mastectomy morbidities: prevention, detection, and treatment (focus: seroma, infection, bl
DESCRIPTION
ROJoson's lecture in the 2008 UP-PGH Department of Surgery Postgraduate Course.TRANSCRIPT
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Reynaldo O. Joson, MD, MS SurgCollator / Researcher / Rapporteur
Division of Surgical Oncology
UPM Centennial Professorial Chair (2008)
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Objectives: 1) To share UPM-PGH Department of Surgery’s
experience with morbidities following modified radical mastectomy (MRM) for patients with breast cancer;
2) To provide updates on clinical management (prevention, detection, and treatment) of common morbidities following MRM.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Contents:
1) Concept of morbidities following MRM;
2) Common morbidities following MRM (experience from PGH; Division’s consultants; literature);
3) How to prevent, detect, and treat common morbidities following MRM (Division consultants’ evidence-process based recommendations).
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Methodologies: 1) Statistics and data gathering (local and foreign);2) Review of literature on the concept and how to
prevent, detect, and treat; 3) Consensus-gathering among Division’s
consultants (Drs. Dofitas, de la Peňa, Cabaluna, Kho, Bisquera, Espiritu, Lim, Uy, de la Paz, and Joson)
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Reynaldo O. Joson, MD, MS Surg
Collator / Researcher / Rapporteur
For Division of Surgical Oncology
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Concept
Operational Definition of Mastectomy Morbidities
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Concept and Operational Definition
Morbidities occurring as a result of modified radical mastectomy [MRM] (total mastectomy and axillary dissection).
Undesirable effects short of death or mortality.
Complications, side-effects, and adverse events may be used interchangeably with “morbidities” as
long as no mortality has occurred.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Concept and Operational Definition
(derived from survey of Division’s consultants)
Some mastectomy morbidities are
INEVITABLE, such as the incisional scar and incisional pain
CONTROLLABLE / PREVENTABLE TO A CERTAIN DEGREE, such as seroma, numbness of medial aspect of arm, and lymphedema
HIGHLY CONTROLLABLE / PREVENTABLE, such as flap necrosis, wound dehiscence, infection, and bleeding / hematoma
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Concept and Operational Definition
(derived from survey of 10 Division’s consultants)
Mastectomy morbidities
Inevitable Controllable to a certain degree
Highly controllable / preventable
Seroma 7 3
Bleeding / hematoma 10
Infection 10
Flap necrosis 10
Dehiscence 10
Numbness 4 6
Chronic incisional pain
5 5
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Concept and Operational Definition
(derived from survey of 10 Division’s consultants)
Mastectomy morbidities
Inevitable Controllable to a certain degree
Highly controllable / preventable
Hypertrophic scar - keloids
3 7
Dog ears 4 6
Lymphedema 6 4
Local recurrence 2 8
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Concept and Operational Definition
(derived from survey of 10 Division’s consultants)
Mastectomy morbidities
Inevitable Controllable to a certain degree
Highly controllable / preventable
Hypertrophic scar - keloids
3 7
Dog ears 4 6
Lymphedema 6 4
Local recurrence 2 8
√ √ √
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Concept and Operational Definition
(derived from survey of 10 Division’s consultants)
Mastectomy morbidities
Inevitable Controllable to a certain degree
Highly controllable / preventable
Hypertrophic scar - keloids
3 7
Dog ears 4 6
Lymphedema 6 4
Local recurrence 2 8
√ √ √
ALWAYS control / prevent AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE.
ALWAYS inform patients of risk PREOPERATIVELY!
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Scope of Lecture
Limited to operative morbidities, those directly related to the operation of a modified radical mastectomy. SEROMA, INFECTION, HEMATOMA, FLAP NECROSIS, LATERAL DOG-EAR DEFORMITY
Anesthetic and other types of morbidities such as those associated with patient and pharmacologic factors excluded.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Common morbidities following MRM(statistics on frequency)
Experience from PGHDivision’s consultants
Literature
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Common Morbidities Following MRM (PGH GS1 data – 04-07)
MORBIDITY 2004 (320) 2005 (351) 2006 (391) 2007 (535)
Seroma - - 5 (1.3%) 5 (0.9%)
Graft loss - - - 2 (0.3%)
SSSI - - 6 (1.5%) 6 (1.1%)
Axillary vein injury - - - 2 (0.3%)
Hematoma 3 (0.9%) 2 (0.5%) 6 (1.5%) 11 (2.07%)
Flap Necrosis - 1 (0.2%) - 2 (0.3%)
Pneumothorax 2 (0.3%) - - -
HAP - 2 (0.5%) - -
AMI - - - 1(0.1%)
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Common Morbidities Following MRM (PGH GS1 data – 04-07)
MORBIDITY 2004 (320) 2005 (351) 2006 (391) 2007 (535)
Seroma - - 5 (1.3%) 5 (0.9%)
Graft loss - - - 2 (0.3%)
SSSI - - 6 (1.5%) 6 (1.1%)
Axillary vein injury - - - 2 (0.3%)
Hematoma 3 (0.9%) 2 (0.5%) 6 (1.5%) 11 (2.07%)
Flap Necrosis - 1 (0.2%) - 2 (0.3%)
Note 1: Hematoma, infection, and seroma are the relatively more common mastectomy morbidities as seen in the PGH GSI data.
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Common Morbidities Following MRM (PGH GS1 data – 04-07)
MORBIDITY 2004 (320) 2005 (351) 2006 (391) 2007 (535)
Seroma - - 5 (1.3%) 5 (0.9%)
Graft loss - - - 2 (0.3%)
SSSI - - 6 (1.5%) 6 (1.1%)
Axillary vein injury - - - 2 (0.3%)
Hematoma 3 (0.9%) 2 (0.5%) 6 (1.5%) 11 (2.07%)
Flap Necrosis - 1 (0.2%) - 2 (0.3%)
Note 2: NO reports of sensory loss, chronic pain, dehiscence and lymphedema (as seen in consultants’ experience as reflected in the survey of Division’s consultants).
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Common Morbidities Following MRM Surveyed Data from GSI Consultants on Top 3-5 Mastectomy
Morbidities – July 10, 2008 (1 – being most common)
Consultant 1 2 3 4 5
1 seroma hematoma wound infection
flap necrosis
chronic incisional pain
2 seroma hematoma flap necrosis
wound infection
lymphedema of the arm
3 seroma wound infection
wound dehiscence
flap necrosis
hematoma
4 sensory loss, median aspect of arm
seroma hematoma
5 seroma hematoma infection
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Common Morbidities Following MRM Surveyed Data from GSI Consultants on Top 3-5 Mastectomy
Morbidities – July 10, 2008 (1 – being most common)
Consultant 1 2 3 4 5
6 seroma flap necrosis (edge)
hematoma wound infection
wound dehiscence
7 seroma infection hematoma flap necrosis
8 seroma chronic incisional pain
hematoma wound infection
flap necrosis
9 seroma infection hematoma flap necrosis
10 numbness, arm
seroma hematoma wound infection
flap necrosis
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Common Morbidities Following MRM Surveyed Data from GSI Consultants on Top 3-5 Mastectomy
Morbidities – July 10, 2008 (1 – being most common)
Consultant 1 2 3 4 5
6 seroma flap necrosis (edge)
hematoma wound infection
wound dehiscence
7 seroma infection hematoma flap necrosis
8 seroma chronic incisional pain
hematoma wound infection
flap necrosis
9 seroma infection hematoma flap necrosis
10 numbness, arm
seroma hematoma wound infection
flap necrosis
Note:
With reports of sensory loss, chronic pain, dehiscence and lymphedema as morbidities (NOT seen in PGH GSI data).
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Common Morbidities Following MRM Surveyed Data from GSI Consultants on Top 3-5 Mastectomy
Morbidities – July 10, 2008 (1 – being most common)
Consultant 1 2 3 4 5
6 seroma flap necrosis (edge)
hematoma wound infection
wound dehiscence
7 seroma infection hematoma flap necrosis
8 seroma chronic incisional pain
hematoma Wound infection
flap necrosis
9 seroma infection hematoma flap necrosis
10 numbness, arm
seroma hematoma wound infection
flap necrosis
Note:
Seroma, hematoma, and infection are within the top 5 most common mastectomy morbidities.
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Common Morbidities Following MRM (Review of Literature)
Because it is a peripheral soft tissue organ,
many wound complications related to breast procedures are relatively minor and
frequently are managed on an outpatient basis.
It therefore is difficult to establish accurate incidence rates for these events.
Ref: Complications in Breast Surgery. Angelique F. Vitug, Lisa A. Newman. Surg Clin N Am (2007) 87:431–451.
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Common morbidities following MRM (Review of Literature)
Incidence rates
Overall morbidity 30%
Seroma 10 to 80%*
Infection 1% to 20% [3.8% - meta-ana > 2500 pts]**
Hematoma 2-10%
Ref: Vitug AF, Newman LA. Complications in Breast Surgery. Surg Clin N Am 2007; 87:431–451.*Pogson CJ, Adwani A, Ebbs SR. Seroma following breast cancer surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol 2003; 29(9):711–7.**Platt R, Zucker JR, Zaleznik DF, et al. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and wound infection following breast surgery. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993;31(Suppl B):43–8.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
How to prevent, detect, and treat common morbidities following MRM
Survey of Consultants’ Practices and Recommendations
Review of LiteratureConsensus-gathering
Evidence-process-based Recommendations
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PostmastectomySeroma
Physical ExaminationSigns for Pattern Recognition
Bulge under the flaps with signs suggestive of presence of fluid such as
fluctuancy and fluid wave
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PostmastectomySeroma
Diagnostic Procedures (if needed) and Positive
Findings
Needle aspiration – yellowish, nonsanguinous
fluid
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PostmastectomySeroma
Prevention Treatment
Seroma Avoid fluid accumulation under the flaps
Continual drainage until fluid accumulation stops
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention and Treatment Management Principles
Prevention Treatment
Seroma Avoid fluid accumulation under the flaps
Continual drainage until fluid accumulation stops
GS1 Division’s Recommended Practice:
Closed tube suction drain at axillary spaceMedial drain indicated if there is a significant cavity after laying down of flaps prior to wound repair
Drain removed if output is less than 50 cc past 24 hours (assumption: tube functional)Drain may stay as long as needed if NO indication to remove it such as dysfunctionality and infection.
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PostmastectomySeroma
Prevention Treatment
Seroma Avoid fluid accumulation under the flaps
Continual drainage until fluid accumulation stops
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention and Treatment Management Principles
Prevention Treatment
Seroma Avoid fluid accumulation under the flaps
Continual drainage until fluid accumulation stops
GSI Division’s Recommended Practice:
Needle aspiration of seroma until fluid accumulation stops.
Usually weekly or as required by patient’s symptoms.
NOT DAILY.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
Recommendation: Repeated Aspirations
How frequent?
Daily or based on patient symptoms?
Conclusion: DAILY aspiration of symptomatic seroma did NOT result in swifter resolution!
Anand R, Skinner R, Dennison G, Pain J. A prospective randomised trial of two treatments for wound seroma after breast surgery. Euro J Surg Oncol, 2003;
28(6):620 - 622 RCT [36 patients]
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PostmastectomySeroma
Process - Pathophysiology(collection of serum in a cavity)
Reabsorption / re-establishment of lymphatic channels
Cavity for fluid accumulation
Transected lymphatic vessels cause serum fluid entry into cavity
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Postmastectomy Seroma Prevention and Treatment Management Principles
Reabsorption / re-establishment of lymphatic channels
Cavity for fluid accumulation
Transected lymphatic vessels cause serum fluid entry into cavity
Minimize transection!
Just have to wait!
Minimize and avoid if
possible!Minimize
and avoid!
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
N=90 patients Incidence of seroma
Duration of seroma (until resolution)
NO drainage 97% 16% (2-3 weeks)84% (4 weeks)2-day drainage 86%
Prolonged closed-suction drainage (10 days)
73%
Talbot ML, Magarey CJ. Reduced use of drains following axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. ANZ J Surg 2002;72(7):488–90.
Drainage is advised to avoid
seroma!(unless there is
NO cavity!)
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Postmastectomy Seroma Prevention and Treatment Management Principles
Reabsorption / re-establishment of lymphatic channels
Cavity for fluid accumulation
Transected lymphatic vessels cause serum fluid entry into cavity
Minimize transection!
Just have to wait!
Minimize and avoid if possible!OBLITERATION
Chemical / Mechanical Means!
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
OBLITERATION OF CAVITY by Chemical Manuevers
Sclerosing agents (tetracycline)
Bovin thrombin
Fibrin glue, sealants, patches
Steroids
LIMITED SUCCESS / INCONSISTENT RESULTS
COST
AVAILABILITY
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
OBLITERATION OF CAVITY by Mechanical Means
Axillary padding
External compression
External garment
do NOT significantly reduce incidence of seroma!
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
Obliteration of Cavity by Mechanical Means
Axillary padding does NOT significantly reduce incidence of seroma.
RCT [135 patients] Incidence of seroma aspiration
Axillary padding (4 days) 2.9
Catheter drainage with no padding
1.8
Classe J, Dupre P, Francois T, et al. Axillary padding as an alternative to closed suction drain for ambulatory axillary lymphadenectomy. Arch Surg 2002;137:169–73.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
External compression does NOT significantly reduce incidence of seroma.
RCT N Amount of drainage(P = 0.48)
Number of days with drain
(P = 0.69)
No. of seroma aspiration(P <0.01)
Catheter drainage with compression dressing (4 days)
66 490 cc 6.4 2.9
Catheter drainage with no compression dressing
69 517 cc 6.1 1.8
O' Hea BJ, Ho MN, Petrek JA: External compression dressing versus standard dressing after axillary lymphadenectomy. Am J Surg 1999, 177:450-453.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
External garment does NOT significantly reduce incidence of seroma.
Chen CY, Hoe AL, Wong CY. The effect of a pressure garment on post-surgical drainage and seroma formation in breast cancer patients.Singapore Med J. 1998 Sep;39(9):412-5.
RCT- Use of a pressure garment
NO improvement in post-operative drainage
“One of the patients in the pressure garment group was unable to tolerate the warmth and discontinued wearing the garment in the third post-operative day.”
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
Axillary padding, external garment, and external compression do NOT significantly reduce incidence of seroma.
Chen CY, Hoe AL, Wong CY. The effect of a pressure garment on post-surgical drainage and seroma formation in breast cancer patients.Singapore Med J. 1998 Sep;39(9):412-5.
RCT- Use of a pressure garment
NO improvement in post-operative drainage
“One of the patients in the pressure garment group was unable to tolerate the warmth and discontinued wearing the garment in the third post-operative day.”
RECOMMENDATION - DON’T USE. NOT
RELIABLE!FOR PATIENT’S
COMFORT!
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
Obliteration of dead space by mechanical means
Suture flap fixation
surgical technique for securing flapsto underlying tissues to close the dead space with sutures
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
Obliteration of dead space by mechanical means
Suture flap fixation
RCT [39 patients] Incidence of seroma
Suture flap fixation (with drain)
5 (25%)
Catheter drainage only 17 (85%)
Coveney EC, O’Dwyer PJ, Geraghty JG, O’Higgins NJ. Effect of closing dead space on seroma formation after mastectomy–a prospective randomized clinical trial. Eur J Surg Oncol 1993;19:143–6.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
Obliteration of dead space by mechanical means
Suture flap fixation
RCT [190 patients] Incidence of seroma
Suture flap fixation (no drain)
61
Catheter drainage 55
Purushotham AD, McLatchie E, Young D, George WD, Stallard S, Doughty J, et al. Randomized clinical trial of no wound drains and early discharge in the treatment of women with breast cancer. Br J Surg 2002;89:286–92.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: SEROMAPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
Division’s Recommended Practice:Drain removed if output is less than 50 cc past 24 hours (assumption: tube functional)Drain may stay as long as needed if NO indication to remove it such as dysfunctionality and infection.
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PostmastectomyInfection
Physical ExaminationSigns for Pattern Recognition
Erythema on the skin; pus
Diagnostic Procedures (if needed) and Positive Findings
Needle aspiration – pus
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Prevention Treatment
Infection Aseptic techniqueAntibiotics, if warranted
Antibiotics during cellulitis stage
Drainage with or without antibiotics for abscess
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Mastectomy Morbidities: INFECTIONPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
Prophylactic antibiotics in MRM
DISPARATE RESULTS !!!
But MOST show positive effect!!!!!
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Mastectomy Morbidities: INFECTIONPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
Positive effect
-single dose of preoperative antibiotic (usually a cephalosporin, administered approximately 30min before surgery) will effectively reduce infection rate by 40% or more
- Platt et al. meta-analysis (with antibiotics used in high risk cases) reduced the infection rate by 38%!
Platt R, Zaleznik DF, Hopkins CC, et al. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis for herniorrhaphy and breast surgery. N Engl J Med 1990;322(3):153–60.Platt R, Zucker JR, Zaleznik DF, et al. Prophylaxis against wound infection following herniorrhaphy or breast surgery. J Infect Dis 1992;166(3):556–60.Platt R, Zucker JR, Zaleznik DF, et al. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and wound infection following breast surgery. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993;31(Suppl B):43–8.Tran CL, Langer S, Broderick-Villa G, et al. Does reoperation predispose to postoperative wound infection in women undergoing operation for breast cancer? Am Surg 2003;69(10): 852–6.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: INFECTIONPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
NEGATIVE EFFECT
Wagman et al. – cephalosporin – placebo 118 breast cancerpatients (5% vs 8%).
Gupta et al. – amoxicillin/clavulinic acid – placebo
(17.7% vs 18.8%)
Wagman LD, Tegtmeier B, Beatty JD, et al. A prospective, randomized double-blindstudy of the use of antibiotics at the time of mastectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;170(1):12–6.Gupta R, Sinnett D, Carpenter R, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for post-operative wound infection in clean elective breast surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol 2000;26(4):363–6.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: INFECTIONPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)http://www.pcs.org.ph/?s=documents
EVIDENCE – BASED CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN ELECTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES
2000BREAST SURGERY
Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for the following elective breast surgical procedures: (Grade A Recommendation)
Mastectomy Axillary lymph node dissectionReduction mammoplastyExcisional biopsy and lumpectomy
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Mastectomy Morbidities: INFECTIONPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
http://www.pcs.org.ph/?s=documents
EVIDENCE – BASED CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN ELECTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES
2000BREAST SURGERY
Cefazolin 2 grams IV (Grade A Recommendation) single dose(Grade C Recommendation)
Cefuroxime 1.5 grams IV single dose is recommended as an alternative (Grade C Recommendation)
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Mastectomy Morbidities: INFECTIONPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
M Cunningham, F. B., K Handscomb (2006).
"Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery."
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . Art. No.: CD005360. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005360.pub2. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews 2006, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD005360. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005360.pub2. (Issue 2).
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Mastectomy Morbidities: INFECTIONPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
M Cunningham, F. B., K Handscomb (2006). "Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery." Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews.
Infection rates for surgical treatment of breast cancer are documented at between 3% and 15%, higher than average for
a clean surgical procedure.
There is no current consensus on prophylactic antibiotic use in breast cancer surgery.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: INFECTIONPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
M Cunningham, F. B., K Handscomb (2006). "Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery." Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews.
Main resultsSix studies - pre-operative antibiotic compared with no
antibiotic or placebo.
Pooling of the results demonstrated that prophylactic antibiotics significantly reduce the incidence of surgical site
infection for patients undergoing breast cancer surgery without reconstruction (pooled RR 0.66, 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.89).
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Mastectomy Morbidities: INFECTIONPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
M Cunningham, F. B., K Handscomb (2006). "Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery." Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews.
The review is NOT able to establish which antibiotic is most appropriate.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: INFECTIONPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
Use of prophylactic antibiotics in MRM
Because of disparate results, and in an attempt tominimize cost, many clinicians have adopted the practice of
limiting antibioticprophylaxis to high-risk patients!
GSI Division conducting RCT
study at the moment!
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Infection
GSI Division consultants’ recommendations on Prevention
Aseptic technique
Prophylactic antibiotics only in high-risk patientsDiabetes mellitus (>200mg/dL)
Obesity (BMI >40)With other co-morbidity
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PostmastectomyHematoma
Physical ExaminationSigns for Pattern Recognition
Bulge under the flaps with discoloration on the skin (red, blue, violaceous) suggestive of blood accumulation
Diagnostic Procedures (if needed) and Positive Findings
Needle aspiration – blood
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Prevention Treatment
Bleeding / hematoma
Meticulous hemostasis during dissection and prior to wound closure
Control of bleeding Evacuation of hematoma
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Mastectomy Morbidities: HEMATOMA / BLEEDINGPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
(Review of Literature)
NOT ABLE
to find literature on
METICULOUS HEMOSTASIS
during mastectomy!
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Mastectomy Morbidities: HEMATOMA / BLEEDINGPrevention and Treatment Management Principles
Division consultants’ recommendations on Prevention
Meticulous hemostasis during dissection
Ligate transected blood vessels ≥ 2mm in diameterCauterize fully transected vessels which will not be ligatedLigate and cauterize transected blood vessels right away
Strict and on the spot hemostasis during axillary dissection
Checking of hemostasis prior to wound closure
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PostmastectomyFlap Necrosis
Physical ExaminationSigns for Pattern Recognition
Blackish to black discoloration on the flap
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention and Treatment Management Principles
FLAP NECROSIS
Prevention Treatment
Flap necrosis
NOT too thin a flapAbout 0.5 to 1 cm thick subcutaneous layer on the flap(for vascular supply)
Debridement
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PostmastectomyLateral Dog-Ear Deformity
(Redundant axillary fat pad)
Frequent, particularly in patients with large body habitus and large breast
Unsightly and source of long-term discomfort
Need to prevent as much as possible.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Lateral Dog-ear Deformity
Tear-drop shaped incision
Mirza M, S. K., Fortes-Mayer K. and W. M. H. (2003). "Tear-drop incision for mastectomy to avoid dog-ear deformity." Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 85(2):131.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Lateral Dog-ear Deformity
Sliding-suturing
(Devalia Technique)
Devalia H, Chaudhry A, Rainsbury RM, Minakaran N, Banerjee D. An oncoplastic technique to reduce the formation of lateral 'dog-ears' after mastectomy. Int Semin
Surg Oncol. 2007 Dec 17; 4:29.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Objectives: 1) To share UPM-PGH Department of Surgery’s
experience with morbidities following modified radical mastectomy (MRM) for patients with breast cancer;
2) To provide updates on clinical management (prevention, detection, and treatment) of common morbidities following MRM.
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Contents:
1) Concept of morbidities following MRM;
2) Common morbidities following MRM (experience from PGH; Division’s consultants; literature);
3) How to prevent, detect, and treat common morbidities following MRM (Division consultants’ evidence-process based recommendations).
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Methodologies: 1) Statistics and data gathering (local and foreign);2) Review of literature on the concept and how to
prevent, detect, and treat; 3) Consensus-gathering among Division’s
consultants (Drs. Dofitas, de la Peňa, Cabaluna, Kho, Bisquera, Espiritu, Lim, Uy, de la Paz, and Joson)
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Reynaldo O. Joson, MD, MS Surg
Email: [email protected]
Cell no. 0918-8040304
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION!
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Mastectomy Morbidities: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment(Focus: Seroma, Infection, Bleeding)
Reynaldo O. Joson, MD, MS SurgCollator / Researcher / Rapporteur
Division of Surgical Oncology
UPM Centennial Professorial Chair (2008)
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION!