massaro seizure fri · 2018-05-30 · – early infantile epileptic ... intractable seizures and...
TRANSCRIPT
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NEONATAL SEIZURES
An N. Massaro, M.D.ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF PEDIATRICS
THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE CO‐DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH, DIVISION OF NEONATOLOGY
CHILDREN’S NATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMS
Neonatology 2018Children’s Hospital of Atlanta, Emory UniversityApril 27, 2018
An Massaro, M.D.Has no financial relationships to disclose or Conflicts of Interest (COIs) to resolve.
Acknowledgement: many slides courtesy of Taeun Chang, M.D.
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Objectives
• To define seizure in a neonate
• To review epidemiology and etiologies of neonatal seizures
• To understand the clinical significance of seizures in the neonatal period
• To describe a diagnostic approach to neonatal seizures
WHAT IS A NEONATAL SEIZURE?
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Brain Growth & Myelination
Brain growth in weight & volume
Myelination of motor cortex
36w B 1m 3m 6m
15m 2y 4y 6y
What is a Seizure?
• Clinical seizure– Paroxysmal change in clinical
neurologic state
• Electrographic (subclinical) seizure– Paroxysmal EEG change
• Electroclinical seizure– Seizure with both EEG and clinical
alteration
• Status Epilepticus – Continuous seizure for ≥ 30
minutes– Recurrent seizures for > 30
minutes without return to baseline mental status
– Recurrent seizures for ≥50% of an EEG epoch
Electroclinical DissociationUncoupling
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Not All Movements are Seizures
• Jitteriness– Not accompanied by ocular or autonomic phenomena– Excessive stimulus sensitivity– Stopped by gentle passive flexion of limb
• Benign paroxysmal neonatal motor phenomena
• Roving, sometimes disconjugate eye movements
• Sucking, puckering movements not accompanied by ocular phenomena
• Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus
ACNS Critical Care Monitoring Committee
“a sudden, abnormal EEG event defined by a repetitive and evolving pattern with a minimum 2µV pp voltage and duration of at least 10 seconds…”
“unlike in older children and adults, there is no minimum electrical frequency required in the definition of seizure”
• ~Tsuchida et al 2013. J Clin Neurophy.
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ILAE Commission on Classification and TerminologyNeonatal Seizures Seizures in the Newborn
1989 Proposal for Epilepsies –Neonatal Seizures
• 1981 Proposal for Seizures
• 1989 Proposal for Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes– Classified under Epilepsies and
syndromes undetermined as to whether they are focal or generalized
– Described by their clinical manifestations of (1) subtle; (2) tonic extension of limbs; (3) multifocal clonic seizures; or (4) myoclonic seizures;
2010 Revisions“Seizures in a Newborn”
• Neonatal seizures are no longer regarded as a separate entity.
• Seizures in neonates can be classified within the proposed scheme
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGIES OF NEONATAL SEIZURES
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Incidence of Seizures in Newborns
As measured by
• clinical observation
• aEEG
• EEG/cEEG
Almost all studies are from NICU populations
Incidence of Seizures in Newborns
• 1 to 3.5 per 1000 live births (~14,000 per year in the U.S.)1
– May be as high as 1 in 20 for preterm or VLBW neonates2
• 10 times more common• 2.0 per 1000 live births in ≥ 4000 g infants• 2.8 per 1000 live births in 2500‐3999g infants• 4.4 per 1000 live births in 1500‐2499g infants• 57.5 per 1000 live births in < 1500g infants
– Lowest incidence in neonates of 30‐36 weeks gestation3
– Males > Females1
– Highest incidence in African Americans compared to other races and ethnicities4
1 ‐ Vasudevan & Leven 2013; Glass et al 2009; Hall et al 2006;2 – Lanska & Lanska 1996; Lanska et al 1995; Ronen 1999; 3 – Sheth et al 19994 – Saliba e al 1999
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Seizure Onset in Newborns
70‐85% occur in the first week of life, particularly in the first two days1
• National Collaborative Perinatal Project, 1959‐1966– 23% in the first 12 hours of
life– 42% in the first 24 hours– 65% in the first 48 hours
• Newfoundland, Canada 1999 & Harris County, TX 1999
1‐ Ronen et al 1999; Saliba et al 1999; Holden et al 1982;
Ronen et al 1999
Increased Neonatal Cortical Excitability
• Over‐expression of glutamate receptors
– Developmentally regulated NMDA subunits → less Mg sensitivity → more excitable (Choi 1994)
– AMPA receptors lack GluR2: Ca++ permeable (Sanchez et al. 2001)
• Ontogeny of GABA receptors
– Overexpressed α4 subunit →BZDP resistance (Brooks‐Kayal et al. J Neurochem 1998)
– Reversed Cl gradient (low KCC2 exporter) → depolarization (Loturco et al. 1995)
Silverstein and Jensen 2007 Annals of Neurology
Glutamate Excites
GABA Inhibits
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Major Causes of Neonatal Seizures
• The majority of neonatal seizures are due to an underlying pathology so evaluation is required
HI, Stroke 37‐50%
Hemorrhage (ICH, SDH, IVH)
24%
Infection (CNS, sepsis) 7‐9%
Transient metabolic (glucose, Ca++, Na++)
7%
Cerebral malformation 6%
Inborn error of metabolism 6%
Unknown 7%
(Pisani 2007; Ortibus 1996)
Distribution of Neonatal Seizure Etiologies*
Loman 2014(2002‐2009)
N=221
Pisani 2007(1999‐2004)
N=106
Tekgul 2006(1997‐2000)
N=89
Mastrangelo2005
(1990‐1998)N=94
Ronen 1999(1990‐1994)
N=89
NSR 2016(2013‐2015)
N=426
HIE 57.5% 43.4% 40% 44.7% 40% 38%
Metabolic or
Electrolyte
Disturbances
10.9% 6.6% 3% 3.2% 19% 4%
Intracranial
Hemorrhage9.0% 23.6% 17% 4.3% 11% 12%
Cerebrovascular
Disorders7.7% ‐ 18% 7.4% 7% 18%
Infections 6.3% 7.5% 3% 10.6% 20% 4%
Congenital brain
Abnormalities3.2% 5.7% 5% 9.6% 10% 4%
Inborn Errors of
Metabolism2.3% 6.6% 1% 7.4% ‐ 3%
Epilepsy
Syndromes2.3% ‐ ‐ 5.3% 6% 9%
Intoxications 0.5% ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Unknown 0.5% 6.6% 12% 1.1% 14% 9%
* Single center, EEG/aEEG confirmed seizures
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Etiologies relate to gestational age
Sheth RD, et al. J Perinatology 1999
Differential for Seizures in Newborns
• Trauma– Subdural hematoma– Intracortical hemorrhage– Cortical vein thrombosis
• Vascular ‐ HIE, stroke, IVH• Cerebral dysgenesis• Hypertension• Metabolic
– Hypocalcemia• Hypomagnesemia, high
phosphate load, IDM, hypoparathyroidism, maternal hyperparathyroidism, idiopathic
– Hypoglycemia• Galactosemia, IUGR, IDM,
Glycogen storage disease, Idiopathic
– Electrolyte imbalance
• Hypernatremia, hyponatremia
• Infections– Bacterial meningitis– Cerebral abscess– Herpes encephalitis, Coxsackie
meningoencephalitis, Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasmosis, Syphilis
• Drug Withdrawal– Methadone, heroin, barbituate
• Pyridoxine dependency• Amino Acid Disturances
– MSUD, urea cycle, NKH, ketotichyperlycinemia
• Toxins– Local anesthetics, INH, bilirubin
• Familial Seizures– Neurocutaneous –TS, IP– Genetic – Zellweger’s, Smith‐Lemli‐
Opitz, neonatal ADL– Benign familial epilepsy
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Epileptic Syndromes in the Newborn (Inheritable)
• Epileptic Syndromes– Benign familial neonatal seizures– Benign idiopathic neonatal seizures
(5th day Fits)– Early myoclonic encephalopathy– Early infantile epileptic
encephalopathy (Ohtaharasyndrome)
• Commercial panels for infantile epilepsy now available
– Cost‐effective
• Allows for targeted seizure therapies
Disorder/Clinical Features Genes
Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency ADSL
Angelman/Angelman‐Like Syndromes CNTNAP2, SLC9A6, NRXN1,TCF4, UBE3A
Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures (BFNS) KCNQ2, KCNQ3
Benign Familial Neonatal‐Infantile Seizures (BFNIS)
SCN2A
Creatine Deficiency Syndrome GAMT
Early‐Onset Epileptic Encephalopathy and/or Infantile Spasms
ALDH7A1,ARX,ATP6AP2, CDKL5, PCDH19, POLG, PNPO, SCN1A, SLC2A1, SLC25A22, SPTAN1, STXBP1
Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS+)
GABRG2, SCN1A, SCN1B, SCN2A
Glucose Transporter Type I Deficiency Syndrome
SLC2A1
Microcephaly with Early‐Onset Intractable Seizures and Developmental Delay (MCSZ)
PNKP
Mowat‐Wilson Syndrome ZEB2
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL)CLN3,CLN5,CLN6,CTSD,CLN8,MFSD8, PPT1,TPP1
Ohtahara Syndrome ARX, STXBP1
Pyridoxine Dependent Seizures ALDH7A1
Rett/Atypical Rett Syndrome CDKL5, FOXG1, MECP2
West Syndrome ARX, CDKL5, STXBP1,TSC1,TSC2
Channelopathies
• Sodium, potassium, chloride, or calcium channel mutations
• Affect subthresholdelectrical behavior of the neuron
• Regulates neuron responsiveness to synaptic signals
• Leading to generation of seizure discharges
Rogawski & Löscher 2004
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Cause & Seizure Pattern
Time of Onset Relative Frequency
Etiology 0-3 days > 3 days Preterm Term
HIE + +++ +++
ICH + + ++ +
Infection + + ++ ++
Dysgenesis + + ++ ++
Hypoglycemia + + +
Hypocalcemia + + + +
Other metabolic + +
Drug withdrawal + +
Familial + +
Fifth day fits + _
Epilepsy + + +
Neonatal Seizure Registry
Multi‐center consortium of tertiary centers in the U.S. that follow ACNS guidelines (2011) for continuous video EEG monitoring in newborns
• 7 centers ‐UCSF, U Michigan, Stanford, CNMC, CHOP, MGH, Boston Children
• 426 consecutive newborns (< 44 weeks postmenstrual age) with suspected or EEG confirmed seizures from Jan 2013 to April 2015
– 82% had EEG confirmed seizures
• Term infants – 373 (88%)
• Male gender – 237 (56%)
Glass et al. 2016 J Pediatrics
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Neonatal Seizure Registry
Glass et al. 2016 J Pediatrics
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SEIZURES IN THE NEWBORN
Do Seizures Harm the Neonatal Brain?
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Energy Depletion with Seizures
Wasterlain 1976
Donald Youkin
• Seizure in the newborn results in a sharp increase in rate of glucose utilization, fall in brain glucose concentration, and rise in brain lactate (similar to HIE)
• MRS shows depletion of high energy bonds
Seizures & Brain Injury
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Can Seizures Change the Brain?
• Changes in dendriticand synaptic formation
• Changes in surface membrane proteins
• Can one learn to seize –develop epilepsy?
Seizures May Exacerbate Injury
• Seizure severity is associated with MRI evidence injury1
• Neonates with HI injury and EEG seizures have higher mortality and neurodisability2
• Neonates with longer duration of EEG seizures3 or aEEG seizures4 have worse outcomes
• Treating aEEG detected seizures decreases the number of infants with epilepsy compared to historical contols4,5
• HIE infants treated for aEEG detected seizures have a shorter seizure duration which in turn may decrease the amount of MRI injury6
1 – Miller 2002; 2 ‐ Streletz 1994, Rappaport 1998, McBride 2000, Wyatt 2007, Pisani2009; 3 – Pisani 2007, Pisani 2008; 4 – Toet 2005; 5 – Hellstrom Westas 1995; 6 –van Rooj 2010;
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Seizures & Outcome
• Refractory seizures can be associated with worse outcome
– McBride 2000; Pisani 2007;
• No difference in mortality and morbidity between convulsive and nonconvulsive seizures
– HellstromWestas 1995; Bye 1997; Toet2005; Pisani 2007; Wyatt 2007; Pisani2008; Nagarajan 2011;
• If seizures cause more adverse outcomes, not recognizing and treating non‐convulsive seizures may result in poorer outcomes
Clinical EEG Sz
Holden 1982
Legido1991
Boylan1999
N 277 40 17
GA (wks) 37.8 38.5 35.4
Normal (%)
70 <30 52
Mortality (%)
34.8 33 18
Delay (%) 13 63 41
CP (%) 19 67 30
Epilepsy (%)
20 56 30
To EEG or Not to EEG
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO NEONATAL SEIZURES
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Why Monitor for Seizures?
• Seizures are common and can be frequent after acute brain injury
• Seizures can be harmful to the brain
• Status epilepticus is an independent risk factor for poor neurodevelopmental outcome
• Not all seizures have clinical correlation
• Seizure treatment can uncouple clinical seizure activity from EEG activity
• Seizure burden in neonates is high
Most Neonatal Seizures are Subclinical
• 11‐12% of neonates at risk for seizures have only electrographic seizures1‐3,6
• More than 72% of neonatal seizures are subclinical3, 4
• Neonates can have subclinical seizures 2‐20 hours before they are clinically recognized6, 7
• After seizure treatment, 58% of newborns have only electrographic seizures5
1‐Clancy 2005, Laroia 1998; 2‐Pisani 2008; 3‐ Bye 1995; 4‐ Clancy 1988, Murray 2008; 5‐ Scher 2003; 6‐ Helmers 1997, 7‐ van Rooij 2010
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Seizure Burden in Newborns
Duration1
• 85% of seizures < 5 minutes• Mean seizure duration 140s• 5% observed to seize > 30
minutes
Frequency or Seizure Burden• Rare to have only one or
two seizures2
Location• 81% in central temporal
regions3
1‐ Ronen et al 1999; Shellhaas & Clancy 20072‐ Wusthoff 2013; Pavlidis et al 2015; Payne & Hahn 2014;3‐ Shellhaas & Clancy 2007
Shellhaas & Clancy 2007
Neonatal Seizure Registry
• 62% had at least one electrographic seizure without clinical correlate
• 16% had only electrographic seizures– More common in preterm infants
• Subclinical seizures occurred equally regardless of seizure burden
• Median time to electrographic seizure detection from onset of EEG recording was 7 hours (IQR 3, 17 hours)– 75% within 24 hours
– No difference between term and preterm neonates
– No difference between indications for monitoring
Glass et al. 2016 J Pediatrics
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Types of EEG Monitoring
• Neonatal EEG– 11 EEG electrodes,
submental, EKG, and respiratory channel
• CFM aEEG– Single channel
– P3, P4 electrodes
• BrainZ aEEG– Two channel
– C3‐P3, C4‐P4 electrodes
Shah 2008; Shellhaas 2007; Rennie 2004; Toet 2002; HellstromWestas 1992; Wusthoff 2009
76% detected with 2 channel aEEG combined with raw EEG
31-54% detected with 1 channel aEEG
aEEG lower sensitivity for Sz detection
Red bar or arrow = seizuresBlue arrow= artifact
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EEG Features of Seizures
• Sudden
• Repetitive
• Evolving
– Frequency
– Voltage
– Morphology
– Location
• Duration ≥10 seconds
• No minimum frequency
EEG Features of Seizures in Newborns
• 81% of NS originate from central, temporal, or vertex electrodes
• NSz usually less than 2 minutes in duration
• Clinically, most often subtle, tonic, or clonic
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EEG Features of Seizures in Preterm Newborns
Preterm seizures were more often
• Onset more likely > 48 hours of life
• Regional in onset
• Lower voltage
• Less temporal evolution
• Shorter as less likely to generalize
• Less likely to be noted clinically
• Rhythmic delta (0.5‐1 Hz) in morphology
Scher et al Epilepsia 1993Patrizi S et al, Brain & Development 2003Okumura A Brain & Development 2008Shah et al Pediatric Research 2010
EEG Features of Seizures by GA
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American Clinical Neurophysiology Society
Guideline on continuous EEG monitoring in neonates (J Clin NeurophysDecember 2011)• RA Shellhaas, T Chang, TN Tsuchida, MS Scher, JJ Rivello, NS Abend, S
Nguyen, CJ Wusthoff, RR Clancy
• Indications for continuous monitoring include– Evaluating for electrographic seizures in patients with known seizures or high‐risk for
seizures– Evaluate the severity of encephalopathy
• Conventional video EEG monitoring considered gold‐standard
• Recommended procedure for EEG monitoring– International 10‐20 system of electrode placement or a neonatal modification– Synchronized video monitoring– Bedside notation of significant events or medical therapies with potential neurologic impact– Recording for a minimum of 1 hour for background evaluation, 24hrs for seizure detection or
24hrs after seizure cessation
Diagnostic Workup of Seizures in Newborns
• Vast majority of seizures are acute symptomatic manifestations of brain injury and require urgent treatment
• Diagnostic evaluation should occur in tandem with seizure treatment
– Glucose and electrolyte levels– Sepsis workup including CSF studies
• EEG background and seizure pattern/localization can aid specific neurodiagnostic testing
• 1st line neuroimaging studies usually include cranial ultrasound
– Head CTs are usually avoided– (non‐sedate) Brain MR imaging for
specific evaluation
• Genetic panels – commercial, personalized genome sequencing panels, research
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Children’s National Protocol for Neonatal Seizure Workup
GOALS:
• Early identification
– 33‐71% of cooled neonates have EEG confirmed seizures1
• Rapid initiation of treatment
• Minimizes overall total amount of anticonvulsant medication exposure and use2
• Seizure control should occur in tandem with diagnostic work up
• Clinical history and EEG background can direct and focus diagnostic workup
• Potentially identify those infants at higher risk for subsequently developing epilepsy
1 –Glass et al 2014; 2 –Wiestock et al 2015; Srinivasakumar et al 2015;
Conclusions
• Seizures in newborns are common, with higher incidence in preterm infants.
• Most seizures are caused by underlying pathology (i.e. inherited neonatal epilepsy syndromes are rare)
• The presence of repeated or prolonged seizures can be associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcome.
• Continuous EEG monitoring is recommended to detect and treat neonatal seizures.
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Neonatal NeuroprotectionTeam• Neonatal Neurology
– Taeun Chang, M.D.* (co‐Director NNCC); Sarah Mulkey, M.D.; Ph.D., Joseph Scafidi, D.O., M.S.; Tammy N. Tsuchida, M.D., Ph.D.
– Alexandra O’Kane; Meaghan McGowan
• Neonatology– Billie L. Short, M.D.*; An Massaro, M.D. (co‐Director
NNCC); Nickie Andescavage, M.D.; Sudeepta Basu, M.D.; Natalia Isaza, M.D.; Panos Kratimenos, M.D.; Anna Penn, M.D., Ph.D.; Khodayar Rais‐Bahrami, M.D.; Mary Revenis, M.D.; Mariam Said, M.D.; Louis Scavo, M.D.; Lamia Soghier, M.D.; Robin Steinhorn, M.D.; Brian Stone, M.D.;
– Michelande Ridore, M.S. – NICU fellows, nurses & transport team
• Pediatric Neurophysiology– William Gaillard, M.D.*; Dewi Cabacar, M.D.; Joan Conry,
M.D.; Amy Kao, M.D.; John Schreiber, M.D.; Tammy Tsuchida, M.D., Ph.D.; Thuy Vu, M.D.; Steven Weinstein, M.D.; Tesfaye Zelleke, M.D.
– Biomedical engineering
• Pediatric Neurosurgery– Robert Keating, M.D.*; Chima Oluigbo, M.D.; Suresh
Magge, M.D.; John Myseros, M.D.;
• Perinatal Pathology– Christine Reyes, M.D.; Elena Puscasiu, M.D.; Allison
Huppman, M.D.
• Pediatric Neuroradiology– L. Gilbert Vezina, M.D.*; Zarir Khademian, M.D.; Jonathan
Murnick, M.D.; Matthew Whitehead, M.D.;
• Developing Brain Research Laboratory– Catherine Limperopoulos, Ph.D.*;
• Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation– Sally Evans, M.D.*, Olga Morozova, M.D.– Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy
• Infant Development– Penny Glass, Ph.D.; Tara Brennan, Ph.D.; Melissa Liggett, Ph.D.;
• Fetal & Transitional Medicine– Adré du Plessis, M.D.*– Care Coordinators: Lindsay Pesacreta, Meg Menzel, Anne
Lawrence, Kate Cilli– Advanced Physiological Signals Processing Laboratory: R.B.
Govindan, Ph.D.; Srinivas Kota, Ph.D.; Tareq Al‐Shargabi, M.S. – Fetal Radiology: Dorothy Bulas, M.D.*; Ana Blask, M.D.; Judyta
Loomis, M.D.; Eva Rubio, M.D.;
• Center for Neuroscience ResearchVittorio Gallo, Ph.D.*