immemorial, and their origin cannot be traced nor can theybe grammatically analyzed. He has li sted all such words in theSvardi- gaa of his Ga a-p ha . Some of them are: svar (= heaven), antar (= in, inside),prtar (= in the morning),uccai (= from above, aloud),ncai (= from under, below, in a low tone),anai (= slowly),te (= without)yugapat (= simultaneously), r t (= from a distance, near,immediately),pthak (-= separate, different) ,hyas (= yesterday),vas (= tomorrow),rtrau (= at night),s yam (= in the evening), ciram (= for a long time),at (= little,

slightly, partly), joam (= quiet, silent),t m (= silently, quietly),bahis (= outside),svayam (= by ones self, of ones own accord, volun-tarily, vth(= uselessly, in vain, fruitlessly) ,naktam (= at night).na (= negation, a negative particle),hetau = because of, for the reasonthat, by reason of),-vat (= endowed wi th, possessing, l ike),tiras (= hidden, out of sight),antar (= in the middle, in between),antare a = without, in the absence of, in between, about),sahas (= suddenly),vin (= without, in the absence of) ,nn (= various, many),svasti (=well-being, fortune, luck, success, prosperity),svadh (= self-position,self-power, inherent power, be it offered to the spirits of the deceased

Lesson 12 115

Satyn na pramaditavyam / Dhamrmn na pra-madi tavyam / Kual n na pra-maditavyam / Bhte na pra-maditavyam / Svdhyya-pravacanbhy na pr a-maditavyam/ Deva-pit- k rybhy na pra-maditavyam / Yni yny anavady ni karm i t ni sevitavyni, no itar i / Y ny asmka su-carit ni t ni tvayop syni, no itar i /

Satyt = satya-p lant (= from Truth-speaking)Na pra -maditavyam = pramda na kartavya = should not neglect, not beindifferent to, heedless about.Dharmt = dharmasya plan t = fromobserving religious duty.Kualt = ma galt= kaly t= from thewelfare. Bhte = aivary t = well being, prosperity, fortune.Sv dhy ya-pravacan bhym= svasya daini ka str a-p h a svdhyya, stra-vacann vivara rtham upadea pravacanam,tbhym = from the daily studi es and oral exposit ion.Deva-pit- krybhm = deva-krya homa, pit-krya r ddha pit-tarpaa

ca, tbhym = from the worship pf gods and of the manes.An-avadyni = a-nindyni = praast ni = irreproachable, faultl ess.Sevitavyni =should be pursued. Itar I = anyni = others. Su-cari t ni = suhu carani = good actions, conduct.Upsyni = should be worshipped,respectfully followed.

Coalescence: saty t+ na, dharm+ na, ( t+ n= nn) /Yni+ anavadyni (i+ a= ya) / Y ni+ asmkam (i+ a= ya)

Verbal Forms: Pramaditavyam = Nom. Sing. (Neu.) of thePot. Par. of the verbal root pra+ mad (4 P. to neglect, be indifferentto). Sevitavyni = Nom. Pl. (Neu.) of the Pot. Par. of the verbal rootsev (1 . to pursue). Upsyni = Nom. Pl. (Neu.) of the Pot. Par. ofthe verbal root up+ s (2 . to worship).

In the English syntactical construction the Case terminationsare not suffixed to the nouns or adjectives, as for instance in to theblack cat, from the black cat, of the black cat. But in Sanskrit sentenceconstruction the Case terminations are suffixed to both the substantivesand the adjectives, as for instance,Karmi upsyni /

It i s useful and convenient to r emember t he follow ing versethat incorporates the above linguistic usage:


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Yal-li ga yad-vacana y ca vibhaktir vieyasya /

Tal-li ga tad-vacana s ca vibhaktir viea asya // Sanskta-vkya-racany vieya(substantive)yasmin (= inwhich) lige (= gender) bhavati, tasminn eva (= in that very)lige viea a (= adjective)bhavati / yasmin vacane (= number)vieyabhavati , tasminn eva vacane viea a(= adjective)bhavati / Yasya(= in which)vibhaktau (= case) vieya (substantive)bhavati tasminn eva vibhaktau viea a (= adjective)bhavati / Eva -rpe a (= in thisform)vieya sadaiva (= always)li ga-viaye (in the matter of gender)vacana-viaye (= in the matter of number)vibhakti-viaye (= in thematter of case) ca vieyam anusarati (= follows).

Now, read aloud the following sentences,tryi ng tograso their m eanings:

Nirdhano yady uccas tad stambha / Yadi kharvas tadvmana / Yadi gauras tad ma-vt/ Yadi k as tad vanecara- bhilla / Yady alp h ras tad manda / Yadi bahv-h ras tadk ra-kt / Yady ambartad vi a / Yadi vinaytad bhik c ra / Yadi mita-bhtad mko mrkha ca / Yadi vgmtad jalp ka / Yadi amtad bhru ra ka ca / Yadi pral pras tad dh - vhaka / Ki bahun ? Nirdhanasya gu api do ga yante / Evam eva sevakasypi / Evam eva vadh-janasypi /

Coalescence: Yadi+ ucca (i+ u= yu).Similarly, inYadi+ alph ra (i+ a= ya), yadi= ambar/ Here, there is ya -sandhi, i.e.,the change of i to y when followed by a dissimilar vowel.Ucca+ tad(+t = st)/ Similarly, inalph ra+ tad, kharva+ tad , gaura+ tada,k a + tad, alph ra+ tad, bahv- hr a+ tad, ra+ tad,(+t= st).Here, the visarga (:) is changed tos when followed byt.Tad+ mavt( + = , merger of both, and elision of the subsequent shown byavagraha in the Devangar, and double apostrophe in theRoman scripts).Mrkha+ ca (+ c= c)/ Similarly, inra ka+ ca / Here, thevisarga (:) followed by c is changed to . Gu+api (-+a- =- a-) / Here, the visarga (:) receded by and followed by a is elided.

Now, compare the words separated above with the same

Lesson 13 125

+ i + tum, and grah+ i+ tum. D > dra ( by change of to i ts gua equivalent ra)+ tum> um ( by change of t o and t to ) .Av+gh > gahi ( by addition of the id-gama) + tum.Thus, we should n otehere that when the infinitive termination t um is applied, thefoll owing modif ications take place in t he verbal r oot, viz., the finalshort vowel is replaced by its corresponding gu a vowel, t he id- gama (i .e. the vowel i -) i s added after i t i n case it i s a set one, theshort vowel is replaced by its corresponding long one, and as perthe r ules of i ntern al coalescence of t he changes of c to k, the of thedental consonants are replaced by it s corr espondin g retr ofl ex ones.

Now, understand: Since the tum-anta (Infinitive) usages areindeclinable, they no not undergo any changes of Tense. Case, Number,in relation wi th the Person and Number of the verb. And, since this -tum termination is the one included under theKd-anta group, they are

also known by the termHetv-artha-kdanta , or Dhtu-sdhita hetu- vcaka krdant avyaya,i.e an indeclinable derived from a verbal rootand denoting the sense of purpose or intention.

In the P ini am system such words as do not undergo themodifications in accordance with the Tense, Person and Number, andare used in the same form, are known by the term Avyaya (= thatwhich does not change.) To remember this the following verse is popularin the tradition of the Sanskrit grammarians: Sada tr iu l i geu sarvsu ca vibhakti u /

Vacaneu ca sarveu yan na vyeti tad avyayam / / Triu li ngeu yat, sadam (= eka-rpa = samna ), bhavati ,

sarv su ca vibhakt iu yat sada bhavati , sarveu ca vacaneu yat sada bhavati, eva li ga-bhede pi, vibhakt i-bhede pi, vacana-bhede pi yat pada na vyeti (= vyaya = pari-vartana , na prpnoti) tad pada tasmad eva k ra t, avyayam (= avyaya-saja ) kathyate ity- artha /

In Sanskrit, the words,ca (= and), iti (= viz., that means), eva (= only, merely, itself), api (= also), ata (= therefore, hence, for thisreason), tata (= thence, for that reason),yath (= just as, as forexample, for instance),tath (= like that, in that way, moreover),yad


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V mana mra-phal ni grahitu katha aknoti ? Andha rpadrau katha prabhavati ? Badhiro v -ninda rotu kathapr ayati ? Pa gu trth ny avag hitu katha aknoti ? P a saulumrye sth tu katha prabhavati ? Kka ha sai samasthtu katha prayati ? Mrkha pa iteu stht u kathaaknoti ?

Atra sarvevkyeu pran / Te na-kr rtha na aknoti,na prabhavati, na pr ayati iti v pratyutt ara spaam eva / Vmana= dwarf. mra-phal ni = mango fruits.Grahtum = in order tocatch. Katham = how ? aknoti= prabhavati= prayati = is able to, iscapable of. Andha = blind person.Rpam = a form, beauty.Dra um = to see, is capable of seeing.Badhira = deaf person.V -nin dam =a resonant sound.rotum = to hear, for hearing.Pa gu = lame person.Trthni = holy river banks.Avaghitum = to take bath, for plunging

into.P a = stone. Saukumrye = in tender condition,Sthtum = toremain, in order to stay.Kka = crow.Ha sai = (with) swans.Samam = in company of, (be) with.Mrkha = Fool, stupid person.Paiteu = among the learned persons, scholars.

Now note: In the above verse and the sentences of theparagraph, since the termination tu m is suffixed in the wordsupakartum, vaktum, kart um, n ayitum, prasdhayitum, unnetum,dra um, rotum, avaghi tum,and sthtum, they are called thetum-anta (= the indeclinable words ending in the terminati on tum )in the P ini an system. They are the Infi nive forms denoting thesense of a cause or p ur pose, expr essed by th e expr essions, i n or der

to, for, t o, in English.

Now, let us look at these infini ti ves from the view point ofgrammatical analysis: Upa+ k(> kar)+ tum (here, the final vowelof the verbal root khas been replaced by it s gu a equivalent ar .Vac+ tum (the final consonant c of the verbal root vac has beenchanged to k. Nay (causal of the verbal root na )+ i + tum, theigama has been added after t he root before the termi nation. Ut+ ni (> ne,by change of i to i ts gua equivalent e)+ tum , t he coalescencet+n=nn.Similarly, pra+ s dhay (causal of the verbal root sdh )

Lesson 12 117

coalescedin the above sentences and fi nd out the r elevant instancesfrom t hem.

Vocabulary: Stambha = a pi l lar. Kharva = dwarfish.Gaura = white. ma-vt= One suffering from constipation.K a = black. Vane-cara-bhilla = an aborigine living in the forest.Alp- hra = One eating l ess.Manda = a dullard.Bahvhra = One eatingmuch. K rakt = malicious, glutt onous. ambar= osteta- cious.Vi a = a paramour. Bhikcra = One li ving on alms.Mita- bh= reserved in speech.Mka = dumb.Vgm= loquacious.Pralp=One speaking incoherently. am= Tranquil.Bhru = timid.Dh - vhaka = robber.Vadh-jana = the wifefolk.

Now, read aloud over again the Sanskrit sentences in theabove paragraph, keeping in m ind the meanings of the wor ds givenabove.

As to the gender of a word in Sanskrit language in general, onehas to learn it from usage. In order to give an analytical outlook in thematter, P ini and other Sanskri t grammarians subsequent to him havecomposed their works, called theLi gnu sanam . But, Amarsi ha hadcomposed, at least 1500 years ago, a well-known work, named theNma-li gnu sanam,popularly known ast he Amara-koa ,comprising three K as (= sections), w hich contains a collecti onof almost all the Sanskrit nouns and indeclinable words. It is in themetrical form containing verses. In the Sanskrit P halas thisAmarakoa , in full or a part of it, is prescribed to the beginners, formemorizing even to day, along with theabda-rpval, the Samsa- cakram and theDhtu-rpval. TheAmarakoa starts with the followingverse giving details of his arrangement:

Pr yao r pa-bhedena s hacaryac ca ku tr acit / Str-pu -napusaka jeya tad-vieavidhe kvacit / / Pr yaa= s m nyata= generally. Rpa-bhedena= vibhakti-

rp bhedena= through the difference of the case forms of thenouns. Shacaryt= saha-pa hitn abdn sambandht= throughthe relation of the words set in the neighborhood. Kutra-cir = kva-cit =somewhere. Tad-via-vidhe= tasya li gasya viea-vidhn t= throughthe special mention of the parti cular gender. Str-pu -napu sakam v


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jeyam = one should know about whether the noun is feminine, mas-culine or neuter. For instance:

Svar-avyaya svarga-n ka-tridi va-tr ida lay / Suraloko dyau-divau dve stri y klbe tr ivi apam / / Svar iti avyayam = svar is an indeclinable.Svarga, nka, tri diva,

tridalaya , and sura-loka , these five words are masculine.Dyau anddiv are feminine, and trivi apam is neuter. All these words are thesynonyms meaning heaven.

In Sanskrit, the feminine nouns are generally found to be - kr nta, -kr nta or -kr nta,as for instance b l = girl, nad=river, vadh= wife. The-krnta nouns may be masculine, feminineor neuter, e.g., n = man, pit= father, kart= doer, agent,bhr t= brother, dev= husbands younger brother, napt= nephew, etc.,are masculine, m t = mother, svas = sister, nannd= husbands

sister, duhit= daughter, etc., are feminine. Kartand others when usedas adjectives to neuter nouns are to be declined in neuter.

Now, let us understand from the point of view of gra-mmati cal analysis: When the base of ana-krnta masculine noun isconverted into-krnta or -k r nta, or by adding the termina- tionnto it, it becomes a feminine noun, as for instance:aja > aj , ava > av, rya > r y, tmaja > tmaj , kr aka > krak, kurv a > kurv , gandharva > gandharv, cinvna > cinvn, j yamna > j ya- mn, tanaya > tanay, d raka > drik , bl a > bl , mahattara > mahattar , mahattama > mahattam , vatsa > vats , sevaka > sevik /

kumbhak ra > kumbhak r, gopa > gop, Gaura > gaur,taru a > taru , > deva > dev, dta > dt, nartaka > nartak,brhma a > brhma , yavana > yavan, yuvan > yuvat, r jan > r j; indra > indr , bhava > bhavn, m tula > mtul n, rudra > rudr .

Some times there is found a slight difference in the meaning,when two different terminations for the feminine gender are affixed

Lesson 13 123

LESSON 13( Trayodaa p ha )

The forms of the noun Kart(Neu.) in the Nominative,Vocative and Accusative are declined as follows:

Case Sing. Du. Pl.Nom. Kart kart kart i Voc. Kart kart kart i Acc. Kart kart kart I

Moreover, the optional Singular forms with thea-kra in themare found in the Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, Genitive and Locative,as kartr / kart (Instr.), kartre / kart e (Dat.), kartu, kart a (Abl. Gen. / katari / kart I (Loc.), and alsokartro / kart o (Gen.Loc. Du.).

Now read aloud the following verses and the paragraph:Upakartu priya vaktu kartu sneham aktrima / Sajjan svabh vo ya kenendu iir kta / /

Sajjannm = of good persons.Ayam = this very.Svabhva =nature. Upakartum= upakra kartu= of obliging, doing good.Priyam = lovingly, sweetly.Vaktum = of speaking.Sneham = loveaffection.A-ktr imam = natural, not artifi cial.Kena = by whom?Indu =the Moon. iirkta = it ala kta = has been made cool.

Nayitum eva nca para-kr ya vetti na pras dhayitum / P tayitum eva akti r vyor vka na connetum / / Nca = evil person.Para-kryam= parasya k ryam = works of others.Nayitum= na kartum = of destroying.Eva = only.Vetti= jnti =knows. Prasdhayitum= prakae a saphala kart= to make fullysuccessful. Vyo= pavanasya = of the wind. akti= smarthyam =power. Vk n = pdap n= tarn = trees. P tayitum= patanakrayitum = to fell down, cause to fall .Eva = only, merely.Unnetum= rdhvn kartum = to raise up, make erect, li ft up.

Coalescence: P tayitum+ eva/ Nayitum+ eva / P tayitum+ eva (-m+ e-= me)/ akti+ vyo (-+ v-= -rv-)/ Vyo+ vkam (-+ v= -rv-/ Ca+ unnetum (-a+ u-= -o-).


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pit re pitbhym pitbhya m tr e m tbhym m tbhya pitu pitbhym pitbhya m tu m tbhym m tbhya pitu pitro pit m m tu mtr o mt m pitari pitro pitu matari mt ro mt m

Now, note that the only difference between the forms of ofthe above two nouns is in Acc. Pl., e.g.pitn/ mth , while all otherforms are just parallel.

But, in the case of most of the-kr nta nouns in both theMasculine and the Feminine, the medial a- changes to - - in the Nom.,Voc., and Acc., dual and plural. Thus, ofdhtu (= destiny),dhtrau and dhtra , of rot(= listener) rotrau and rotra . of gant(=the goer) gantrau and gantra , of pt(= protector) ptrau andptra , oftrt(= saviour)trtrau and trtra . ofkat(= charioteer,

driver)kattrau and kattra , and so on. All other forms correspondto those of the nounpit(m.) andmt(f.).

Lesson 12 119

to an a-krnta masculi ne noun, as for example:Updhyya > Updhyy(= lady teacher), Updhyyn(= wife ofupadhyya ) ,katriya > katriy(= a woman of thekatriya class), katriy (=wife of akatriya ), prja > prj(= a learned woman),prj(= wifeof a learned man),vaiya > vaiy(= a woman of thevaiya class),vaiy(= wife of avaiya ), dra > dr (= a woman of thedra caste), dr(= wife of adra ). Similarly,kart> kartr , ca a > ca / ca , d t > d tr, dhanavat > dhanavat, pa u > pa v, bahu > bahv, reyas > reyas, sundara > sundar / sundar.

Similarly, the present participles ending in t are also convertedinto feminine by suffixing the, with the addition of the penultimaten to the original masculine base. Thus,y t > y t/ ynt, kathayat > kathayant, kariyat > kariyant, kurvat > Kurvat/ kurvanti , gacchat > gacchat/ gacchant, gh at > gh at / gh ant, cinvat > cinvat/

cinvant, jagmivas > jagmu, nayat > nayat / nayant, ni edivas > needu, y t > y t/ ynt. viat > viat/ viant, sat > sat.

The feminine forms of the following words are quitedifferent words, and not derived from them: pit mt, bhr t nara n r, svas(= sister), jmt(= son-in-law) snu (= daughter-in-law), pumn str, baka bal k , uka s ri k , va(= father-in-law), var(= mother-in-law),vara (= bridegroom) vadh (= bride).

We have already seen, in the ninth lesson, the declension ofthe -krnta feminine nouns, of-k r nta masculine and femininenouns.

Now, l et us compare the declension of t he for ms of t he -krnta and -kr nta feminine nouns:

Nad(f.) = riverSing. Du. Pl. Sing. Du. Pl.

nad nadyau nadya vadh vadhvau vadhva nadi nadyau nadya vadhu vadhvau vadhva nadm nadyau nad vadhm vadhvau vadh

nady nadbhyam nadbhi vadhv vadhbhy m vadhbhi


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nadyai nadbhyam nadbhya vadhvai vadhbhy vadhbhya nady nadbhyam nadbhi vadhv vadhbhy

vadhbhya nady nadyo nadn m vadhv vadhvo vadhnm

nady m nadyo nadu vadhvm vadhvo vadhu Now, let us understand: On comparison of the forms of

these two nouns, we note that whi le there is a visarga (:) at the endof the form of vadh in t he Nom. Sing,, it is not to be found in t hecorresponding form of the wor d nadi.Then, whereever in the formsof nadthere is the change of-byy-, there is a change of byv- inthe corresponding forms ofvadh. In other respects, the forms of boththese words are just similar, as for instance, the shortening of the finallong vowel in Voc. Sing., viz.,nadi/ vadhu , similar forms in Nom. Voc.and Acc. Dual, viz.,nadyau/ vadhvau , a visarga (:) at the end in Acc. Pl.,viz., nad/ vadh . In Instr . Dat. Abl., Gen., and Loc. Sing., therespective terminations , -ai, -, - , and -m are suffixed, e.g.nad+ = nady, vadh+ = vadhv / nad+ ai= nadyai,vadh+ ai= vadhvai/ nad+ = nady, vadh+ = vadhv,againnad+ = nady, vadh+ = vadhv , nad+ m= nadym,vadh+ m= vadhvm . In Gen. Pl. there as an addit ionof thenum-gama (-n- ) before the termination-m , viz.,nad+ n-m= nadnm, vadh+ n- m= vadhnm. Keeping these simi larit ies in view, P ini has usedin hi s system th e term Nadas a sign for the femin ine nouns endingin -and .

The declension of the-kr nta feminine nouns, likedev,kaly , brahm , indr , arv , mn, bhavn, sakh, str,beingof the Nadtype, follows that of the nounnadas shown above, e.g.:dev, kaly , bhav n,etc., in Nom. Sing.; devyau, kaly yau, bhavnyau,etc., in Nom. Voc., and Acc. Du. ; dev,kaly , bhavn,etc., inAcc. Pl., devy , kaly y, bhav ny,etc., in Instr. Sing.;devyai,kaly yai, bhavnyai,etc., in Dat. Sing.;devy, kaly y, bhavny ,etc., in Abl. and Gen. Sing.;devn m , kaly nm, bhavnnm,etc., inGen. Pl.; and devym, kaly ym, bhavnm,etc., in Loc. Sing.

But, just as in the caseof the-kr nta feminine nounvadhu,there occurs avisarga (:) at the end in Nom. Sing. form, it also occurs

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in the case of the similar feminine nouns, liketantr(= lute), tar(= boat), lakm(= goddess of prosperity), dh(= intelli - gence), pradh(= highly intell igent woman), hr(= bashfulness), r(= glory, goddessof wealth). Thus, tantr, tar. Lakm, dh, pradh, hr, r , inNom. Sing., and Acc. Pl.Here, from the P inian point of view, thefinal visarga (: ) is there since, ther e is the absence of the eli sion( lopbhva ) of the termination su ( = s ) of the Nom. Sing., while itis eli ded in the Nom.Sing for ms in the case of the femini ne nounslike nadand others similar to it.

So far as the forms of others Cases are concerned, those ofthe -k r nta femin ine nouns shown in the above paragraph, theybear simil arit y wit h the corr esponding forms of the noun nad. Forinstance, tant r (= to the lutes) , tar (= to the boats), lakm,hr, r, etc., in Acc. Pl. But in the case of pradh, the formpradhya is popular in usage. In Instr. Sin. While the forms aretantry, tary. lakmy. pradhyare popular, those of others aredifferent, like dhiy, hriy. riy, su-dhiyin I nstr . Sing. ., tantryai,taryai, lakmyai, pradhyai in Dat. Sing. But, the forms of dh, hr str , the forms dhiyai, hriyai, striyai are popular. Similarly, whi le inthe Abl. and gen. Sing., th e for ms of the former n ouns as tantryai,taryai, lakmyai, pradhyai,are popular, the forms of the latt er nounsas dhiy, riy , ri y, stri y are popular in Abl. and Gen. Sing.Whil e, the forms in the Loc. Sing. of t he former nou ns, as tantrym,tarym, lakmym, pradhym are popular, th ose of the latt er nouns,as dhiym, or dhiyi , hriym or hriyi , riym or riyi , striym o rstriyi are popular. These are the excepti ons, whi ch should becarefully noted, so as to avoid confusion.

Now, compare and contrast the f ollowi ng form s in t he declensionof the two -kr nta nouns, pit(m.) and mt(f . ) :

Pit(m.) = father Mt(f.)= motherSing. Du. Pl. Sing. Du. Pl.

pit pitarau pitara mt mtarau mtara pita pitarau pitara mta mtarau mtara pitaram pitarau pitrn mtaram mtarau mtn

pitr pitbhym pitbhi m tr m tbhym m tbhi


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Lesson 13 129

(Nara) kma = vch (= desire), jitv= vijaya prpya (= having conquered ), sukh (= sukha-yukta (= happy) bhavet /(Jana) krodha = kopa(= anger) hitv nirb dha (= nirgat bdh yasya sa (= one devoid of troubles)bhavet / (M navana) t = lips (= yearning) jitv na tapyate = dukhna karoti or bhavati= (= does not cause, suffer, pain) .

Verbal Form: Tapyate= Pres. 3rd Per. Sing. of the root tap (4 . to injure, cause pain).

A-ktv para-sant pam a-gatv khala-mandiram / An-ulla ghya sat mr ga yat svalpam api tad bahu / / Para-sant pa = parasya kte dukha (= unhappiness for

others), a-ktv = na utp dya (= having not generated, done), yat =yad vastu (= whatever thing), svalpam = sutar m stokam (= very less),prpyate = labhyate (= is obtained), tat bahu = adhikam (= very much),mantavyam / Khala-mandiram = dun gham (= the place of thewicked ones. A-gatv = gamana na ktv (= not having gone to) /Sat m = sajjan n m (of the good people, gentlemen), m rgam= panthnam (= the way, manner), an-ulla ghya = ul la ghana nakrtv (= not having transgressed) /

In this verse the idea expressed by the phrase yat svalpam api vastu pr pyate tad bahu mantavyam is implied with all the phrases,viz., para-santpam a-ktv , khala-mandir am a-gatv,and satmrgam an-ulla ghya , so that by repeating it with all of them we canformulate three independent sentences. Such a syntactical technique isoften utilized in many other Sanskrit verses for verbal economy.

Verbal f orms: Ktv= Gerund derived from the verbal rootk(8 U. to do, perform, cause, generate).Gatv = Gerund derived fromthe verbal rootgam (1 P. > gacch , to go).Ulla ghya = Gerund derivedfrom the verbal rootut+la gh (1 P. to transgress).

Kudeam sdya kuto r tha-sajaya Kuputram sdya kuto jaljali /

Kugehin pr pya ghe kuta sukhaKuiyam adhy payata kuto yaa / /

144 Master Sanskrit Easily

In the declension of the cardinal numbers frompacan (= five)to nava-daan (= nineteen), the forms remain the same in the respectivecases in Mas. Fem. and Neu., e.g. in Nom., Voc., Acc.,paca , in Intr.Pacabhi , in Dat. Abl.,pacabhya , in Gen.pacnm , in Loc.pacasu .Similarly, ofa (= six)abhi, abhya, a m (+ n= ), a su/ a tsu (+ s= s/ ts); ofsaptan (= seven)saptabhi, saptabya, saptn m,saptasu ; of aan (= eight) aabhi/ abhi, aabhya/ abhya / a n m/ aasu/ a su ; of navan (= nine) navabhi, navabhya,navnm, navasu.

The Case forms of thei-krnta collective cardinal numberslike vi at i i (= twenty), a I (= sixty), sapatati (= seventy), ati (= eighty) andnavati (= ninety), are declined like the forms of thei- krnta Feminine nouns likemati, e.g., ai aim, aty , aaye/ ayai , ay , aau/ ay m.And, those of theta-krnta nouns

liketri at, catvri at and pacat are declined like theta-krnta nouns marut (M.), e.g.,pacat, pacat , pac ate, pacata,pacati.

The ordinal number in Sanskrit are: in Mas. and Neu.prathama/ agrima/ dima (= first), in Fem. pratham/ agrim/ dim(= first); inMas. and Neu.dvitya (= third), in Fem.dvity (= third); in Mas. andNeu. caturtha/ turya/ turya (= fourth), in Fem.caturth/ tury/ tury.The ordinal numbers, for the fif th, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth,are derived from the cardinalspacan, saptan, a an, navan and daan by suffixing the termination ma , but the final consonantn in them isdeleted. Thus, pacama (M., N.),pacam(F.), sapatama (M., N.),saptam(F.), a ama (M., N.),a am, navama (M., N.),daama (M.,N. = tenth),daam (F. = tenth), ek daa (M., N. = eleventh) ek da(F. = eleventh) , a daa (M., N. = eighteenth) , a da (F.= eighteenth) . For converting the ordinal numbers, fromvi ati tonava- vi ati , into the ordinals their finalti is dropped, or the terminationstama (M.) / -tami (F.) are suffixed to them, e.g.,vi a / vi atitama (M.= twentieth),vi / vi atitam(F.twentieth). For converting theordinal numbers fromtri at to nava-pacat into the ordinals, theirfinal t is dripped and the terminationstama (M.) /-tami (F.) aresuffixed to them, e.g.,dvtr i a/dvtri attama (M., N.= thirty-second), dvtri / dvtri attam(f.= thirty-second).


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Ku- = A pronominal prefixed to a base implying deterioration, depre-ciation, deficiency, want, l it tleness, hindrance, reproach, contempt, guilt.Ku-deam= dua deam= prati kla sth nam = bad country, place. sdya = prpya = gatya = having arrived at, reached.Kuta = kena prakrea = wherefrom, how, in what way.Artha-sacaya = dhanasya sa graha = earning of money, accumulation of wealth.Ku-putram = pratikla putram = dua tanayam = unworthy son.Jaljali = jalasya ajali = oblation of water (offered to diseased ancestors).Ku- gehinm = du patnm= pratikl bh ryam = bad wife, unworthyhouse-wife. Sukham = bhadram = kaly am = happiness, well -being.Ku-iyam = unwor thy di scipl e, bad student .Adhypayata = adhyayana krayata = to one who teaches.Yaa = krt i = fame,reputation.

Coalescence: Kuta+ artha-sacaya / kuta+ jal jali / Kuta + yaa /

Word-forms: sdya = Gerund derived from the verbal root+ sad (10 U. to reach, to arrive at.Prpya = Gerund derived from theverbal root pra+ p (5 P. to pervade, obtain) .Adhypayata = Gen.Sing. of the Pre. Participleadhypayat , derived from the verbal rootadhi+ p (5 P. to teach).

Prathama ir a chitt v pac d a ga-cumbana , keyavidagdhat ? Prathama gha prajv lya pac t kualat -prana,keya vidagdhat? Prva pr a-haraa pac d anuocanakeya vidagdhat ? Padbhy mn n mardayit v mukhe veda-

pa hana , keya vidagdhat ? Coalescence: ira+ chittv (+ ch= + ch , change of to ).Pac t+ anantaram (t+ a= d+ a , change of the hard consonantt to itssoft equivaklentd of its class).K+ iyam ( + I = e )/

Vocabulary: Prathamam= dau = at first, first of all. ira =mastakam= head. Chittv = chedana ktv = having severed, cut off.Pact = anantaram = tata param = then, afterwardslater on. Aga-cumbanam= a gn cumbanam = kissing the limbs. K = kd =what sort of. Iyam= this. Vidagdhat= vidagdhasya bhva =cleverness,

Lesson 15 143

LESSON 15(Paca-daa p ha )

For very big ten-fold cardinal numbers, like thousand andonwards, in Sanskrit, t he famous Indian astronomer Bh skar crya hasgiven, in his mathematical work calledLl vat, the following numeralnames: sahasram (= 1,000), daa-sahasram or ayutam (= 10,000),lakam or lak (= 1,00,000), prayutam (= 10,00,000), ko i (= 1,00,00,000),arbudam (= 10,00,00,000),kharva or kharvam (1.00.00.00.000), a ku (10,00,00,00,000), jaladhi (= 1,00,00,00,00,000),antyam (= 10, 00,00,00,00,000), andparrdham (= 1,00,00,00,00,00,000).

The cardinal numeraleka (= one) i s normally used in theSingular number. But in some particular senses, it is used in Dual and

Plural, too. As for instance, the usage ofeke (= some people) is in use,along with the words likeanye / apare (= others, other people), as insentences like,Eke hu tm nsti , anye to asti iti (= Some people saythat there is no Self, while others say that it does exist). In the Dative,Ablative, and Locative, it is declined like a Pronoun in Masculine andNeuter, i.e., by the application of the terminationssmai, sm t, sya, smin,as for instanceekasmai , ekasm t, ekasya, ekasmin , and in Feminine bythat of the terminationssyai, sy, sy, and sym , as for instanceekasyai, ekasy, ekasy, ekasym .

The cardinal numeraldvi (= two) i s declined in the Dual Numberonly, as for instance, Nom. Du.,dvau (M.),dve (F., N.),Instr., Dat., Abl.Du., dvbhym (M., F., N.), Gen. Du., dvayo (M., F., N.).

The cardinal numbers fromtr i (= three) to nava-navati (= ninety-nine) are declined in Plural only. Thus: oftr i (= three), inNom., Voice., Acc. Pl.,traya (M.),tisra (F.), tr i (N.); in Instr. Pl.tribhi (M., N.),ti sbhi (F.); in Dat., Abl.,tribhya (M. N.),tisbhya (F.); in Gen. traym (M., N.),tis m (F.). The declension of thenumber catur (= four) is declined in Nom., Voc., as catvra (M.),catasra (F.) catvri (N.), in Acc. as catura (M.),catasra (F.), catvri (N.), in Instr.caturbhi (M., N.),catasbhi (F.).


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Lesson 13 131

shrewdness. Prajvl ya = prajvlana ktv = having set to fire, burnt.Kuala-v rt prana = svsthyasya vrt y prana = inquiry aboutthe news of well-being. Pr a-haraam= pr n haraam=mara am = ending life, death. Vidh ya= ktv = having done,committ ed. Anuocanam = pactt pa = repentance. Padbhym =cara - bhym = by means of both the feet. Mn n = the fish.Mardayitv = mardana ktv = having pounded down, crushed. Veda-pa hanam = Vedn p ha = recitation of the Vedas.

Word-form s : Prathamam is an indeclinable.ira = Acc. Sing.of the noun iras (Neu.). Chittv = Gerund derived from the verbalroot chid (7 U. to cut, mow).Pact is an indeclinable.Prajvlya =Gerund derived from the verbal rootpra+ jval (1 P. to burn, glow).Vidhya = Gerund derived from the verbal rootvi+ dh (3 U. to do,perform, make).Mardayitv= Gerund derived from the verbal root

md (9 P. to press, crush, kill, rub off).Now, note: In the above verses and the paragraph we find

that the usages like , spv , dv , bhukt v , ghr tv , hitv , jitv ,ktv , gatv , chitt v, mardayitvthat are used in them end withthe termination - tv.Since in the P ini an system this terminationis menti ons as ktv,the word ending wit h this terminati on is calleda Ktvnta , i.e. a Gerund, w hich is an indeclinabl e word, and denotesan action that has preceded some other one th at foll ows it. But, i nthe case of the verbal r oots that h ave some Preposit ion at tached tothem, as in the case of the words like s dya, anulla ghya, prpya,prajvlya, vidhya,we find that the termi nation ya is suffixed,because the verbal root from which they are derived have thePrepositi ons like -, an-, pra-, vi- prefixed to them. In the P ini ansystem th is termi nation is mention s as lyap,and hence the Geru ndsending in t his termin astion are called Lyabanta (lyap+ anta; -p+ a-= -b+ a-= ba-) .

When such Gerunds are used, we find two words denotingaction, as for instance in ya rutv na glyati sa jitendriya , thewordrutv (= having heard) andglyati (= gets dejected) denote twodifferent actions. Of them, since the first one has preceded the second


In the case of the numbers involvingnavan (= nine), like nineteen,twenty-nine, etc., the tenfold numbers likedaa, vi ati , etc., are ei-ther prefixed as such, as for instancenana-daan (= 9+10 = 19), orthe word ekona / ek nna is prefixed to the next tenfold to it, as forinstance in ekona-vi sati / eknna-vi ati (= 20 1 = 19).


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LESSON 14(Catur daa p ha)

Daridr at dhratay vir jate Kuvastrat ubhratay virjate /

Kadannat co atay vir jate Kurpat latay vir jate //

Vocabulary: Daridrat = daridrasya bhva = nirdhanat=poverty / D hratay = dhrasya bhva, tay = dhairye a = due tofortitude.Ku-vastrat = kutsita vastra ku-vastra , tasya bhva =bad dress. ubhrat= ubhrasya bhva, tay= due to whiteness.Kad- annat = kutsitam anna , tasya bhva = bad food.U at= u asya bhva, tay= due to hotness. Kurpat = kutsita rpa , tasya

bhva = ugliness. il atay = lasya bhva, tay= due to beingendowed with (good) character.

Word-forms: Dhratay = Instr. Sing. of the abstract noundhrat (Fem). ubhratay = Instr. Sing. of the abstract nounubhrat(Fem.). U atay = Instr. Sing. of the abstract nounu at (Fem.). ilatay = Instr. Sing. of the abstract nounlat (Fem).

Note: In this verse we find the use of the InstrumentalSingular for ms of the feminine -krnta abstract nouns.

In such words as daridrat , dhrat , kuvastrat , ubhrat ,kadannat, u at , kurpatand lat are derived from the adjectivalnounsdari dra, dhra, kuvastr a, ubhra, kadanna, u a, kurpa andla ,and the terminationt is suffixed to them to convert them to thefeminine abstract nouns. The above adjectival nouns can be changed tothe neuter abstract nouns by suffixing the termination -tvam also, asdaridratvam, dhratvam, kuvastr atvam, ubhratvam, kadannatvam,u atvam, kurpatvam andlatvam . Both the types of the abstract nounsare to found in the Sanskrit usage. These termination used for derivingthe abstract nouns from the simple nouns are included under the typecalledTaddhita-pratyaya. Taddhita = tebhya hit / They are useful

Lesson 14 139

ad syat (= God would have given me).Yadi st k cana-mgan k mayiyata (= If Sita would not have desired for the golden deer)r vaas t nhariyat (Rvaa would not have kidnapped her).Yadi r va a st npahariyat (= If Rva a would not have kidnappedSt ) r mas ta nhaniyat (= Rma would not have kil led him).Yadi yudhihir o dyta n kriyat (= If Yudhiira would not have playedwith dice) tad p av vana ngamiyan (= then the P avaswould not have gone to the forest),mah bhrata-yuddha ca n bhaviyat (= and the Mahbh rata War would not have taken place).Yadi kunti durvsasa varadna parkitu srya nhv yiyat (= If Kunti had not invoked the Sun-god to test the boon of Durv s )tad kaumrye eva kar a putra-re a n janiyat (= then she wouldnot have given birth to Kar a as the son),p avai saha ca kar asya vaira njaniyat (= the enmity of Kar a with the P avas wouldnot have arisen).Yadi bhma r ja-sabhy kauravn prati svasya

artha-dsatva n praka ayiyat (= If Bhma would not have declaredin the royal assembly his monetary slavery to, i.e., economical depen-dence on, the Kauravas)tad du sana sabhsadn samakaadraupady cra-hara a kartum n p rayiyat (= then Du sanawould not have been able to try snatching the garments of Draupadinthe assembly in front of the members of the assembly).

In the above sentences the verbal forms, viz., ay ciyam,ad syat, ak mayiyat, ahar iyat, ap har iyat, ahani yat, akriyat,agamiyan, abhaviyat, hv syat, apr psyat, aj aniyat,apraka ayiyat , and aprayiyat, are all the Conditional ones,expressing the cause-effect relation between the two imagined

actions. In t he P ini an system, such verbal forms are known bythe name of L -lakr a .

Now, let us see from the point of view of grammatical analysis:In the Conditional verbal forms given above, we find that there anad- gama (i.e. the augment a ), indicating the Past Tense, prefixed to thebare root, or between the preposition and the root i f there is a prepositionprefixed to a root, e.g.,bh> a+ bh/ But anu+bh> anu+ a+ bh/ Then, if the root is Set, theid-gama (i .e. the augment i ) is added


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necessary). Ti hatu bho (= O! Please, let it stop).Smarati ki la (= Oh!Does he remember)?Tath kim-api nsti (= There is nothing of thatsort).Katham asti bhavn (= How are you, gentleman)? M vismaratu (= Dont forget). Anyac ca (= And further, moreover).Tad-anantaram (= after that). Tvad eva kila (= only that much)? Mahn santoa (= Highly satisfied).Na tath (= Not like that, not in that way, notthus). m bho (= Oh! Alright, yes please).Evam eva (= like that only,granted). Ki cirad daranam (= why seen after a long time, whywere you not seen for long)? Bhavanta kutr pi dav n (= Haveseen you somewnere). Bhavn / bhavat sammelane/ ibir e/ k ryl aye/ mahvidy laye/ granthg re gatav n, gatavat v(= Did you come to the conference/ camp/office/ college/ library)? Tarhi kutr a m davn/ davat(= Then, where did you see me)?Tarhi t atra eva m davn/ davat(= Then, you saw me thereitself)?

From the above sentences of general conversation, we come toknow for sure that in day-to-day usage it is not necessary to use thesubject, verb, and etc., in them! In many cases, they are taken forgranted, or implied. Moreover, as in spoken English, the Sanskritlanguage too has its own special style, custom, fashion, which enablesthe speaker to express the special sense by the different tone, accent oremphasis on particular syllables or words in a sentence. And, in suchcases, if one wants to translate them in another language, one has to bevery careful to its special idiom.

In English we have conditional usages like if this had been thecase, ... it would have happened thus. In such cases there is aninvolvement of the past action and the future one, though they haveactually not happened at all. For expressing such a conditional sense,the forms util ized in Sanskrit are known asHetu-hetumad-bh va ( = t herelation of cause and effect) or Kriy-tipapaty-artha (= the sense ofan action being overtaken, i.e. to imagine an action on the basis ofanother one before they have actually happened).

Now, read aloud the following sentences:Yadi hi ay ciyam (= if i ndeed I had asked for),mm acyuta

Lesson 14 135

in various types of grammatical functions.

P ini has affixed various other l etters, as ini tial or middle orthe final one, to theseTaddhita terminations to indicate their varioustypes of changes that occur when these terminations are applied. Theseletters do not form a part of the terminations, and since they are elidedin the grammatical process on indicating the function connected withit. They are, therefore, called it (= those who go away, i.e., they areonly indicatory). It is customary in the P inian system to recognizethese terminations on the basis of suchit letters. Thus, in the terminationhak is kit (= having ak which isit ). The terminationa , is it (= havinga which isit ). Thematup ispit (= having ap which isit ). Thevu isit ((= having a which isit ).

From the viewpoint of grammatical analysis, while applying

these Taddhita terminations, we have to understand that when atermination isit or it , the first vowel in the verbal root or the nominalbase to which it applies is replaced by itsvdhhi equivalent. For instance,in diti+ ya , wherediti comprises the lettersd-i-t-I , since the terminationis it, the first vowel afterd is replaced by its equivalentvddhi vowelai, and the last vowel of the original nominal basediti is elided.Thus,diti+ ya= d-ai-t-i+ ya = d-ai-t+ ya= daitya (= the demons, i.e.,the ones who are the sons ofditi ). Similarly, inrjan+ matup , since theterminationmatup is pi t , and it begins with the letterm , the finalconsonant n of the base r--j-a-n is eli ded. Thus,rjan+ matup= rja+ mat(> vat)= rjavat.

Similarly, in the case of tman+ ya , since the terminationya,begins with a vowel, both the final consonant and the final vowel areelided, -t-m-a-n + ya= tm+ ya= tmya (= that which belongs to theSelf). In the case oflavaa + ha, since the termination ha is bothhit and it , it is replaced byika , and the initial vowela of the baselava a is replace by its equivalentvddhi vowel , thus lavaa + ha = lavaa> lva a + ha> ika = l va (by elision of the final vowel)+ ika= l vaika (= dealing in salt, or charming).

Theyu in a termination is replaced byana , and the vu- in itis replaced byaka . For instance,nanda+ lyu = nand (by elision of the


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Lesson 15 145

For converting the ordinal numbers from 61 to 69, 71 to 79, 81to 89, and 91 to 99 into their cardinals, the finali is elided ortama/ tamare suffixed. As for instance,dviaa or dvia itama (M. = sixty-second), dvia or dvia itam(F. = sixty-second),trayonavata ortrayonavatitama (M. = ninety-third),trayonavator trayonavati- tamF. = ninety-thi rd) . Similarly, the ordinal numbers 60, 70, 80, 90 and100 can be converted into their cardinals by suffixingtama/ tam, e.g.,a itama (M. = sixtieth),a itam(F. = sixtieth).

Thea-krnta cardinal numerals likeprathama (M.) , etc., aredeclined like the othera-krnta nouns such as rma , but in the Nom.Pl. both the forms pratham and prathame are used. The -krnta cardinal numerals, likepratham (F.) are declined like the other - krnta nouns. The cardi nal numerals dvitya (M., N.), ttya (M., N.) ,etc., are declined l ike the othera-krnta nouns, but in the Cases from

Dat. to Locative, they are also declined like the adjectival nounssarva ,e.g., dvityya / dvityasmai (M., N., in Dat.),dvityy / dvityasy (F., in Gen.), dvityasya (M., N., Gen.),dvitye/ dvityasmin (M., N.,Loc.),dvityym/ dvityasym (F., Loc.). The Fem. -k r ta cardinalnumeral adjectives, such assaptamand etc., are declined like the Fem.-kr ta nouns nad, e.g., saptamy (F. = by the seventieth),aamy (F. = of the eightieth),navatym (F.= in the ninetieth).The very big ordinal numbers are formulated by juxtaposing the wordadhika or uttara between the numbersata, sahasra, etc. in their orders,e.g., sapt ty-adhi ka-navaat dhika-sahasram or sapt ty-adhikanavaatottara sahasram (= 87+ 900+ 1000 = 1987),try-adhika-dvi- sahasram or tryottara dvi-sahasram (= 3+ 2000= 2003).

Another simple method is that of mentioning the tens andhundreds separately. Thus, the numbers from 111 to 159, 211 to 259,etc., can be expressed as ek daa atam (= 111),nava-paca dvi- atam (= 259),vi a tri-atam (= 320).

For expressing very big numbers, there is yet another easymethod of just mentioning from right to left the digits of the concernednumber, and suffix the word sa khyak , mit, e.g., nava-sapta- a -paca-dvi-sakhyak / nava-sapta-a -paca-dvi-mi t (= 25,679),


uvca):Keava/(Goputtarayati) : irasijai nma ki garvyase ?(K a uvca): Bhadre! Aham auri / (Goputtarayati) : Pit-gatai gua n ma ki garvyase? (K a uvca): He candra-mukhi ! Aha cakr/ (Goputtarayati): (yadi tva cakr, tarhi) nu me ku , dha dohin ca prayacchasi / Ittha = anna prakr e a, gop prana karoti, k a ca pratyttrara dad ti / Kintu goptat-pratyuttarasya vipartam arthaghitv puna prana karoti / K a punar api pratyuttara dad ti / Punar api gop tat-pratyuttarasya vipartam artha ghitv puna prana karoti / Eva pratyekasmin pratyuttare punar api gopy prana samudbhavati / Kintu k a pranasya samucitam ant imapratyuttara dtu na aknoti / Ata eva gopy ji ta san sa lajj -yukta bhavati / Eva laj ji ta-svarpasya r-k asya etda ll la har i yumn ptu i ti abdai stuti kt loke smin / /

Coalescence : Ka+ tvam / Bho+ niI / Sari+ aham/ Gopa- vadhbhi+ uttaratay / Hr a+ hari /

Vocabulary: Keava= k a, kea-saundarya-yukt a ca / ir asij ai= irasi j tai= keai= vl ai/ Garvyase= garva-yukta bhavasi= abhimna karoIi / auri= rasya gotr patya pumn,rasya gu ai yukta ca / Pit-gatai= pitari gat= pitari vidyamn ,tai / Cakr= cakra-yukt o vi u, cakra-yukta kumbhakr a ca / Ku= ladhu ku a / Gha = laghu gha a / Dohin= dugdhadogdhum (= to draw milk)upayukta (= useful)laghu bh am (=small vessel) .Hr a = lajj-yukta / /

In this verse the following humorous dialogue between acowherd damsel (gop) and K a has been depicted:

Gop- Who are you, at night ?

K a I am Keava.Gop- Why do you take pride by call ing yourself kea-va (= one having fine hairs) ?

K a O Good Lady! I am aur.Gop- What is the greatness in introducing yourself as aur.

(= a worthy descendant of ra). -K a - O Moon-faced Beauty! I am Cakr.Gop- (If you are really a Cakr, i.e. one who works on the

potters wheel) , give me a small trough, a smallpitcher and a small milking vessel.


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which practically means 9+ 70+ 600+ 5,000+20,000). In English thisis expressed by speaking out as nine plus seventy plus six hundred plusfive thousand plus twenty-thousand, ar per the placement of the digitsin the number from right to left.

In ancient t imes, there was a custom of mentioning, parti cularlyto express the years, the number of the very well known things whosecollective numbers were popularly understood by all, such asbhmi,indu (= 1) / bhuja, paka, netra (= 2), pura, loka, agni, gu a (=3)/veda, samudra, yuga (=4)/ iu, bhta, vyu, pr a (=5)/ a ga, rasa,tu (= 6)I, parvata, ava (= 7),vasu, diggaja, sarpa, nga (= 8) /graha,nidhi, ratna (=9)/ abhra, kha, nya (=0).

In the ancient works on Mathematics, the various functionslike addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc., are expressed

in the following manner:Paca-daabhi sa yoji tesu pacasu (= whenfive are added to fifteen)samavya (= the total)vi ati sampadyate (= twenty is obtained.) / oaabhya viyojiteu a su (= when six aresubtracted from sixteen),avaea (= the remainder)daa bhavati (=becomes ten.) / Saptabhi gu iteaasu (= when seven is multipliedby eight) gua-phala (= multiple)a -pacat bhavati (= becomesfifty-six.) /Navabhi vibhakteu tri-saptatiu (= when seventy-three aredivided by nine)aau bhga-phala (= dividend eight)ea ca eka prpyate (= and the remainder one is obtained).

For expressing the function so many times, the followingnumerical adjectives are used in Sanskrit: sakt (= once), dvi (= twice),tri (= thrice), catu (= four times, quadruple), paca-ktva (= fivetimes, f ivefold), a -pac at-ktva ( = fi fty-six times), ata-ktva(= hundred times, hundred-fold). Here it should be noted that the wordktva applied here, and not ktv.

When an action is performed repeatedly, the word expressingtime is used in the Genitive, as for instance in:Divasasya sakt (= oncein a day) / Sapthasya tr i (= thrice in a week) /M sasya daa-ktva (= ten times in a month).

Lesson 16 159

The declension of the pronoun adas in Mas. and Fem.:Adas (M.) = that Adas (F.) = that

Case Sing. Du. Pl. Sing. Du. Pl.Nom. asau am am asau am am Voc. . - - - - - -Acc. amum am amn Instr. amun ambym ambhi amuy ambhym ambhi Dat. amumai ambhya amuyai ambhya Abl. amumt amuy Gen. amuya amuyo amm amuyo amm Loc. amumin amu amuy m amuu

Looking to the above forms ofadas (m.) with those ofadas (f.) we find themain differences as follows: in Nom. Pl.am(m.) am (f.) , in Acc. Pl.amn (m.) am (f.) , in Instr. Sing.amun (m.) amuy (f.), in Dat. Sing.amumai (m.) amuyai , in Abl. Sing.amum t (m.) amuy (f.), Gen. Sing.amuya (m.) amuy (f.),in Loc. Sing.amumin (m.) amuym ; in Instr. Pl. ambhi ( m.) ambhi ( f.) , in Dat. and Abl. Pl. ambhya (m.) ambhya (f.) , inGen. Pl. am m (m.), Loc. Pl. amu ( m.) amu ( f.) .This differ enceshould be born in m ind.

As regards the form s of idam and adas in Neuter, only theforms of Nom. and Acc. are different, while rest of them in all otherCases are simi lar to those of r especti ve mascul in e ones:

Idam (n.) = This (nearby) Adas (n.) = This (more close by)Sing. Du. Pl. Sing. Du. Pl.

Nom. idam eme im ni ada am amni

Acc. Now, sing aloud r hythm ically t he follow ing verses and read

aloud their explanati ons: Kastva bho nii keava ir asijai ki n ma garvyase

Bhadre aurir aha gu ai pitgatai putrasya ki gauravam / Cakr candra-mukhi! prayacchasi nu me ku gha dohinim Itha gopa-vadhbhir uttaratay hr o hari pt u va / /

Asmin loke gopy saha k asya vinoda-pr a pranottara- rpa sa vda ni rpitah / (Goppcchati): Bho! Ka tvam / (K a


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Lesson 15 147

To express the sense of in so many ways in Sanskrit, theterminationdh is suffixed, as for instance in:dvidh / dvedh (= intwo ways),tridh / tredh(= in three ways),caturdh (= in four ways);similarly inpacadh (= in five ways), adh / oh(= in six ways),saptadh, aadh, navadh, and etc.

To convey the sense of a serial order, the termination-a issuffixed, as for instance in:ekaa (= one by one), dvia (= two bytwo at a time),tria (= three by three at a time),pacaa (= five byfive at a time).

In order to express a collective number, the termination tayaor ka is used, as for instance in:dvitayam / dvayam (= pair);trayam / trikam (= group of three);catu ayam / catukam (= groupof four);a akam (= group of eight);navakam (= group of nine);daakam / daat (= group of ten);atakam (= group of hundred).

Now, read aloud the following versesand their explanation, tryi ng to grasp their meaning:

Suputro varam eko pi ki kuputra-atair api / Eka candro jad-dpa nakatrai ki prayojanam / /

Eka api suputra (= obhana putra = sat-putra) vara (reha)bhavati / Kuputra-atai (= ata-sa khykai kutsita-putrai) api kiprayojanam ? (= kim api prayojana na bhavati i ty artha /) Eka candra jagad-dpa (= dpa-rpe a jagat prak - ayati / ) (Ata a- sa khykai ) nakatrai ki prayojanam ? (= kim api prayojana na asti ity artha / )

Udyama s hasa dhairya buddhi akti par krama/ a et ni ca yatr a syus tat ra deva sah ya-kt / /

Udyam (= udyoga), s hasa (= shasikat) , dhairya (= dhirat),Buddhi (= biddhimatt) , akti (= aktimatt ), parkrama (= par - krama-slat ), ity etni avastni (= ete a gu ) yatra syu (= bhaveyu \ = would exist),tatra (= tasym avasthy ) deva (= daiv-akti = bhgya ) sahya-kt (= sah yakr bhavati=

sahya karoti ) /

158 Master SAnskrit Easily

Idam astuu sannika sampatara-varti caitado rpam / Adasas tu vipr aka tad it i paroke vij ny t / /

Sannik a (= nearby, adjacent) vastu idama idam-sarvanmna (= of the pronounidam ) rpe a nirdiyate (= is indicated);sampatara-vart i (= located very nearby)adhika-sampe vartam ne vastuni ca etada etad-sarvan mna rpa prayujyate (= is used);viprak a (a distant) vastu adasa adas-sarvan mna r pe a n nisdiyate / Paroke (= beyond the rangeof the eye-sight)vastuni tat- sarvanmna prayoga kriyate; et ni sarvanmni prathama-purua- vcakni santi / /

The declension of t he pronoun idam in Mas. and Fem.:Idam (M.) = this Idam (F.) = this

Case Sing. Du. Pl. Sing. Du. Pl.Nom. ayam imau ime iyam ime im Voc. . - - - - - -Acc. imam imau ime im m ime im Instr. anena bhym ebhi anay bhym bhiDat. asmai ebhya asyai bhya Abl. asm t asy Gen. asya anayo em anayo sm Loc. asmin eu asy m su

On comparing the mas. and fem., forms of theidam pronounin different cases, we find the following difference: in the nom. andvoc. sing.ayam (m.) iyam (f.), in du.imau (m.)-ime (f.). in pl.ime

(m.) im (f.) ; in acc. sing.imam (m.) imm (f.), in du.imau (m.)- ime (f.), in pl.imn (m.) im (f.); in the inst. Sing.anena (m.) anay (f.), in pl.ebhi (m.) -bhi (f.) ; in dat. sing.asmai (m.) asyai (f.), in pl.ebhya (m.) - bhya (f.); in abl. sing.asmt (m.) asy (f.) ; in gen. sing.asya (m.) asy (f.), in pl.em (m. ) - sm (f.);and in loc. sing.asmin (m.) asym (f.), and in pl.eu (m.) - su (f.).The rest of the forms, viz. inst. Dat. and abl, du. and dat. and abl. pl ., asalso gen. and loc. du. forms are just similar; and there are no prevalentforms in vocative.


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Bhavanti na hi pr ni saptait ni kad cana / Kpa o gnir yamo bhpa payodhir udara gham / /

Kpa a (= a miser),agni (= fire),yama (= god of death),bhpa (= a ruler),payodhi (= a sea), udara (= belly),gha (= a house,residence),etni sapta kadcana (= kad cit api= kad pi= kasmin api kle = ever, at any time)pr ni na hi bhavanti / Kpaa kadcana tmna (= himself)pr a (= dhanena pri ta = full of money =possessing sufficient wealth ) na manyate (= does not consider) / Agni kad pi santuo (= satisfied)na bhavati / Yama kadpi svasya kryapr a kartu (= to complete, finish),na aknot i / Bhpa (= bhpati= rj = ruler, king) kad pi svasya rj ya parypta(= sufficient, enough)na manyate / Payodhi kadpi pr a (= full)na bhavati / Uddara vra vram (= again and again)annena pri tam api (= even though filled with food)kad pi pr a na bhavati / Ghe yady api pukal ni vastni bhavaeyu tath pi gha kadpi paripr ana bhavati /

L layet paca-va I daa var I t ayet / Pr pte tu oae vare putre mitravad caret / /

Janmd (= janma-divas d = from the birth-day)rabhya (= starting, beginning with)paca-vara-paryanta (= upto the age offive years)putra llayet (= tasya llana kuryt = should be fondled,caressed) ity artha / Tata ahd vard rabhya, daa-var i = paca-daama-vara-paryanta = upto the fifteenth year)t ayet /Dha manobala , ia-sammata ca c ra ity eva -rpam ut tamaikaa dtu , yadi avayaka(= if necessary)tarhi (= tad, tasym

paristhitym = then, in that case, in such a situation)ik -rpatanam (= beating, thrashing, striking)api kuryd ity artha / Kintu (= but), putr e oae vare prpte (= yad putr a oaa varaprpnoti (= yad putra yuvvavasthy praviati tad) tena saha (= with him)mitravad (= like a friend, in a friendly manner) caret (= should behave, shoutd be treated as) /Tad (= at that time) tasya ika rtha t ana-rp daa-vidhna-paddhati (= the method ofteaching through punishment, like beating, etc.)yadi prayujyate (= i fadopted), tad tasya svamna-bha ga ktv(= having hurt his self-

Lesson 16 157

khanyatm - khyat m / khanet - khaneta / khanyeta - khyeta / khanat - khanamna, khanyam na - khyamna / khanitavya,khananya, kheya / kh ta / khanitum / khanitv, kh tv / khaniyati - khaniyate / akhaniyat - akhaniyata / /

Gam (1 P.)= To go gacchati, gamyate/ agacchat, agamyata / gacchatu, gamyat m / gacchet, gamyeta / gacchat, gamyamna / gantavya, gamanya, gamya / gata / gantum / gatv ( gamya or gatya ) / gamiyati / agamiyat / /

Sam+ gam (1. ) = To meet, to be united with sa gacchate,sa gamyate / samagacchata, samagamyata / sa gacchat m,sa gamyat m / sa gaccheta, sa gamyeta / sa gaccham na,sa gamyamna / sa gantavya, sa gamanya, sa gamya / sa gata / sa gantum / sa gamya, sa gatya / sa ga syate / samaga syata / /

Gal (1 P.) = To drip, t rickle, distil; to vanish, perish, pass away galati , galyate / agalat, agalyata / galatu, galyatm / galet, galyeta / galat, galyamna / gali tavya, galanya, galya / gali ta / gali tum / gali tv / galiyati / agaliyata / /

Ava + gh (1 .) = To plunge into, bathe in; to go deep into, beabsorbed in avaghate, avaghyate / avghata, avghyata / avaghat m, avaghyatm / avagheta, avaghyeta / avaghamna,avaghyamna / avaghit avya, avaghavya, avaghya / avagha / avag hit um, avag hum / avag hya, vag hya / avag hiyate / avghiyata / /

Car (1 P.) = To move ones self, go walk, move, stir, roamabout, wander carati , caryate / acarat, acaryata / caret, caryeta/ carat,caryam a / caritavya, caraya, carya, (c rya) / carita / caritum / caritv / cariyati / acariyat / /

Cal (1 P.) = To be moved, stir, tremble, quiver, be agitated,palpitate - calati , calyate / acalat, acalyata / calet, calyeta/ calat,calyam a / calit avya, cala ya, calya / calit a / calitum / calitv / caliyati / acaliyat / /

In English, the pronouns this nearby and that is used forindicating a thing at a distance. But since Sanskrit was a far advancedlanguage, there is in it the facility of words that denote more subtleaspects of these two concepts. The following verse contains in anutshell the different pronouns with their m eanings :


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Lesson 15 1

master sanskrit easily 2of3

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