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The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

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Page 1: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of

their Fossils in the Local Group

Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Page 2: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Outline•

Introduction: Near field Cosmology

Part I : feedback‐regulated formation of the first  galaxies and the quest for their fossils

Part II: Revisiting the idea of reionization

feedback  on dwarf galaxy formation

The material presented here is collected in a recent review paper: Ricotti

2010 (arXiv0911.2792)

A lot of the work done by 2 PhD students:Mia Bovill

(on the job market next year)

Emil Polisensky

Collaborators:Nick Gnedin

(FNAL) and Mike Shull (Colorado).

The material presented here is collected in a recent review paper: Ricotti

2010 (arXiv0911.2792)

A lot of the work done by 2 PhD students:Mia Bovill

(on the job market next year)

Emil Polisensky

Collaborators:Nick Gnedin

(FNAL) and Mike Shull (Colorado).

Page 3: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

The smallest halos and galaxies

1.

In CDM smallest dark matter halos have  Jupiter mass

2.

First stars form in 105

Msun

mass halos

3.

Hierarchical formation: small DM halos and  galaxies form first at z ≈

30‐50

4.

These small halos are still around to today:  some merged, some got stripped, some 

survived

Page 4: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

The Missing Satellites

There should be thousands of dwarf satellites around the Milky Way.However, as of 2005 only about 30 satellites known in LG.Aquarius Simulation (Springel et al, 2008)

Klypin

et al 1999, More et al 1999Figure credit: Grebel

Page 5: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Less satellites if dark matter is warm

Assuming that all satellites are luminous:

Nsat

(WMD

simulation)≥Nsat

(observed)‐> we can set limits on warmness of DM 

and thus the mass of WDM particle 

This method is staring to become 

competitive and complementary with 

methods using Lyman‐alpha forest (eg, 

Viel

et al 2006, 2008) due to the recent 

discovery of many new MW satellites

Polisensky

& Ricotti

2010

Page 6: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

ResultsThermal relic:mwdm

> 3.0 keV

at 68.4% CLmwdm

> 2.6 keV

at 95.4% CL

Sterile neutrino:ms

>18.9 keV

at 68.4% CLms

>15.7 keV

at 95.4% CL

Posisensky

& Ricotti

2010

2‐sigma

1‐sigma

Page 7: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Feedback regulated formation of pre‐ reionization

dwarfs

How small were the first galaxies?•

How many? … and how do they look like?

Where are the first galaxies today?

We do not have definite answers to these  questions: not only the properties of the 

galaxies but their number or even existence is  determined by

feedback (radiative

and 

chemical feedback)

Page 8: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Feedback on dwarf galaxy formation due  to reionization

The smallest galaxies in the Universe can only form  stars before reionization. But see part II of the talk!

The smallest galaxies in the Universe can only form  stars before reionization. But see part II of the talk!

TIGM

=20,000 K

Page 9: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

“pre‐reionization”

dwarfs

Are galaxies that DO NOT initiate gas condensation by  Lyman‐alpha cooling. Roughly have:

Tvir

< 10,000 K     or  Mdm

< 108

Msun

or    vcir

<20 km/s

Subject to feedback effects because in order to initiate  star formation one of the following is necessary:

1.

Sufficient H2

formation in metal free gas (catalyst: H‐)2.

Sufficient metal pre‐enrichment

If none available these mini‐halos remain dark (forever?)‐‐> pre‐reionization

dwarfs DO NOT EXIST in this case

Important because number of mini‐halos ≈

1/M2

Page 10: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Simulations of the first galaxies

Feedback‐regulated 

galaxy formation

•1 Mpc

box size•103

Msun

mass res.•3D radiative

transfer•Run ends at redshift

of 

reionization

Ref: Ricotti, Gnedin

& Shull 2002

Page 11: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Pre‐reionization

dwarfs: numerous but faint!

Fractio

n of baryons in

 stars

Pre‐reionizationdwarfs

Page 12: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

How do pre‐reionization

dwarfs look like  today assuming passive stellar evolution?

Ref: Ricotti

& Gnedin

2005

Blue ‐>

simulations

Black ‐> observationsof MW and Andromedasatellites as of 2005

Page 13: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Era

2.5 m telescope at Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico

Has covered ~20% of the sky down to ~ 22 magnitude with spectroscopy.

astronomers for scale

DR 7 sky coverage

About 25 new, ultra- faint Local Group dwarfs found in the last 5 years…and more are discovered every day!

Page 14: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Pre‐reionization

fossils and ultra‐faint  dSphs: a model prediction!

Ref: Bovill

& Ricotti

09

Yet undiscovered Population?

Page 15: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)
Page 16: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Run D produces the observed distribution, but shows fewer high [Fe/H] dwarfs at ultra-faint luminosities.

See also Salvadori & Ferrara 2009

Page 17: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Budget of MW Satellites  as of 3/2010

1.

Observations:  correction for survey coverage of the sky and 

completeness (see Touleroud

et al 2009, Walsh et al 2009, Koposov

et al 2009)

• Model independent correction: Nsat

>60 (Walsh et al 2009)•

Model dependent correction: 176< Nsat

<330 (Touleroud

et 

al 2009)2.

Simulations: about 30

satellites with vmax

>20 km/s (non fossils) •

However, about 50‐60 satellites with vmax

<20 km/s  where 

more massive in the past (Kravtsov

et al 2006, Bovill

Ricotti, in prep)

Bovill

& Ricotti

2009

Page 18: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Hybrid Initial ConditionsThe final pre-reionization output is transformed in a 1 Mpc3 box of particles.

We duplicate this box, adding perturbations to account for density variations with l > 1 Mpc.

Each HR particle in the resulting N- body simulation represents a pre- reionization halo.

Unique IDs allow us to retrieve the stellar properties at z = 0.

Page 19: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)
Page 20: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Problem with our simulation: baryon  physics?

Too many bright  dwarfs in the outer 

parts of the Milky  Way

Bovill

& Ricotti

2010, in prep

Blue: true fossilsRed: polluted fossils+non

fossilsBlack: all satellites

Page 21: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Pre‐reionization

dwarfs: numerous but faint!Fractio

n of baryons in

 stars

Pre‐reionizationdwarfs

Star formationefficiency is too high:1‐

SN feedback2‐

coef. in Schmidt law

Page 22: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

The curious case of Leo T

Is a small dSph: σ*

=6.9 km/s. If it leaves in a  halo with vcir

<20 km/s shouldn’t be able to  accrete gas

Looks like all other pre‐reionization

fossils

Distance 430 kpc

from Galactic center

Is gas rich! 

Forming stars at z=0!Leo T properties:� r

core

=100 pc �M

dm

/M

gas

=10‐30�N

H

=7x1020

cm‐2

Ref: Ryan‐Weber et al 2008

Leo T properties:� rcore

=100 pc �Mdm

/Mgas

=10‐30�NH

=7x1020

cm‐2

Ref: Ryan‐Weber et al 2008Can Leo T be a pre‐

reionization

fossil ?

Page 23: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Revisiting the idea of reionization feedback on dwarf galaxy formation

Ability of IGM gas to condense at the center of a DM  halo increases with increasing: 

1.

Γ=[vcir

/cs(IGM)

]2=Tvir

/TIGM

IGM temperature decreases at redshift

z<3

2.

Concentration of dark halo, c=rh

/rs

Concentration of first minihalos

increases with 

decreasing redshift

if halo evolves in isolation:  c≈

a/avir3.

Gas must be able to recombine (and cool)(note that tcool

<trec

)

Page 24: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Gas density profile in NFW potential

z=0,  Γ=1

Page 25: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Late gas accretion onto mini‐halos

Ref: Ricotti

2009

Zvir

=10

Page 26: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Message to take home

The vanilla reionization

feedback idea fails at  z<1 if the halo is highly concentrated 

Minihalos

virialized

before reionization, that   evolve to z=0 in the low‐density IGM, may 

have a late phase of gas accretion and  possibly star formation 

13.5 10 7 4 0

AGE

SFR

13.5 10 7 4 0

AGE

SFR

Do these objects exist? 

Page 27: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Dark Galaxies in Local Voids?

A future new test of CDM: gas rich minihalos

in nearby voids detectable in 21 cm?AFALFA survey may be able to find the most massive ones but we likely need deeperfuture surveys (with SKA) to probe the smallest minihalos.

Page 28: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Summary

New lower limits on WDM mass from MW satellites: mwdm

>2.6 keV

(thermal relic) and ms

>15.7 keV

(sterile neutrino) at 95.4% CL 

(method independent of Ly‐alpha forest)

Neglecting the existence of an important population of pre‐

reionization

dwarfs (one of the most wide spread assumptions in 

cosmology due to the complicated feedback physics required to 

model these objects) is starting to appear unjustified by observations 

!

Revisitation

of reionization

feedback: halos with vcir

< 20 km/s stop 

accreting gas after reionization

but, if they evolve in isolation, may 

have a recent (at z<1) phase of accretion from IGM and star 

formation. This has two important implications:1)

Pre‐reionization

fossils may have bimodal SFH2)

Dark mini‐halos may accrete gas for the first time at z<1. Compact 

HVCs

or undiscovered population?

Page 29: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Evidence 1: Evolution of the IGM temperature

(from observations of the Lyman‐alpha forest)

Ref: Ricotti, Gnedin

& Shull 2000

Page 30: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Evidence 2: Dark Halo Concentration

c(z) cvir1 zvir

1 z

5 1 zvir

1 z

Refs: Bullock et al. 2001, Wechsler et al. 2002, Ricotti

2003, Ricotti, Pontzen

& Viel

2007

Concentration increase as the halo evolves, after virialization, in expanding universe (low density IGM).  From N‐body simulations: 

Page 31: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Gas density profile in NFW potential

z=0,  Γ=1

Page 32: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Mini‐halos with gas and no stars  (comp. HVC?)

Ref: Ricotti

2009

Green: 4‐σ

pert.Red:     3‐σ

pert.Black:  2‐σ

pert.

Page 33: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Star forming mini‐halos at z=0 and  z=2

Ref: Ricotti

2009

3‐σ

pert.

Page 34: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

Compact HVCs

or unknown  population?

If compact HVCs

are at distances of about 1 Mpc model may work for some of them

� rh

= 15 kpc� rcore

=100 pc 

NH

=1018 ‐

1019

cm‐2

Refs: Blitz et al. 1999, Braun & Burton 1999, Robinshaw

et al. 2002, Sternberg et al. 2002, Putman et al. 2003, Maloney & Putman 2003, 

Most are probably undetected because too faint and/or too small 

Page 35: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

More on properties of accreted gas 

rcore 140pc vcir

17km/s

101 zvir

32

rh 18kpc M dm

10 8 M sun

13 at z = 0

M dm

M gas

5 30

vcir (rcore ) 0.66vcir 0.62vcirmax

Leo T: rcore

=100 pcMdm

/Mgas

= 10‐30NH

=7x1020

cm‐2

(Vcir

=11 km/s)

Leo T: rcore

=100 pcMdm

/Mgas

= 10‐30NH

=7x1020

cm‐2

(Vcir

=11 km/s)

Page 36: Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland) - Astronomy · The First Galaxies and the Likely Discovery of their Fossils in the Local Group Massimo Ricotti (U of Maryland)

To Fossilize or not to …1 – halo at z=0 has vmax < 20 km/s (red and blue lines)2 – when traced back to zinit , no component of the halo had vmax > 20 km/s (blue)

Introduction – Simulations – Distribution

20 km/s

0z

vmax